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90-466: Antofagasta ( Spanish pronunciation: [antofaˈɣasta] ) is a port city in northern Chile , about 1,100 kilometres (700 mi) north of Santiago . It is the capital of Antofagasta Province and Antofagasta Region . According to the 2015 census, the city has a population of 402,669. Once claimed by Bolivia following the Spanish American wars of independence , Antofagasta

180-545: A cold desert climate ( Köppen BWk ) with abundant sunshine and strong maritime influence. The marked aridity and water scarcity are regulated by the Humboldt Current , in addition to the high humidity and morning fog known as "Camanchaca". Furthermore, the Pacific anticyclone generates winds from the south and southwest. The average annual temperature is 16.8 °C (62.2 °F). The average daily low temperature in

270-631: A secret treaty of defensive alliance with Peru. This would be used as an argument 5 years later in Chile, when it unleashed the War of the Pacific . The secret alliance forbade Bolivia from signing a border treaty with Chile, without consulting with Peru . However, in 1874 Chile and Bolivia signed a border treaty, which replaced the previous treaty of 1866 . One of its points was not to impose new taxes on individuals, industries and Chilean capital for 25 years. For Bolivia,

360-461: A Bolivian promise not to increase tax, Chile responded that the treaty did not allow for such a tax hike. Bolivia suspended the tax in April 1878. In November Chile proposed a mediation and cautioned that Daza's refusal to cancel the tax would force Chile to declare null the 1874 Treaty. In December 1878 Bolivia, counting in its military alliance with Peru, challenged Chile and said the tax was unrelated to

450-456: A centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations. A smart port uses technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) to be more efficient at handling goods. Smart ports usually deploy cloud-based software as part of the process of greater automation to help generate the operating flow that helps the port work smoothly. At present, most of

540-876: A fishing port to be uneconomical. A marina is a port for recreational boating. A warm-water port (also known as an ice-free port) is one where the water does not freeze in winter. This is mainly used in the context of countries with mostly cold winters where parts of the coastline freezes over every winter. Because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest . Such settlements as Narvik in Norway, Dalian in China, Murmansk , Novorossiysk , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Vostochny Port in Russia, Odesa in Ukraine, Kushiro in Japan and Valdez at

630-573: A new tax on saltpeter exploitation to the Chilean mining company Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta (CSFA) . Chile protested the violation of Article 4 and the CSFA refused to pay the new taxes, while tensions rapidly increased in the region. The escalation eventually led to the Bolivian president deciding to rescind the license of the Chilean company, to seize its assets and put them up for auction on

720-711: A port or nearby. Modern ports will have specialised cargo -handling equipment, such as gantry cranes , reach stackers and forklift trucks . Ports usually have specialised functions: some tend to cater mainly for passenger ferries and cruise ships ; some specialise in container traffic or general cargo; and some ports play an important military role for their nation's navy. Some third world countries and small islands such as Ascension and St Helena still have limited port facilities, so that ships must anchor off while their cargo and passengers are taken ashore by barge or launch (respectively). In modern times, ports survive or decline, depending on current economic trends. In

810-424: A ship on its sailing itinerary. At these ports, cargo ships may take on supplies or fuel, as well as unloading and loading cargo while cruise liners have passengers get on or off ship. A fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the only port that depends on an ocean product, and depletion of fish may cause

900-506: A ship to sail from the ocean inland to the port to load or unload its cargo. An example of this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Toronto , Duluth-Superior , and Chicago . The term inland port is also used for dry ports . A seaport is a port located on the shore of a sea or ocean. It

990-518: A single Dutch ship per year, whereas Osaka was the largest domestic port and the main trade hub for rice. Post-classical Swahili kingdoms are known to have had trade port islands and trade routes with the Islamic world and Asia. They were described by Greek historians as "metropolises". Famous African trade ports such as Mombasa , Zanzibar , Mogadishu and Kilwa were known to Chinese sailors such as Zheng He and medieval Islamic historians such as

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1080-495: A small semi-automated container port (with links to the Port of Felixstowe , the UK's largest container port) thrived for some years, but has been hit hard by competition from the emergent London Gateway port and logistics hub. In mainland Europe, it is normal for ports to be publicly owned, so that, for instance, the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam are owned partly by the state and partly by

1170-641: A third of the world's shipping containers , half of the world's annual supply of crude oil , and is the world's busiest transshipment port . Europe's busiest container port and biggest port by cargo tonnage by far is the Port of Rotterdam , in the Netherlands. It is followed by the Belgian Port of Antwerp or the German Port of Hamburg , depending on which metric is used. In turn, the Spanish Port of Valencia

1260-460: Is directly elected every four years. As of 2021, the mayor is Jonathan Velásquez. The communal council has the following members: Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Antofagasta is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Marcela Hernando ( PRSD ) and Paulina Nuñez ( RN ) as part of the 4th electoral district, together with Mejillones , Sierra Gorda and Taltal . The commune is represented in

1350-418: Is extremely vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal flooding . Internationally, global ports are beginning to identify ways to improve coastal management practices and integrate climate change adaptation practices into their construction. Wherever ancient civilisations engaged in maritime trade, they tended to develop sea ports. One of the world's oldest known artificial harbors is at Wadi al-Jarf on

1440-404: Is further categorized as commercial and non-commercial: Cargo ports are quite different from cruise ports, because each handles very different cargo, which has to be loaded and unloaded by a variety of mechanical means. Bulk cargo ports may handle one particular type of cargo or numerous cargoes, such as grains, liquid fuels, liquid chemicals, wood, automobiles, etc. Such ports are known as

1530-399: Is mainly based on copper mining and nonmetallic minerals such as nitrate and iodine . There are refinery furnaces for the copper industry. Cement and lime are mined to aid copper refining. The area also has iron ore deposits, for steel. The second industrial area is located in the north of the city, where they have installed multiple operating centers of different companies, mainly along

1620-688: Is often lower because of both direct and indirect pollution from the shipping, and other challenges caused by the port's community, such as trash washing into the ocean. Sewage from ships, and leaks of oil and chemicals from shipping vessels can contaminate local water, and cause other effects like nutrient pollution in the water. Ports and their infrastructure are very vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise, because many of them are in low-lying areas designed for status quo water levels. Variable weather, coastal erosion, and sea level rise all put pressure on existing infrastructure, resulting in subsidence , coastal flooding and other direct pressures on

1710-504: Is public, University of Antofagasta , and other private, Catholic University of the North . Several private autonomous universities have been open since 2002. Previously, the now-defunct "University José Santos Ossa" was the only private autonomous university in Antofagasta. Although the public schools are distributed almost uniformly throughout the city, the private schools operate mainly in

1800-460: Is subject to a climate of extreme aridity, and therefore generates a low average annual rainfall of 3.4 mm (0.13 in) (1970–2000), and the Town of Antofagasta itself receives an annual average of less than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of rainfall per year, earning it the record as the world's driest town. However, the sporadic occurrence of heavy rainfall, together with the geomorphologic situation of

1890-642: Is the busiest port in the Mediterranean basin, while the Portuguese Port of Sines is the busiest atlantic port. The Port of Trieste , Italy , is the main port of the northern Adriatic and starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline . The largest ports include the Port of South Louisiana , a vast sprawling port centered in the New Orleans area, Houston , Port of New York/New Jersey , Los Angeles in

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1980-508: Is the largest port in the world in both cargo tonnage and activity. It regained its position as the world's busiest port by cargo tonnage and the world's busiest container port in 2009 and 2010, respectively. It is followed by the ports of Singapore , Hong Kong and Kaohsiung , Taiwan , all of which are in East and Southeast Asia . The port of Singapore is the world's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage, it also transships

2070-401: Is the port where cruise ship passengers board (or embark ) to start their cruise and disembark the cruise ship at the end of their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the cruise, which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits, vegetables, champagne, and any other supplies needed for the cruise. "Cruise home ports" are very busy places during the day

2160-464: Is when a native species with no natural predator is all of a sudden prey of an invasive specie. Indirect interaction can be diseases or other health conditions brought by invasive species. Ports are also a source of increased air pollution as a result of ships and land transportation at the port. Transportation corridors around ports have higher exhaust emissions and this can have related health effects on local communities. Water quality around ports

2250-543: The Calidris and mammals like the culpeo fox , inhabit or visit the wetlands. Some of these wetlands are threatened by garbage, street dogs , extraction of water, establishments of shacks ( Spanish : ruco ) and the diversion of water courses. As of January 2024 the municipality of Antofagasta plans to declare the wetlands official urban wetlands in accordance with the Urban Wetlands Law . The town of Antofagasta has

2340-695: The Chinese ports of Shanghai and Ningbo-Zhoushan . As of 2020, the busiest passenger port in Europe is the Port of Helsinki in Finland . Nevertheless, countless smaller ports do exist that may only serve their local tourism or fishing industries. Ports can have a wide environmental impact on local ecologies and waterways, most importantly water quality, which can be caused by dredging, spills and other pollution . Ports are heavily affected by changing environmental factors caused by climate change as most port infrastructure

2430-633: The London Gateway . Ideally, a port will grant easy navigation to ships, and will give shelter from wind and waves. Ports are often on estuaries, where the water may be shallow and may need regular dredging . Deep water ports such as Milford Haven are less common, but can handle larger ships with a greater draft, such as super tankers , Post-Panamax vessels and large container ships . Other businesses such as regional distribution centres , warehouses and freight-forwarders, canneries and other processing facilities find it advantageous to be located within

2520-716: The Port of Buenos Aires in Argentina. Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia The Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia , also called the Treaty of Sucre , was signed in Sucre on August 6, 1874 by the Bolivian Minister of Foreign Affairs Mariano Baptista and the Chilean plenipotentiary minister Carlos Walker Martínez . It superseded the Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia , establishing

2610-557: The Red Sea . Along with the finding of harbor structures, ancient anchors have also been found. Other ancient ports include Guangzhou during Qin dynasty China and Canopus , the principal Egyptian port for Greek trade before the foundation of Alexandria . In ancient Greece, Athens' port of Piraeus was the base for the Athenian fleet which played a crucial role in the Battle of Salamis against

2700-558: The Senate by Pedro Araya ( Progressive Convergence , 2014–2022) and Alejandro Guillier ( Progressive Convergence , 2014–2022) as part of the 2nd senatorial constituency (Antofagasta Region). The township has three local police courts. In addition, the Municipality of Antofagasta has a number of municipal headquarters, which are entities created to meet and control certain community needs a more specific way. Antofagasta's economic development

2790-586: The University of Chile . On 18 June 1991, a mudslide devastated much of the city , undermining land, damaged 2,464 houses and destroyed 493 buildings. Material damage was estimated at $ 70,000,000. The disaster left 92 dead, 16 missing and about 20,000 homeless. On 30 July 1995, the city was hit by an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale , with an intensity VII to VIII on the Mercalli Scale . The city

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2880-440: The "Hoya La Chimba", "Hoya Caracoles", "Hoya La Cadena", "Hoya La Negra" and "Hoya El Way". These watersheds and their streams ( Quebrada ), such as "Quebrada sin nombre", "Quebrada Baquedano", "Quebrada El Toro", "Quebrada El Carrizo" and "Quebrada Jardines del Sur", which helped cause the flood of 1991. The coastal edge of Antofagasta is rocky and steep, so there are no natural beaches, the majority being artificial. Just north of

2970-495: The "Pedro Aguirre Cerda Avenue." Since the 2010s Antofagasta is a hub for lithium mining. Chile has the largest reserves of lithium worldwide and was the second largest producer in 2024, after Australia, and it is shipped from Antofagasta. Trade is concentrated mainly in the center of Antofagasta, around the Plaza Colón , where within the last 2 decades several national retail chains were in place. Moreover, in different parts of

3060-468: The "bulk" or "break bulk ports". Ports that handle containerized cargo are known as container ports . Most cargo ports handle all sorts of cargo, but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle. Additionally, individual cargo ports may be divided into different operating terminals which handle the different types of cargoes, and may be operated by different companies, also known as terminal operators, or stevedores . A cruise home port

3150-520: The 3rd place for Human Development Index just after Metropolitana de Santiago Region and Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region . The territory of Antofagasta was included in maps of the Captaincy General of Chile in the 18th century, depending from the city of Copiapó . The territory was disputed between Chile and Bolivia until the signing of the Boundary Treaty of 1866 . On 18 September 1866, José Santos Ossa and Francisco Puelma achieved

3240-539: The 54% of copper at the national level, business events are held in Antofagasta. Events are held annually with the assistance of several mining countries of the world, and one of the most important is Exponor organized by the Asociación de Industriales Antofagasta, guild formed by the major copper producers in the region. Exponor is a show that promotes the gestation of chains, new business and exchanging knowledge and experiences among entrepreneurs from different countries of

3330-801: The Berber Islamic voyager Abu Abdullah ibn Battuta . Many of these ancient sites no longer exist or function as modern ports. Even in more recent times, ports sometimes fall out of use. Rye, East Sussex , was an important English port in the Middle Ages, but the coastline changed and it is now 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea, while the ports of Ravenspurn and Dunwich have been lost to coastal erosion . Whereas early ports tended to be just simple harbours, modern ports tend to be multimodal distribution hubs , with transport links using sea, river, canal, road, rail and air routes. Successful ports are located to optimize access to an active hinterland , such as

3420-673: The Bolivian government, without any effective action of the Chilean authority, despite a warning by the Peruvian and Bolivian consulates about weapons and men on board the ships Maria Luisa and Paquete de Los Vilos . Peru, which at that time enjoyed naval supremacy in South Pacific, responded with a naval demonstration in Mejillones, sending there the warships Huascar and the Chalaco . Peru's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jose de la Riva Agüero, told

3510-673: The British community ( La Colonia Britanica ) erected a clock tower, replicating Big Ben , in Plaza Colón to celebrate the republic's centenary. In 1956, the Universidad del Norte (now the Catholic University of the North ) was founded, due to support from the Catholic University of Valparaíso . On 9 October, of the same year began the negotiations for the creation of the "Centro Universitario Zona Norte" (University Center North Zone), part of

3600-485: The CSFA that they would get trouble with a "neighbouring Government" [sic] if they insisted on swamping the market with their nitrate. Bolivian historian Querejazu cited George Hicks, manager of the Chilean CSFA, who knew that the highest bidder for the confiscated property of the CSFA on 14 February 1879 would be the Peruvian consul in Antofagasta. Having surrendered its claim to the disputed territories in return for

3690-602: The Chilean Government that Peru would not view with indifference the occupation of Bolivian territory by foreign forces. The Peruvian government saw the Lindsay-Corral Protocol as an increase in the regional influence of Chile and urged Bolivia to reject it, and in fact on May 19, 1873 the Bolivian Assembly postponed approval to 1874. The Bolivian Assembly neither approved nor refused the treaty. Because of

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3780-520: The Chilean occupation of Antofagasta, on 14 February 1879. According to the Chilean version of events, the tax of 10 cents violated the treaty of 1874 since according to this, new taxes should not have been imposed on Chilean companies operating in Bolivia. At the breaking of the boundary treaty by Bolivia, and the cancellation of the contract of the CSFA, Chile seized Antofagasta, then in Bolivian territory, whose sovereignty had been ratified before 1866. After

3870-579: The Chilean production in Bolivia as the main cause of the secret treaty, and also said that the Peruvian Foreign Minister, José de la Riva-Agüero informed the Chilean Minister in Lima, Joaquín Godoy, about negotiations with Bolivia to expand the estanco in Bolivia. (Later, in 1875 the government expropriated the saltpeter industry and a full state monopoly on production and exports of saltpeter

3960-415: The Netherlands. Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. The terms "port" and "seaport" are used for different types of facilities handling ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels. An inland port is a port on a navigable lake, river ( fluvial port), or canal with access to a sea or ocean, which therefore allows

4050-644: The Persians in 480 BCE. In ancient India from 3700 BCE, Lothal was a prominent city of the Indus valley civilisation, located in the Bhal region of the modern state of Gujarāt . Ostia Antica was the port of ancient Rome with Portus established by Claudius and enlarged by Trajan to supplement the nearby port of Ostia. In Japan, during the Edo period , the island of Dejima was the only port open for trade with Europe and received only

4140-508: The Peruvian government to intervene actively in the Bolivian saltpeter policy. Peruvian historian Jorge Basadre asserts that the secret treaty and the Estanco were unrelated to each other, but Hugo Pereira Plascencia has contributed several items of evidences to the contrary: in 1873 the Italian author Pietro Perolari–Malmignati cited the Peruvian interest in defending its saltpeter monopoly against

4230-584: The Treaty of 1866 with a new Treaty that kept the 24th degree parallel as the boundary between both countries but ended the Mutual Benefits Zone defined in 1866 between the 23°S and 25°S. Further, Chile relinquished its share of export taxes on minerals shipped from Bolivia, and Bolivia agreed not to raise taxes on Chilean enterprises in Bolivia for 25 years. Article 4 of the treaty is worded: The duties of exportation that may be levied on minerals exploited in

4320-1040: The U.S., Manzanillo in Mexico and Vancouver in Canada. Panama also has the Panama Canal that connects the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, and is a key conduit for international trade. The largest port in Oceania is the Port of Melbourne . According to ECLAC 's "Maritime and Logistics Profile of Latin America and the Caribbean", the largest ports in South America are the Port of Santos in Brazil, Cartagena in Colombia, Callao in Peru, Guayaquil in Ecuador, and

4410-482: The UK, both the ports of Liverpool and Southampton were once significant in the transatlantic passenger liner business. Once airliner traffic decimated that trade, both ports diversified to container cargo and cruise ships. Up until the 1950s the Port of London was a major international port on the River Thames , but changes in shipping and the use of containers and larger ships have led to its decline. Thamesport ,

4500-480: The award of the concession of nitrate lands, following a request taken to the Bolivian government . The exploring of the Chilean miners found rich deposits of saltpeter ( nitratine ) in the field of Salar del Carmen , to the east of the present Antofagasta. Agreed to form the " Sociedad Exploradora del Desierto de Atacama " (Explorer Society of Atacama Desert). After the formation of the company, began to fill with what

4590-463: The basis of tax avoidance, while Peruvian elites from the public and private sector pressed Bolivia to have considerable participation in the auction. This taxation dispute was the casus belli for the War of the Pacific , as in February 14, 1879, the day of the auction, Chile's armed forces occupied the Bolivian port city of Antofagasta. Soon after, war would be declared, and Peru and Bolivia would reveal

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4680-420: The basis of the deletion of this article. In June 1875 a complementary protocol to the 1874 treaty was signed in order to amend articles 3 and 10 and incorporate an arbitration clause. In 1876 the Peruvian government bought the saltpeter licenses for "El Toco" fields in Bolivia through an intermediary, Henry Meiggs , the builder of the Peruvian railroads, but also with the involvement of Anthony Gibbs and Sons,

4770-506: The body of "Municipal Agents", composed of two Germans, one Englishman and six Chileans. On 27 November 1873, the "Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta" (CSFA), a Chilean mining company, signed a contract with the government of Bolivia, in which taxes were removed from mineral exploitation for 15 years. This contract was not ratified by the Congress of Bolivia, which was then analyzed negotiations with Chile. In 1873, Bolivia signed

4860-493: The border between both countries at the 24° South parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern border of Chile. Given the economic importance of the area, which was rich in mineral resources, the treaty did not only establish national boundaries, but also regulated the taxation of mining operations. It abolished the zone of bipartite tax collection on the export of minerals found between parallel 23°S and 25°S. And crucially for

4950-469: The central and southern part of the city, where the wealthiest inhabitants reside. Only three private schools in the city are ranked among the top 100 schools in the country with the highest scores in the University Selection Test , which are The Antofagasta British School , "Hrvatska Skola San Esteban" and "Antofagasta International School". Port city Ports are extremely important to

5040-521: The cities themselves. Even though modern ships tend to have bow-thrusters and stern-thrusters, many port authorities still require vessels to use pilots and tugboats for manoeuvering large ships in tight quarters. For instance, ships approaching the Belgian port of Antwerp , an inland port on the River Scheldt , are obliged to use Dutch pilots when navigating on that part of the estuary that belongs to

5130-408: The city large supermarket chains like " Líder ", "Tottus", "Unimarc", "Santa Isabel" and "Jumbo" are set up. In 2006, the national chain "Mall Plaza" was built in the coastal area and the "Casino Enjoy Antofagasta" was built in the south of the city. Because of the important administrative position of Antofagasta in the region, the historical relationship with the mining sector, and the production of

5220-409: The city, make it susceptible to be affected by mud flows and landslides. Between 1916 and 1999, the city was affected by floods or landslides on seven occasions: 1925, 1930, twice in 1940, 1982, 1987 and 1991 , of which the most important episodes in 1940 and 1991. There are about fifteen streams that have watersheds with accumulation of sand and gravel. Within the broader watershed ( hoya ) are

5310-434: The city, natural beaches extend to the areas of "La Portada", "Las Losetas" and "La Rinconada". Within the water resources of the commune, there are different dry lakes (salar), among which include the Salar de Pajonales, Salar Mar Muerto, Salar Punta Negra and the Salar de Navidad. As a commune , Antofagasta is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by an alcalde who

5400-430: The commune, 295,792 (99.6%) lived in urban areas and 1,113 (0.4%) in rural areas. The population grew by 30.0% (68,497 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. A 2009 population projection by the National Institute of Statistics of Chile estimated the city has an estimated population of 360,473 inhabitants. The city has several public and private educational universities. Two major traditional universities , one that

5490-405: The company that would owe Bolivia for the licenses. The picturesque agreement, as Crozier called it, about property would have long standing consequences; it was called "Caso Squire" in the Chilean courts after the war. In 1876 President Pardo urged Gibbs to ensure the success of the monopoly by limiting the production of the CSFA, and in 1878, Anthony Gibbs and Sons warned the management board of

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5580-406: The contract of 1873 between the government and CSFA was not yet in force, because, according to the Bolivian constitution, all contracts with the Bolivian government had to be approved by the congress. According to the Bolivian version of events, the contract with the saltpeter company was incomplete so the congress, to approve the contract, decided to enforce a tax of 10 cents, which did not violate

5670-472: The country to such heights that mere peace would not suffice to satisfy them. The Legislative Assembly received the Treaty with violent hostility. There was a moment in which the Government found himself impotent to dominate the current of opposition, especially with reference to Article 4. which wounded the financial policy of Peru, which aimed to monopolize the nitrate production, and among the opposing bands in Congress attempts were made to make an arrangement on

5760-413: The cruise ship is in port, because off-going passengers debark their baggage and on-coming passengers board the ship in addition to all the supplies being loaded. Cruise home ports tend to have large passenger terminals to handle the large number of passengers passing through the port. The busiest cruise home port in the world is the Port of Miami , Florida . A port of call is an intermediate stop for

5850-416: The eastern limits of the common zone would be fixed by experts of both countries, and in case of disagreement, by a third nominated by the Emperor of Brazil. This Protocol was approved by Chile in January 1873. A new grievance arose in August 1872 as Quintin Quevedo, a Bolivian diplomat, follower of Mariano Melgarejo who had been toppled as president in 1871, embarked on an expedition from Valparaiso against

5940-443: The economic situation deteriorated and the government imposed in 1873 a state control over production and sales of saltpeter. But there were also nitrate deposits in Bolivia and Chile. While the latter were not economically material, the exports from Bolivia by the Chilean Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarriles de Antofagasta (CSFA) made Peruvian price controls impossible. The Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarriles de Antofagasta (CSFA)

6030-399: The existing Treaties. Peruvian Minister of Foreign Affairs Riva Agüero wrote in August 1873 to La Torre (Peruvian Plenipotentiary in Bolivia) as follows: In 1874, Peruvian Navy officer Miguel Grau (Commander of the Navy during the war) advised to the diplomacy of his country the internationalization of the Bolivian province of Antofagasta. In August 1874, Bolivia and Chile substituted

6120-404: The future of both nations, to ensure long lasting stability, Article 4 explicitly forbade Bolivia from increasing the existing taxes on Chilean people, capital or industries for a period of twenty-five years. To safeguard its Saltpeter Monopoly , Peru tried to prevent the signing of the treaty, unsuccessfully. In February 1878, less than four years from the signing of the treaty, Bolivia imposed

6210-402: The global economy; 70% of global merchandise trade by value passes through a port. For this reason, ports are also often densely populated settlements that provide the labor for processing and handling goods and related services for the ports. Today by far the greatest growth in port development is in Asia, the continent with some of the world's largest and busiest ports , such as Singapore and

6300-476: The increasing tensions with Argentina and Peru, the Government of Chile ordered 1871 the purchase of two armored vessels, the Cochrane and the Blanco Encalada , which would shift the naval balance in the South Pacific in favor of Chile, but at the end of 1874. On February 6, 1873, Peru and Bolivia signed the secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia ; the parliamentary proceedings have disappeared since then. In Peru, which had large overseas debts,

6390-434: The mid-19th century copper mining is by far the most important mining activity for Antofagasta, fueling a steady growth in the areas of construction, retail, hotel accommodations, population growth and skyline development until the end of the 2000s commodities boom in 2013. Since the 2010s Antofagasta is also a service hub for lithium mining. In 2012, Antofagasta has the highest GDP per capita of Chile, US$ 37,000 and

6480-482: The monotony of the desert and is located in the coastal plains, south of Mejillones Peninsula and north of " Cerro Coloso ". The Tropic of Capricorn passes in the north of the city, outside the urban area, which is located the Cerro Moreno International Airport . The Tropic of Capricorn Monument was opened on 21 December 2000 in celebration of this. Designed by the architect Eleonora Roman, it

6570-615: The port. There are several initiatives to decrease negative environmental impacts of ports. The World Port Sustainability Program points to all of the Sustainable Development Goals as potential ways of addressing port sustainability. These include SIMPYC , the World Ports Climate Initiative , the African Green Port Initiative , EcoPorts and Green Marine . The port of Shanghai

6660-415: The right to appoint customs officers to work alongside their Bolivian counterparts in the condominium zone, stipulated that tax rates could not be modified unilaterally, confirmed Bolivian acceptance of nitrates and borax as products included in the terms of the 1866 treaty, agreed that Bolivia would make a separate account of the amount to be received for taxes not derived from the common zone, and stated that

6750-445: The secret Treaty of Defensive Alliance they had signed in 1873. The 1866 treaty, the first boundary treaty between Bolivia and Chile, stipulated in seven articles: Nevertheless, both countries were dissatisfied with the treaty and looked for a solution. On 5 December 1872, after difficult talks, Bolivian and Chilean negotiators Corral and Lindsay agreed to a clarification of the treaty of 1866. The Lindsay-Corral Protocol gave Chile

6840-525: The terminus of the Alaska Pipeline owe their very existence to being ice-free ports. The Baltic Sea and similar areas have ports available year-round beginning in the 20th century thanks to icebreakers , but earlier access problems prompted Russia to expand its territory to the Black Sea . A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as

6930-675: The treaty and that the claim of the CSFA should be addressed in Bolivian courts, and revived the tax. When the company refused to pay the tax, Bolivia confiscated its property on 11 February and threatened to sell it on 14 February in order to liquidate the tax's debt. On 14 February 1879, Chilean forces occupied Antofagasta. Peru, bound with Bolivia by their secret treaty, tried to mediate, but on 1 March 1879 Bolivia declared war on Chile and called on Peru to activate their alliance, while Chile demanded that Peru declare its neutrality. On April 5, after Peru refused this, Chile declared war on both nations. The following day, Peru responded by acknowledging

7020-429: The treaty of 1874 , since the contract was not yet in force at that date. Bolivia suspended the tax in deference to the government of Chile, but following a note from the Chilean foreign minister, it reactivated the tax law, then cancelled and closed the "Compañía de Salitres". Faced with a looming conflict with Chile, Bolivia decided to claim support under the agreement signed with Peru, and the treaty became effective with

7110-516: The war, a pact of truce was signed between Bolivia and Chile in 1884, which stated that the territory between the Loa River and parallel 23 would be under the administration of Chile, while Bolivia would be allowed access to the ports of Arica and Antofagasta. The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia , signed on 20 October 1904, and promulgated on 21 March 1905, established in perpetuity border between Chile and Bolivia. In 1912,

7200-565: The warmest month, January, is 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) while the average daily high temperature is 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). The coldest month, July, sees an average low temperature of 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) and an average high temperature of 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). The highest temperature recorded is 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) in January 1998 and the lowest recorded is 3.0 °C (37.4 °F) in September 1978. The Atacama Desert coast

7290-414: The water column, and can stir up pollutants captured in the sediments. Invasive species are often spread by the bilge water and species attached to the hulls of ships. It is estimated that there are over 7000 invasive species transported in bilge water around the world on a daily basis Invasive species can have direct or indirect interactions with native sea life. Direct interaction such as predation,

7380-766: The world's ports have somewhat embedded technology, if not for full leadership. However, thanks to global government initiatives and exponential growth in maritime trade, the number of intelligent ports has gradually increased. A report by business intelligence provider Visiongain assessed that Smart Ports Market spending would reach $ 1.5 bn in 2019. Ports and their operation are often a cause of environmental issues, such as sediment contamination and spills from ships and are susceptible to larger environmental issues, such as human caused climate change and its effects. Every year 100 million cubic metres of marine sediment are dredged to improve waterways around ports. Dredging, in its practice, disturbs local ecosystems, brings sediments into

7470-594: The world. This important trade fair generated a portfolio of U.S. $ 41,291 million (63.48% world total), for the period 2007–2015. In 2024, Antofagasta is the fifth most expensive city in Chile as to cost of living. Santiago, Punta Arenas, Puerto Varas and San Antonio have a higher cost of living. According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute , Antofagasta had 296,905 inhabitants spread over an area of 30,718 km (11,860 sq mi), of which 143,685 are women and 153,220 were men. In

7560-399: The zone referred to in the preceding articles shall not exceed those now in force, and Chilean citizens, industry, and capital shall not be subjected to any other contributions what ever except those now existing. The stipulations in this article shall last for twenty-five years. The Treaty of 1874 suffered formidable opposition in Bolivia. The suggestions of Peru had raised the aspirations of

7650-533: Was a Chilean company, based in Valparaiso ; a 29% minority share was held by the British Anthony Gibbs and Sons . From the 1860s the company had exploited the nitrate fields in Antofagasta, with a tax exemption license of the Bolivian government. The CSFA was the only competitor of Peruvian saltpeter in the international markets, and the urgent necessity to maintain the prices of saltpeter and guano brought

7740-517: Was awarded the installation of the Casino Enjoy Antofagasta . In the municipal elections of 2008, the first female mayor of the city, Dra. Marcela Hernando, was elected, who retired from her political party to run as an independent. This allowed her to have diverse support from all sectors of the population of Antofagasta. The city has an average elevation of 40 m (131 ft). The urban area of Antofagasta begins abruptly, breaking

7830-580: Was called " La Chimba ". After the tsunami in Iquique and the [ On 8 May 1872, Antofagasta was designated by the Bolivian Government as Puerto Mayor , opening trade worldwide. Next year, on 25 January 1872, following a session led by the prefect of the Provincial Department of Mejillones , Manuel Buitrago founded the Municipality of Antofagasta under Bolivian Law of Municipalities, which formed

7920-445: Was captured by Chile on February 14, 1879, triggering the War of the Pacific (1879–83). Chilean sovereignty was officially recognised by Bolivia under the terms of the 1904 Treaty of Peace and Friendship . The city of Antofagasta is closely linked to mining activity, being a port and the chief service hub for one of Chile's major mining areas. While silver and saltpeter mining have been historically important for Antofagasta, since

8010-611: Was created to point the Tropic of Capricorn and to work as a Solar Calendar. Antofagasta was declared a partial common in the border area 20 July 1999, by Supreme Decree No. 1166 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The city has little vegetation because it is situated in the Atacama Desert , which is the world's driest nonpolar desert. However, among the vegetated areas are a series of urban wetlands . Native reptiles, arthropods , birds like

8100-516: Was imposed and in 1876 Peru bought Bolivian licences for nitrate fields in El Toco, Bolivia) As the Peruvian Government knew from the rapprochement of Bolivia and Chile, its Chancellery took action to find some means of provoking the rupture and preventing the Chilean ships from leaving European waters, qualifying the conciliatory attitude of Walker Martinez as a blind and advising to Bolivia break

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