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53-715: See Rize Province for the history of the area, at one time part of the Colchis and Lazica kingdoms, Roman , Byzantine Empires and Kingdom of Georgia and later the Empire of Trebizond until their defeat in 1461 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . Explanations of the origin of the word Ardeşen in Armenian, Georgian and Laz have not yet been conclusive, but the root art̆a- in the name means fire in Persian . We also see this root in

106-514: A centre of importance for Greeks, with Armenian majority and minorities like Syriac Christians, Jews, Assyrians and other. From the mid 3rd century AD and afterwards, the territory was dominated by and incorporated into the Sasanian Empire , although it occasionally briefly fell under the rule of the neighboring Byzantine Empire as well. From the mid 7th century AD, the Arabs frequently clashed with

159-476: A lot of special foods typical for the region like minci / cökelek or muhlama, to mention only some of the rich cuisine of Ardeşen. Ardeşen has some local radio, TV and newspapers, like Ardeşen'in Sesi. The income from tea growing has brought more amenities to Ardeşen but the traditional rural lifestyle persists; many of the people in the countryside are ethnic Laz and the older generations in particular continue to speak

212-453: A small mountain city called Karin or Carana ([Կարին, lang-grc] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ) was fortified. It became an important border fortress. This city was later (A.D. 415) renamed to Theodosiopolis ( Ancient Greek : Θεοδοσιούπολις ), in honour of Emperor Theodosius I . Standing on the crossroads of main trade routes in Asia Minor , the area was

265-493: A women's handball club, play in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League . Rize Province Rize Province ( Turkish : Rize ili ) is a province of northeast Turkey , on the eastern Black Sea coast between Trabzon and Artvin . The province of Erzurum is to the south. Its area is 3,835 km , and its population is 344,016 (2022). The capital is the city of Rize . It was formerly known as Lazistan , however

318-619: Is US$ 1.16 billion, constituting less than 1% of the total and ranking 40th among Turkish provinces (1997 values). Transportation is possible via paved and unpaved highways. The Erzurum international airport is open for commercial flights and is also used by the Turkish Air Force. The runways of this airport are the second longest in Turkey. Erzurum is also the main railroad hub in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The largest contributor to

371-559: Is a major agricultural product to the region and has changed the local economy. Rize Province is also one of the largest consumers of Rize tea too. The province of Rize has prided itself of being the largest tea producer within Turkey. In 2021, the Rize Commerce Exchange started the construction of a seven-floor building in the shape of the traditional tulip-shaped tea glasses called ince belli, in hopes to boost local tourism . Folk dancers perform horon energetically when it

424-446: Is accompanied by kemenche . However this folk dance can also be accompanied by Tulum or kaval . Folk dancers wear traditional costumes while performing horon. Men wear shirt, vest, jacket, zipka (pants made of wool and gathered at knees) and black boots. On their jackets are silver embroideries, amulets , and hemayils with religion expressions put inside these small silver containers to br protected against evil's eye . On

477-686: Is characterized by relatively mild to warm temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtypes for this climate are Cfa (Humid Subtropical Climate) and Cfb (Oceanic Climate). The anchovy forms the basic for many of the dishes peculiar to the region. Soups, salads , pilafs and even desserts are made of anchovy. Some of the local dishes are hamsi buğulama (boiled anchovy), hamsi stew, and kamsi köfte (anchovy meatballs). Lahana çorbası ( cabbage soup), muhlama (made of cheese , cornmeal and butter ) and pides ( pita bread topped with various fillings) are also other local delicacies. Rize tea

530-458: Is hard in these wet highlands. The highland villages are remote, and reaching them with roads, cables and other infrastructure is very challenging. This was even more the case before tea planting began, when successive generations migrated away from the area to jobs in Turkey's larger cities or abroad. 10% of the land is used for tea growing, otherwise there is little agriculture except gardening for local consumption. The first tea-processing factory

583-488: Is one of Turkey's most popular venues for trekking and outdoor holidays. Roads are scarce in some of the more remote regions, so electrical powered cable cars have been installed to transport people and supplies into the mountains. Summers are cool (July average 22 °C) and winters are mild (January average 7 °C) with high levels of precipitation all year long. The new Black Sea coast road has made Rize more accessible, but has drawn criticism for its negative effect on

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636-723: The Battle of Murjakheti (1535), the Principality of Guria finally ensured control over the area until 1547, when it was conquered by resurgent Ottoman forces and reorganized into the Lazistan Sanjak as part of eyalet of Trabzon . From the late-17th century onwards, the Ottoman administration built multiple bridges across the Fırtına River and its tributaries. The province was a site of battles between Ottoman and Russian armies during

689-614: The Byzantine Empire , including over the region Between the seventh and eight centuries Arabs and Byzantines alternately held the region in their power, local Armenian rulers played a significant role in these events. The city (present day Erzurum ) was alternatively held by the Arabs and Byzantines during the 7-10th centuries it was also part of the Georgian kingdom of Tao-Klarjeti in the 10th century. Threatened and later devastated and looted by

742-607: The Byzantines . By this time, writers such as Pliny and Arrian were describing the inhabitants as Laz . During the medieval era, the region was under Byzantine control, and was mainly populated by Greeks and indigenous Lazs. During the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I ( c. 527–565), the tribes of the interior, called Sannoi or Tzannoi , the ancestors of modern Laz people, were subdued, christianized and brought to central rule. Locals began to have closer contact with

795-920: The Caucasus Campaign of World War I , and was occupied by Russian forces in 1916–1918. It was returned to the Ottomans with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918. Since 1924, Rize has been a province of the Republic of Turkey. Until tea plantations were established in the 1940s, the province was a poor area at the far end of the country, with only the Soviet Union beyond the Iron Curtain . Many generations of people in Rize left to look for jobs in Istanbul or overseas. In September 1935,

848-468: The Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey . Its area is 25,006 km , and its population is 749,754 (2022). The capital of the province is the city of Erzurum . It’s the fourth largest province in all of Turkey. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to

901-566: The Iranian Qajars in the 1821 battle at the city of Erzurum . The city was conquered by the Russian army in 1829, given back to the Ottoman Empire with the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne). The poet Alexander Pushkin accompanied the Russian commander-in-chief, Ivan Paskevich , during that expedition and penned a brief account of the campaign. The city was again assaulted by the Russian army in

954-494: The Laz language , although their traditional clothing has disappeared with the ban on growing hemp. Education, however, is quite successful, with literacy rates of 97% among men and 89% among women. The people of Ardeşen have a reputation for their love of firearms; most people carry them and home-made small arms are a thriving trade, to such an extent that in 1991 the state established a factory here to produce them legally and try to bring

1007-563: The Seljuk Turks in 1049, the old city of Erzen was conquered, but Theodosiopolis survived the invasion until it was captured some time later. From the year 1101 onward it is documented that the ruling dynasty of the Saltukids held the town and much of the surrounding area in their power. Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks of Rum and Georgians (the latter knew

1060-574: The White Sheep Turkmen and the rising Iranian Safavids captured the town in 1502 from the Aq Qoyunlu . In 1514, the region was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I following the Battle of Chaldiran . During the Ottoman reign, the city Erzurum served as the main base of Ottoman military power in the region and as the capital of the province. Early in the 17th century, the province

1113-541: The last Russo-Turkish War in 1877. Beginning in late 1914 and picking up in the summer of 1915, the province saw the wholesale extermination of the Armenian population by state-sponsored forces as part of the Armenian genocide . The province was the site of the major fighting during Caucasus Campaign of World War I between Russian and Ottoman forces including the key confrontation of the campaign, Battle of Erzurum which resulted in capture of Erzurum by Russian army under

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1166-615: The Greeks and acquired various Hellenic cultural traits, including in some cases the language. Locals were under nominal Byzantine suzerainty in the theme of Chaldia , with its capital at Trebizond , governed by native semi-autonomous rulers, like the Gabras family. In 790 AD, Armenians fleeing from the Arab invasion of Armenia settled in Hemshin and established the Principality of Hamamshen . Following

1219-450: The borders of Ağrı and Kars . Erzurum province is surrounded by Bingöl and Akdoğan Mountains from the south. Continental climate rules in the province with long and harsh winters, and short and mild summers. Steppe formations are prevalent geographic features of this province, occupying about 60% of the surface area, much of it fertile. Forested areas are small, mainly consisting of scots pines and oaks . The eastern part of

1272-667: The city as Karnu-Kalaki) until 1201 when the city and province were conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleiman II of Rüm . Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the Seljuk Sultanate of Anatolia (Rum) in the early 14th century, it became an administrative province of the Ilkhanate , and after their fall, became part of the Çoban beylik, Black Sheep Turkmen , Mongols led by Timur Lenk ,

1325-485: The city of Erzurum . The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the government of the Democrat Party . The city of Rize is a coastal town on a narrow strip of flat land between the mountains and the sea. Today, the area is wealthier, although there is a marked difference between the lifestyle of the people in the relatively wealthy city of Rize and those in the remote villages where wooden houses perch on

1378-575: The command of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich on 16 February 1916. It was returned to the Ottomans with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918. Erzurum was also a main Turkish base during the Turkish War of Independence and the Erzurum congress of Turkish nationalists was held here in 1919. It was declared a province of Turkey in 1924. In September 1935 the third Inspectorate General ( Umumi Müfettişlik, UM)

1431-422: The designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926. The province is home to Turkish , Laz , Hemshin and Georgian communities. The name comes from Greek ρίζα (riza), meaning "mountain slopes". The Georgian , Laz , and Armenian names also have Greek origins: their names in respective order are Rize (რიზე), Rizini (რიზინი), and Rize (Ռիզե). We have little information as to

1484-509: The expansion of the road network and has advocated a commercial focus on beekeeping, trout farming, and the growing of organic teas. Native plants include the Cherry Laurel ( Turkish : taflan or karayemiş ), the fruit of which is an edible small dark plum that leaves a dark stain on the mouth and teeth. In addition, the Bilberry , which are now being actively cultivated, can be found growing

1537-465: The industry under control). Even the municipality logo features a picture of a mosque and a revolver. The municipality consists of the following 23 quarters: Bahar , Başmahalle, Cami, Düz, Elmalık , Kahveciler , Kavaklıdere , Kuzey, Merkez, Müftü, Şentepe , Yayla , Yenimahalle, Barış , Deniz, Fırtına, Çiftekavak, Işıklı , Yavuzselim, Cumhuriyet, Fatih, Konaktepe and Taşbaşı. Ardeşen has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). The Ardeşen GSK ,

1590-506: The invasion of the Seljuk Turks , there was a larger influx of Armenians in the area, resulting in partial Armenization of the local Tzan population. With the Georgian intervention in Chaldia and collapse of Byzantine Empire in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was established along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea, populated by a large Lazian-speaking population. In the eastern part of

1643-404: The main occupation, animal husbandry lost its importance in the 1980s with the introduction of a liberal economy and the importation of animal products. A large organized industrial park concentrating on processing meat is being built with the hope of reviving this sector. Food industries include beekeeping and trout farming. Mining resources include lead , copper , chromium , and zinc ,

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1696-867: The mountains and plateaus. The southern mountain ranges include the Palandöken Mountains (highest peak Büyük Ejder 3,176 m or 10,420 ft high) and the Şahveled Mountains (highest peak Çakmak Mountain 3,063 m or 10,049 ft high). The northern mountain ranges are the second row elevations of the North Anatolian Mountains, i.e. Mescit Mountains (highest peak 3,239 m or 10,627 ft high), Kargapazarı Mountains (highest peak 3,169 m or 10,397 ft high) and Allahuekber Mountains . The two depression plains between these mountainous areas are Erzurum Plains and Hasankale Plains. Aras Mountains starts first in Erzurum. Then it extends towards

1749-502: The northeast. The governor of the province is Mustafa Çiftçi, appointed in August 2023. The province has a Turkish majority. The surface area of the province of Erzurum is the fourth biggest in Turkey. The majority of the province is elevated . Most plateaus are about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level, and the mountainous regions beyond the plateaus are 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and higher. Depression plains are located between

1802-407: The other hand, women dancers wear colorful dresses and traditional hand painted head scarves including various motifs. Rize offers traditional handicrafts and handmade souvenirs to visitors. Some of them include: copper works, wicker baskets, butter churns, woven socks, shoulder bags, and spoon made of boxwood . Linen of Rize (Turkish: Rize Bezi ) is a handwoven textile and is often used as part of

1855-541: The prehistory of this region, which being covered in thick forest is difficult to excavate and reveals little. Colchis , which existed from the 13th to the 1st centuries BC, is regarded as an early proto- Georgian polity that may have reached this area. According to Pliny the Elder , the Aegean Ancient Greek community of Miletus established a series of trading posts along the Black Sea coast in 670 BC, of which one

1908-561: The province lies in the basin of the Aras river , the western part in the Karasu (Euphrates) basin, and the northern part in the Çoruh basin. There are few natural lakes in the province, the major one being Lake Tortum (approximately 8 km ) fed by the Tortum (Uzundere) Falls . The Tortum hydroelectric power plant built in 1963 is situated on the inlet of this lake. There are three artificial lakes in

1961-450: The province, most of them located at the central district of Erzurum, and are small and medium enterprises. Due to their relatively small sizes, these industries mainly serve local markets causing lower capacity usage, low productivity and unemployment. About 40 plants are currently out of use, mostly due to high operating costs. The province of Erzurum has the highest ratio of meadows and pastures in Turkey, ideal for livestock. However, once

2014-482: The province. Greater Erzurum Area: 1,612 sq km, Population: 370,000 (2022) Rest of Erzurum Province Known as Karanitis ( Ancient Greek : Καρανῖτις/Καρηνῖτις ), Arzen , Erzen , and ( Armenian : Էրզրում նահանգ, Կարին ) Karin or Garin , most of the province was incorporated into the Roman Empire in the 4th century (after the first split of Kingdom of Armenia in 387 between Romans and Iran), and

2067-626: The records of the mediaeval empire of Trebizond. In 1282, the kingdom of Imereti besieged Trebizond , however after the failed attempt to take the city, the Georgians occupied several provinces, and the Trebizontine province of Lazia threw off its allegiance to the king of the 'Iberian' and 'Lazian' tribes and united itself with the Georgian Kingdom of Imereti . The Laz populated area was often contested by different Georgian principalities. Through

2120-402: The region's wildlife. Since the early 2000s, Rize has seen an increase in visitors from outside the province, particularly tourist from urban areas. This increase in tourism has raised concerns among locals that the traditional way of life and the unblemished character of the natural surroundings is being endangered. The provincial governor, Enver Salihoglu (as of 2005) has stated his opposition to

2173-600: The region. Rize is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. Notable mountains From east to the west Rize province is divided into 12 districts , including the capital district Rize: Part of the Pontic Mountains (Eastern Black Sea Mts.), Rize was formed in the Palaeozoic period. Valleys first appeared during the Cretaceous period and have since expanded due to erosion. The region's climate

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2226-477: The reserves of which are almost exhausted. There is a considerable amount of lignite , however because its ash and sulfur ratios are high, it suitable only for industrial use. Magnesite , fire clay , gypsum , manganese , diatomite , marble , rock salt and perlite are also present. The few natural geothermal resources, except one, are not suitable for economic investments, and they are used as natural springs. The gross domestic product GDP of Erzurum

2279-528: The same empire, an autonomous coastal theme of Greater Lazia was established. Byzantine authors, such as Pachymeres , and to some extent Trapezuntines such as Lazaropoulos and Bessarion , regarded the Trapezuntian Empire as being merely a Lazian border state. Though Greek in higher culture, the rural areas of Trebizond empire appear to have been predominantly Laz in ethnic composition. Laz family names, with hellenized terminations, are noticeable in

2332-498: The south-eastern Black Sea , ruled by Mithridates . Rize was brought into the Kingdom of Pontus by Pharnaces in 180 BC. The small number of Hellenistic Greek inscriptions that have been found in Pontus suggest that Greek culture did not substantially extend beyond the coastal cities and the court. The kingdom was absorbed into the Roman Empire between 10 AD and 395 AD, when it passed to

2385-554: The steep mountainside with the rain beating down. The province is known in Turkey for the production of Rize tea . Rize is located between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea . It is considered to be the "wettest" corner of Turkey and is the country's main tea producing region. In addition to tea, the region is also known for growing kiwi fruit. The province is largely rural and very scenic, containing many mountain valleys and elevated yayla s (meadows). The district of Çamlıhemşin

2438-566: The surrounding districts. For example, Art̆anuci (Ardanuç). Ardeşen is sandwiched between sea and mountain, with 10 km (6.2 mi) of Black Sea coastline, while most of the district is hill and mountain, extending 50 km (31 mi) inland, up to the Altıparmak hills and then on to Çamlıhemşin and the Kaçkar Lazistan mountains. There is plenty of rainfall but little land flat enough for planting anything except for tea, and life

2491-453: The third Inspectorate General ( Umumi Müfettişlik, UM) was created, to which the Rize province was included. Its establishment was based on the Law 1164 from June 1927, which was passed in order to turkefy the population. The third UM spanned across the provinces of Erzurum , Artvin , Rize, Trabzon , Kars , Gümüşhane , Erzincan and Ağrı . It was governed by an Inspector General seated in

2544-428: The under layer of a dress. Kemençe is a traditional 3-stringed string instrument which is made in this province. Sites in the province include: Other buildings of note include: 40°55′54″N 40°50′52″E  /  40.93167°N 40.84778°E  / 40.93167; 40.84778 Erzurum Province Erzurum Province ( Turkish : Erzurum ili ) is a province and metropolitan municipality in

2597-497: Was Rize . In the mid-6th century BC, the tribes living in the southern Colchis ( Tibareni , Mossynoeci , Macrones , Moschi , and Marres ) were incorporated into the nineteenth Satrapy of Persia . The Achaemenid Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great , but following Alexander's death, a number of separate kingdoms were established in Anatolia , including Pontus , in the corner of

2650-454: Was also produced for local use. Approximately 18.5% of the total surface area is arable land , of which about 75% has permanent crops. A large portion of the agricultural produce comprises cereals . Forested areas occupy 8.8% of the total surface area, with forestry a local industry. Industries largely consist of manufacturing of forestry, agriculture, husbandry, chemistry, textile and mining products. There are 81 active industrial plants in

2703-520: Was created. The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin , Rize , Trabzon , Kars Gümüşhane , Erzincan and Ağrı . Its capital was to be in the city of Erzurum and it was governed by an Inspector General. The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party . Historically, Erzurum produced wheat and linseed ; as of 1920, annual production of linseed grossed between 1,000 and 1,500 tons. Honey

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2756-467: Was opened in 1947; other industry includes sawmills and furniture workshops. The industrial development is in the town of Ardeşen itself, which is on the coast near the mouth of the Fırtına River. Ardeşen has a lot of beautiful public buildings and apartment blocks. The busy coast road through Ardeşen leads up to Turkey's border with Georgia . The cuisine is like the typical Turkish menu, but there are

2809-474: Was threatened again and taken by Safavid Iran while enduring also a revolt by the province governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha . This revolt was combined with Jelali Revolts (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Celali ), backed by Safavid Iran and lasted until 1628. However, Iran would reconquered it again, only this time under Nader Shah in the first half of the 18th century. The Ottomans were routed by

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