Misplaced Pages

#274725

69-418: At its peak, the aqueduct was capable of supplying more than 100,000 cubic metres (100,000,000 L) of water per day. The name is thought to be derived from the purity and clarity of the water because it does not chalk significantly. According to a legend repeated by Frontinus , thirsty Roman soldiers asked a young girl for water, who directed them to the springs that later supplied the aqueduct; Aqua Virgo

138-533: A 10 m high section to cross a 300 m wide valley, to carry water to their capital city, Nineveh . Although particularly associated with the Romans , aqueducts were likely first used by the Minoans around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced irrigation system , including several aqueducts. The Indian subcontinent is believed to have some of the earliest aqueducts. Evidence can be found at

207-611: A bad Latin translation, consulted with his theologians and sent the Pope the Capitulare contra synodum (792), a response critical of several passages found in the council's acts. He also had his theologians, including Theodulf of Orleans , compose the more comprehensive Libri Carolini . Pope Adrian reacted to the Capitulare with a defense of the Council. In 794, a synod held at Frankfurt discussed

276-520: A distinctive feature of Roman aqueducts and hence the term aqueduct is often applied specifically to a bridge for carrying water . Near the Peruvian town of Nazca, an ancient pre-Columbian system of aqueducts called puquios were built and are still in use today. They were made of intricately placed stones, a construction material widely used by the Nazca culture. The time period in which they were constructed

345-556: A dry land environment. In Persia , starting around 3000 years ago a system of underground aqueducts called qanāts were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. This technique: Throughout Petra , Jordan, the Nabataean engineers took advantage of every natural spring and every winter downpour to channel water where it was needed. They constructed aqueducts and piping systems that allowed water to flow across mountains, through gorges and into

414-534: A fragment remains in Mexico City today. Extensive usage of elaborate aqueducts have been found to have been used in ancient Sri Lanka . The best example is the Yoda Ela or Jaya Ganga, an 87 kilometres (54 mi) long water canal carrying excess water between two artificial reservoirs with a gradient of 10 to 20 cm per kilometer during the fifth century AD. However, the ancient engineering methods in calculating

483-434: A gradient meant that the water would not flow at all. Different degrees of gradient were used for different reasons. While traveling through a tunnel, for example, a steeper gradient could be used to speed up water flow. Since inside the tunnel repairs were less likely to be needed the water could flow at a higher rate requiring a steeper gradient and then once through the tunnel the gradient would need to decrease in order for

552-539: A network of 18 castella (distribution cisterns) along the route. There were numerous repairs over time: Tiberius in 37 AD, Claudius between 45 AD and 46 AD, then Constantine the Great and Theodoric . Emperor Claudius renovated it in 46 AD, as witnessed by an inscription on the architrave in via del Nazzareno, which states that he rebuilt large sections of the aqueduct at this point because Caligula had removed stone for use in constructing an amphitheatre . In 537 AD,

621-454: A new aqueduct is built alongside the old one because it cannot be shut down during construction. Pope Adrian I Pope Adrian I ( Latin : Hadrianus I ; 700 – 25 December 795) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 772 until his death. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman. Adrian and his predecessors had to contend with periodic attempts by

690-426: A pipe. A reservoir is provided, and in this way water is supplied from below for fountains. The aqueducts at first were financed mainly through wealth collected from war and the patronage of wealthy individuals. Taxes from conquered peoples also served to help finance the building by taxation, because the aqueducts were never meant to pay for themselves, but serve as a benefit to the people of Rome. In Republic times,

759-415: A smooth contact surface, and to make the contact surface continuous and joint free from one end to the other. In order to maintain the slight downward gradient, the aqueducts didn’t follow a direct route to Rome, but instead used the lay of the land. Typically, the gradient was shallow to make the water flow slower, so fewer repairs would be needed due to quicker water flows causing damage and too shallow of

SECTION 10

#1732845230275

828-508: A source such as a river, spring, reservoir, qanat , or aqueduct for domestic consumption or agricultural irrigation of crop land uses. Rills were traditionally used in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean climate cultures of ancient and historical eras; and other climates and continents worldwide. They are distinguished from a 'water ditch ' by being lined to reduce absorption losses and to increase durability. The Falaj irrigation system at

897-635: A third is from the Colorado River. In modern civil engineering projects, detailed study and analysis of open-channel flow is commonly required to support flood control, irrigation systems, and large water supply systems when an aqueduct rather than a pipeline is the preferred solution. In the past, aqueducts often had channels made of earth or other porous materials but significant amounts of water are lost through such unlined aqueducts. As water gets increasingly scarce, these canals are being lined with concrete, polymers , or impermeable soil. In some cases,

966-503: A thousand years. Roman aqueducts were built in all parts of the Roman Empire , from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome, where they totalled over 415 kilometres (258 mi). The aqueducts supplied fresh water to public baths and for drinking water, in large cities across the empire, and set a standard of engineering that was not surpassed for more than a thousand years. Bridges, built in stone with multiple arches, were

1035-423: A treaty with Duke Tassilo, and married Liutperga's sister, Desiderata , to surround Carloman with his own allies. Less than a year later, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and married Hildegard , the daughter of Count Gerold of Kraichgau and his wife Emma, daughter, in turn, of Duke Nebe (Hnabi) of Alemannia. Hildegard's father had extensive possessions in the territory under Carloman's dominion. This marriage

1104-486: A “ cut and cover ” technique where the channel path was cut into the ground and then covered in order to easily access the channels that were in need of repair. The floors and walls of the channels were lined with cement , and the roof was usually a vault . The cement was usually as high as the water would reach, which was meant to be about a half to two thirds full. Lining the walls and floor with cement served three purposes: to protect against leaks and seepage, to provide

1173-511: Is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge carrying an artificial watercourse . Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece , the ancient Near East , ancient Rome , ancient Aztec , and ancient Inca . The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into

1242-646: Is called a qanat. One historic example found in Syria, the Qanat Firaun, extends over 100 kilometers. Modern aqueducts may also make extensive use of pipelines. Pipelines are useful for transporting water over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or where open channels are poor choices due to considerations of evaporation , freezing, pollution, or environmental impact. They can also be used to carry treated water . Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops. Archimedes invented

1311-570: Is dwarfed by aqueducts in the far west of the country, most notably the 242-mile (389-km) Colorado River Aqueduct , which supplies the Los Angeles area with water from the Colorado River nearly 250 miles to the east and the 701.5-mile (1,129.0 km) California Aqueduct , which runs from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta to Lake Perris . The Central Arizona Project is the largest and most expensive aqueduct constructed in

1380-468: Is still debated, but some evidence supports circa A.D. 540–552, in response to drought periods in the region. The Guayabo National Monument of Costa Rica, a park covering the largest archaeological site in the country, contains a system of aqueducts. The complex network of uncovered and covered aqueducts still functions well. The aqueducts are constructed from rounded river stones, which are mostly made of volcanic rock . The civilization that constructed

1449-664: The Al Ain Oasis , in present-day Abu Dhabi Emirate , uses rills as part of its qanat water system. Sometimes in the Spanish language they are called Acequias . Rills are also used for aesthetic purposes in landscape design. Rills are used as narrow channels of water inset into the pavement of a garden , as linear water features , and often tiled and part of a fountain design. The historical origins are from paradise garden religious images that first translated into ancient Persian Gardens . Rills were later exceptionally developed in

SECTION 20

#1732845230275

1518-700: The Duchy of Rome , the Exarchate of Ravenna , and the Pentapolis in the Marches , which consisted of the "five cities" on the Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. He celebrated the occasion by striking the earliest papal coin, and in a mark of the direction the mediaeval papacy was to take, no longer dated his documents by the Emperor in

1587-574: The Goths besieging Rome tried to use this underground channel as a secret route to invade Rome according to Procopius . After deteriorating and falling into disuse with the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the Aqua Virgo was repaired by Pope Adrian I in the 8th century. In 1453, Pope Nicholas V made a complete restoration and extensive remodelling from its source to its terminus points between

1656-730: The Lombards , and Adrian was compelled to seek the assistance of the Frankish king Charlemagne , who entered Italy with a large army. Charlemagne besieged Desiderius in his capital of Pavia . After taking the town, he banished the Lombard king to the Abbey of Corbie in France , and adopted the title "King of the Lombards" himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to

1725-911: The Moorish (Spanish) Gardens of Al-andalus , such as at the Alhambra in Granada ; and also in other Islamic gardens, cultures, and countries. Early 20th century examples are in the María Luisa Park gardens in Seville, Spain; and at the Casa del Herrero gardens in Montecito, California . Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. A version of this common in North Africa and Central Asia that has vertical wells at regular intervals

1794-675: The Pincio and the Quirinale and within Campo Marzio and consecrated it Acqua Vergine . This also led the water to the Trevi Fountain and the fountains of Piazza del Popolo , which it still serves today. In the 1930s, a pressurised version was built, the Acqua Vergine Nuovo, separate from the other channels. Most of the ancient aqueducts were gravity systems, that is by ensuring the source

1863-658: The South–North Water Transfer Project aims to connect the Yangtze River basin to Beijing through three separate systems. The project will reuse part of the Grand Canal of China . The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts, for instance the Central Arizona Project uses 7.3 m (24 ft) wide channels. A major factor in

1932-590: The Trastevere area. The route passed from the low area of the Campus Martius over the higher ground of the ridge surrounding the Pantheon basin, and then over the bridge of Agrippa. Tiber River . Distribution was fairly widespread: according to Frontinus, 200 quinaries were reserved for the suburbs, 1457 for public works, 509 for the imperial house, and the remaining 338 for private concessions, all distributed through

2001-457: The dioptra in a project such as the aqueducts, the chorobates are not immune to wind disturbing the plummets on the device (weighted strings). The dioptra and water levels were immune to this. Many lifting tools would have been in use during the Roman times in the construction of temples, tall buildings, bridges, and arches to move large stone blocks and materials from, for example, a quarry , to

2070-470: The water screw to raise water for use in irrigation of croplands. Another use for aqueducts is to supply large cities with drinking water. They also help drought-prone areas with water supply . Some of the Roman aqueducts still supply water to Rome today. In California , United States, three large aqueducts supply water over hundreds of miles to the Los Angeles area. Two are from the Owens River area, and

2139-499: The 10th century, villages were carved out of Adrian's Capracorum estate: Campagnano , mentioned first in 1076; Formello , mentioned in 1027; Mazzano , mentioned in 945; and Stabia (modern Faleria ), mentioned in 998. While the Lombards had always been openly respectful of the papacy, the popes distrusted them. The popes had sought aid from the Eastern Roman Empire to keep them in check. Adrian continued this policy. Because

Aqua Virgo - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-632: The East could offer no direct aid, Adrian then looked to the Franks to offset the power of the Lombards. Upon the death of Pepin the Short in 768, his kingdom was left to his sons Charlemagne and Carloman I . Relations between the brothers is said to have been strained. In 770 Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria married a Lombard princess, Liutperga , daughter of King Desiderius, to confirm the traditional alliance between Lombardy and Bavaria. That same year, Charlemagne concluded

2277-502: The Franks". When the Pope failed to do so, Desiderius invaded Papal territory and seized the Duchy of the Pentapolis . Charlemagne besieged Pavia and took the Lombard crown for himself. He then restored the Pentapolis to the Papacy as well as some of the captured Lombard territory. Shortly after Adrian's accession in 772, the territory ruled by the papacy was invaded by Desiderius , king of

2346-483: The Lombard court at Pavia. Desiderius made overtures to Pope Adrian, requesting that he acknowledge Carloman's sons' right to succeed their father, and crown them as Kings of the Franks. With Charlemagne occupied with a campaign against the Saxons, Desiderius saw an opportunity to take all of Italy. He invaded the Duchy of the Pentapolis which had been given to the papacy in 756 by Charlemagne's father. Desiderius's support of

2415-490: The Lombards to expand their holdings in Italy at the expense of the papacy. Not receiving any support from Constantinople, the popes looked for help to the Franks. Adrian's tenure saw the culmination of on-going territorial disputes between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman I . The Lombard king Desiderius supported the claims of Carloman's sons to their late father's land, and requested Pope Adrian crown Carloman's sons "Kings of

2484-487: The Muslims, he maintained the prohibition of Pope Zachary of selling slaves to Muslims, whom Adrian described as "the unspeakable race of Saracens ," in order to guarantee a labor pool and to keep the power of Muslim rivals in check. He also encouraged Charlemagne to lead his troops into Spain against the Muslims there, and was generally interested in expanding Christian influence and eliminating Muslim control. The rise in

2553-674: The Romans, aqueducts were devised much earlier in Greece, the Near East , Nile Valley , and Indian subcontinent , where peoples such as the Egyptians and Harappans built sophisticated irrigation systems. The Aztecs and Incans also built such systems independently later. Roman-style aqueducts were used as early as the 7th century BC, when the Assyrians built an 80 km long limestone aqueduct, which included

2622-810: The United States. It stretches 336 miles from its source near Parker, Arizona to the metropolitan areas of Phoenix and Tucson . An aqueduct in New Zealand, "the Oamaru Borough Race", was constructed in the late 19th century to deliver water (and water-power) about 50 km from the Waitaki River at Kurow to the coastal town of Oamaru . In Spain, the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer system of aqueducts opened in 1979 and transports water 286 kilometres (178 mi) from north to south. In China,

2691-595: The aqueduct system remains a mystery to archaeologists; it is suspected that Guayabo's aqueducts sat at a point of ancient cultural confluence between Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. When Europeans saw the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan , early in the 16th century, the city was watered by two aqueducts. One of these, Chapultepec aqueduct , built c.  1420 , was rebuilt by the Spanish almost three hundred years later. Originally tracing part of its path over now-gone Lake Texcoco , only

2760-568: The churches of Santa Maria in Cosmedin , decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclast persecutions, and of San Marco in Rome. At the time of his death at the age of 95, his was the longest pontificate since Saint Peter (the first pope) until it was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of Pius VI in the late 18th century. Only three other popes – Pius IX , Leo XIII , and John Paul II  – have reigned for longer periods since. Adrian's epitaph

2829-625: The city under the Horti Lucullani and crossed 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) to the area of the Pincian Hill and current Villa Medici , where a spiral staircase (called the Pincio snail) leads to the underground conduit. The long detour was justified because the aqueduct had to serve the northern suburb of the city, until then without a water supply, and because the low level source (only 24 metres (79 ft) above sea level) made it necessary to avoid

Aqua Virgo - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-480: The claims of Carloman's sons posed a potential challenge to the legitimacy of Charlemagne's possession of his brother's lands. In 773, he cut short a military campaign near Paderborn, crossed the Alps, and laid siege to Pavia. In exchange for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie. Charlemagne assumed the title "King of the Lombards". From 781 Adrian began dating papal documents by

2967-481: The countryside north of Veii . The villa is documented in Liber Pontificalis , but its site was not rediscovered until the 1960s, when excavations revealed the structures on a gently-rounded hill that was only marginally capable of self-defense, but fully self-sufficient for a mixed economy of grains and vineyards , olives , vegetable gardens and piggery with its own grain mill, smithies and tile-kilns . During

3036-637: The current Via del Corso on an arch which was subsequently transformed into a triumphal arch to celebrate the military successes of Claudius in Britain. Later interpretation has found that the aqueduct’s arches continued along the Via del Seminario to a point east of the Pantheon . It terminated in the Campus Martius in front of the Saepta Julia . A secondary branch reached the inadequately served regions VII, IX, and XIV in

3105-493: The design of all open channels is its gradient. A higher gradient allows a smaller channel to carry the same amount of water as a larger channel with a lower gradient, but increases the potential of the water to damage the aqueduct's structure. A typical Roman aqueduct had a gradient of about 1:4800. A constructed functional rill is a small canal or aqueduct of stone, brick, concrete, or other lining material, usually rectilinear in cross section , for water transportation from

3174-528: The earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water. The word aqueduct is derived from the Latin words aqua ( water ) and ductus ( led or guided ). Although particularly associated with

3243-509: The east, but by the reign of Charles, king of the Franks. He recognized the authority of Pope Adrian I, and in return the pope gave Charlemagne the title of "Patrician of Rome". A mark of such newly settled conditions in the Duchy of Rome is the Domusculta Capracorum , the central Roman villa that Adrian assembled from a nucleus of his inherited estates and acquisitions from neighbors in

3312-430: The exact elevation between the two reservoirs and the exact gradient of the canal to such fine precision had been lost with the fall of the civilization in 13th Century. Modern aqueducts are a central part of many countries' water distribution infrastructure. The United States' aqueducts are some of the world's largest. The Catskill Aqueduct carries water to New York City over a distance of 120 miles (190 km), but

3381-561: The issue but refused to receive the Libri and contented itself with condemning extreme forms of veneration of icons. In 787 Adrian elevated the English diocese of Lichfield to an archdiocese at the request of the English bishops and King Offa of Mercia to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between Kent and Mercia . He gave the Lichfield bishop Hygeberht the pallium in 788. Regarding

3450-438: The job site and then lifted into place. It is to be made of bronze. The lower part consists of two similar cylinders at a small distance apart, with outlet pipes. These pipes converge like the prongs of a fork, and meet in a vessel placed in the middle. In this vessel, valves are to be accurately fitted above the top openings of the pipes. And the valves by closing the mouths of the pipes retain what has been forced by air into

3519-587: The last stretch of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) running partly on arches in the Campus Martius area, of which two sections remain. The aqueduct dropped only 4 metres (13 ft) along its length to its terminus in the centre of the Campus Martius. The route made a very wide arc, starting from the east and entering the city from the north. It ran along via Collatina up to the Portonaccio area, passed via Nomentana to via Salaria , and then turned south and entered

SECTION 50

#1732845230275

3588-412: The lathe, and well oiled. Being thus enclosed in the cylinders, they are worked with piston rods and levers. The air and water in the cylinders, since the valves close the lower openings, the pistons drive onwards. By such inflation and the consequent pressure, they force the water through the orifices of the pipes into the vessel. The funnel receives water and forces it out by pneumatic pressure through

3657-456: The number of Christian girls being married to Muslims in al-Andalus prompted a letter of concern from Adrian. Adrian's response was due to dispatches from bishop Egila, who had been tasked with preaching the gospel in the peninsula. Egila eventually fell in with the Migetians , a rigorist sect, provoking Adrian's condemnation. Adrian restored some of the ancient aqueducts of Rome and rebuilt

3726-423: The private use of aqueduct water was not common; only the overflow water was sold to individuals. In Imperial times, the construction of more aqueducts meant that more water was available to be sold for private use. The source of the water was an empirical science in that when the source was obvious such as a spring, lake, or stream, the engineer had to determine the quality of the water. The engineer had to test

3795-414: The quality of the water supply. Vitruvius , a Roman architect who worked for Caesar and Augustus, wrote the De architectura ( On Architecture ). One concept contained in the De architectura is that the quality of an architectural work depends on the social relevance of an artist’s work, not the form or workmanship of the work itself. Another assertion from Vitruvius is that a structure must exhibit

3864-524: The sites of present-day Hampi, Karnataka . The massive aqueducts near Tungabhadra River supplying irrigation water were once 15 miles (24 km) long. The waterways supplied water to royal bath tubs. In Oman from the Iron Age , in Salut, Bat, and other sites, a system of underground aqueducts called falaj or qanāts were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping horizontal tunnels. There are three types of falaj: These enabled large scale agriculture to flourish in

3933-489: The source for the Acqua Vergine unlike the Aqua Virgo: Today, as in days of old, the Acqua Vergine is regarded to furnish some of the purest drinking-water in Rome, reputed for its restorative qualities. Many people to this day can be seen filling containers for drinking and cooking in its splendid fountains, including: 41°54′37″N 12°37′37″E  /  41.91028°N 12.62694°E  / 41.91028; 12.62694 Aqueduct (water supply) An aqueduct

4002-413: The steep slopes that the shortest route would have encountered. Probably, the entry into the city from that side also allowed the Campus Martius to be reached without crossing densely populated city areas. After the limaria pool ( settling basin ) near the Pincian, the urban stretch began partially on arches, many discovered in 1871. It then passed through the area of the Trevi Fountain and then crossed

4071-415: The taste, clarity, and flow of the water as well as the physique and complexion of the local people who drank it. Soils and rock types were also used as indicators. Clay was regarded as a poor source, while red tufa was considered pure. Sextus Julius Frontinus wrote a study, De aquaeductu , on the state of the aqueducts of Rome. He points out that the welfare of the urban community of Rome depends on

4140-443: The temples, homes, and gardens of Petra's citizens. Walking through the Siq , one can easily spot the remains of channels that directed water to the city center, as well as durable retention dams that kept powerful flood waters at bay. On the island of Samos , the Tunnel of Eupalinos was built during the reign of Polycrates (538–522 BC). It is considered an underground aqueduct and brought fresh water to Pythagoreion for roughly

4209-424: The three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, and vinustas (in English, it must be strong and durable, useful, and beautiful and graceful). The Acqua Vergine is the Renaissance restoration of the Aqua Virgo aqueduct. In 1453, Pope Nicholas V renovated the main channels of the Aqua Virgo and added numerous secondary conduits under Campo Marzio . The original terminus, called a mostra , which means "showpiece",

SECTION 60

#1732845230275

4278-427: The vessel. Above the vessel, a cover like an inverted funnel is fitted and attached, by a pin well wedged, so that the force of the incoming water may not cause the cover to rise. On the cover of the pip, which is called a trumpet, is jointed to it, and made vertical. The cylinders have, below the lower mouths of the pipes, valves inserted above the openings in their bases. Pistons are now inserted from above rounded on

4347-438: The water to be slowed back down to its average speed. In later times, the use of high arches across valleys and plains were employed for the aqueducts, and some were even as high as 27 metres (89 ft) off the ground. Besides standard water levels similar to those used by contractors today, other kinds of levels were in use during ancient Roman times. Vitruvius explains that while the chorobates may seem to be superior to

4416-401: The years of Charlemagne's reign, instead of the reign of the Byzantine Emperor . Friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the theological dispute about the veneration of icons. In 787, Second Council of Nicaea , approved by Pope Adrian, had confirmed the practice and excommunicated the iconoclasts . Charlemagne, however, who had received the Council's decisions only in

4485-577: Was advantageous to Charlemagne because it allowed him to strengthen his position east of the Rhine and also bind the Alemannian nobility to his side. With Desiderata's return to her father's court at Pavia, Desiderius was grievously insulted, and appears to have made an alliance with Carloman against Charlemagne and the Papacy, which looked to the Franks for protection against Lombard incursions into Papal territory. Carloman died in December 771, and when Charlemagne seized his brother's territory, Carloman's widow, Gerberga , and their two sons fled for refuge to

4554-525: Was higher than the termination and plotting a uniform course for the aqueduct to follow a downward gradient, gravity would provide all the power needed for the water to flow. The aqueducts were for most of their length channels about 50 centimetres (20 in) to 1 metre (3.3 ft) below ground. Tunnels, pipes, and only the final stretches of the aqueducts used arches. The channels were made of three kinds of material: masonry (the most common form), lead pipes, and terracotta . These channels were made using

4623-562: Was named after her. Its source is just before the 8th milestone north of the Via Collatina . It collected water from springs near the course of the Aniene , a large system (still functioning and inspectable) of aquifers and springs which were conveyed into a basin (existing until the 19th century) by a series of underground tunnels, and fed the canal by regulating the inflow with a dam. It was also supplemented by several feeder channels along its course. The aqueduct ran underground for nearly all of its 20.5 kilometres (12.7 mi) length except

4692-402: Was originally located in his burial chapel in St. Peter's Basilica , which was demolished in the mid-15th century as reconstruction works were initiated by Pope Nicholas V ; since 1619 it has been preserved in the portico as rebuilt by Carlo Maderno . It is placed high on the wall between the Door of the Dead and the Door of Good and Evil. Charlemagne commissioned it in 796 and organized

4761-423: Was the stately, dignified wall fountain designed by Leon Battista Alberti in Piazza dei Crociferi. Due to several additions and modifications to the end-most points of the conduits during the years that followed, during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the Acqua Vergine culminated in several magnificent mostre : the Trevi Fountain and the fountains of Piazza del Popolo . Two separate aqueducts emerge from

#274725