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47-424: The densely forested Ankum Heights, which are about 20 kilometres (12 mi) long and only a few kilometres wide, lies roughly 34 kilometres (21 mi) north-northwest of the city of Osnabrück on the boundary of the districts of Emsland and Osnabrück between Herzlake to the northwest and Bramsche to the southeast, Fürstenau in the southwest and Bersenbrück in the northeast. The southeastern foothills of

94-749: A hill range in North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony in Germany . The hills run from west to east like a long finger away from the main upland area of the Lower Saxon Hills , beginning at the Weser River near Minden and terminating in the vicinity of Osnabrück . It is the northernmost of the German Central Upland ranges extending into the Northern Lowlands . Their highest hill is

141-577: A Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop. The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667, prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace. His son, George I of Great Britain , died in the palace, at the time residence of his younger brother, prince-bishop Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany , on

188-431: A garrison near the city, which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world, housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians. It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts, the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government. After three centuries, the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established

235-529: A height of 99 metre, but 2.5 km further west it reaches the level of the surrounding countryside. The waterways of the Mittelland Canal and Osnabrück Canal running away to the south appear to mark the end of the hill range, but west of these canals is the 82-metre-high Larberger Egge which forms the westernmost cornerstone of the Wiehen Hills, rising just 2  km northeast of the boundary with

282-583: A travel on 11 June 1727. In the early 18th century, renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town, the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years' War , the town's population fell below 6,000, however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards. The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into

329-546: Is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899. Currently, the team plays in the 2. Bundesliga . Its basketball team was founded the same year. The Schlosswallhalle has been home to the GiroLive Panthers Osnabrück of the 1. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga . The current mayor of Osnabrück is Katharina Pötter ( CDU ), elected in September 2021. Osnabrück is part of the electoral constituency Stadt Osnabrück for elections to

376-616: Is 140 metres (460 ft) high and is located in the southeastern part, and the Queckenberg, which has a 140 metres (460 ft) northwestern summit and a 137 metres (449 ft) southeastern peak and lies in the centre of the range. The rivers and streams in and near the Ankum Heights include the: In the Ankum Heights and in the northwestern part of the North Teutoburg Forest-Wiehen Hills Nature Park are

423-521: Is etymologically and historically impossible, because the town is older than this corruption of consonants (documented in 13th century, Osnabrück was founded in 8th century), but others state that it is derived from the name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ), thus giving Osnabrück the meaning "bridge to the gods", and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river (Hase) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück

470-613: Is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning. The city gave its name to the textile fabric of osnaburg . Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780. Some time prior to 803, the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although

517-469: The B 68 federal road, which passes the ridge to the east, the B 218 , which runs along the southwestern edge of the feature, the 214 , which crosses it from west to east, and the B 402 , which runs west of the Ankum Heights. A number of local Landesstraßen and Kreisstraßen roads branch off the B roads and lead to the ridge. The highest elevations in the Ankum Heights are the Trillenberg, which

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564-766: The Bundestag . The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof (central railway station) is an important rail travel hub. Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark, or Eastern Europe often have to change here. An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück (public utility provider) provides public transport within

611-616: The Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city (nearly 28%) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior. During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932, both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city. Following the Nazis' seizure of power in January 1933, Osnabrück was subjected to

658-499: The University of Osnabrück in 1974. Largest foreign resident groups in Osnabrück as of 31 December 2017 : The climate is Cfb (near Dfb ) with warm, rainy summers and chilly to cold, dark winters. There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück, University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students. All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in

705-729: The province of Münster . To the north, the Wiehen descends to the North German Plain into a region known as the Lübbecke Loessland . On the banks of the Weser, opposite Porta Westfalica, lies the Wesergebirge , which is the eastern continuation of the Wiehen Hills. This ridge is of similar geological construction and runs as far as the area of Hessisch Oldendorf to the Süntel hills. Southeast of

752-566: The 250 prisoners died of starvation and maltreatment before the subcamp's dissolution in May 1943. Osnabrück was also the location of the Oflag VI-C and Oflag 66 prisoner-of-war camps for Serbian, French and Belgian officers. The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945, when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Second Army entered the city with little resistance. By this time,

799-475: The Heidbrink near Lübbecke with an altitude of 320 metres (1,050 ft). The Wiehen Hills lie within the districts of Osnabrück , Minden-Lübbecke and Herford . Their northern section runs in an east–west direction roughly from the territory of Bramsche (northwest of Osnabrück ) via Ostercappeln , Bad Essen , Preußisch Oldendorf and Rödinghausen , Lübbecke , Hüllhorst and Bad Oeynhausen as far as

846-611: The Second World War. This attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century. The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976. Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys. Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement; this features an obelisk among other things. Wiehen Hills The Wiehen Hills ( German : Wiehengebirge , pronounced [ˈviːənɡəˌbɪʁɡə] , also locally, just Wiehen ) are

893-840: The Wiehen Hills are the Lippe Uplands , to the south the Ravensberg Hills , to the southwest in the area of the Tecklenburg Land are the northern foothills of the Teutoburg Forest , and to the northwest are the hills of the Gehn and the Ankum Heights , the Damme Hills and the Stemweder Berg . North of the northwestern tip of the Wiehen liest the great bog of the Großes Moor . The hills of

940-433: The Wiehen range from west to east are: Height of the highest hill in bold; heights in metres (m) above Normalhöhennull (NHN) According to folklore, regionally conscious residents around the hills usually admit grudgingly that the Wiehen Hills are not particularly high. In the same breath, they may assert, often with a raised index finger and an odd emphasis on the word gebirge ("hill/mountain range"), that they are

987-580: The arrival of electricity and modern sanitation. By 1914, Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants. The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages. Following Germany's defeat in 1918, a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic

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1034-460: The city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against, imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town. During World War II , both Jews and Romani people were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse. In October 1942, a subcamp of the 2nd SS construction brigade ( forced labour camp) in Bremen was established in Osnabrück. 86 of

1081-488: The city and the surrounding region. [2] The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street, roughly 10 minutes' walk from the railway station. The city is divided into 23 districts: Osnabrück is twinned with: Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948, hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in

1128-538: The city during World War II , the Altstadt (old town) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there. Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom. Osnabrück's modern, urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000 students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of

1175-556: The city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the war's end. Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor, Johannes Petermann. However, during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor, Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city. Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful, though tensions existed; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented

1222-619: The city in 1795, followed by the French in 1803. As a result, the town's population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century. The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times. Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806. From 1807 to 1810

1269-469: The city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to the First French Empire . After 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover . The town's first railway line was built in 1855, connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades, connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856, Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874. In 1866, Osnabrück

1316-721: The city, including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany. Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule, a private school, located directly opposite the Carolinum. The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years. Osnabrück, Germany, offers several vocational schools (Berufsbildende Schulen, or BBS) that provide practical education and training across various fields. Here are some notable institutions The city's football team

1363-464: The following villages: (in alphabetical order) Near the Ankum Heights and the northwestern part of the surrounding nature park are the following villages: (in alphabetical order) Osnabr%C3%BCck Osnabrück ( German: [ɔsnaˈbʁʏk] ; Westphalian : Ossenbrügge ; archaic English: Osnaburg ) is a city in Lower Saxony in western Germany. It is situated on

1410-598: The following year. Similarly to many other German cities, Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s, with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government assistance by 1928. Politically, Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However, in the Reichstag elections of September 1930,

1457-425: The implementation of National Socialist economic, political, and social programmes. These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime, and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later. However, dissenters, supporters of opposition parties and German Jews (who had experienced centuries of discrimination in

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1504-563: The lake of the Steinhuder Meer , are not, however, part of the moraine. Together with their almost symmetrical counterpart, the Damme Hills, the Ankum Heights display the most marked glacial lobes of this push moraine. It filled the lowland bay of the Artland . Several tumuli indicate that the Ankum Heights were already occupied in prehistoric times. The Ankum Heights may be reached from

1551-583: The next century, Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected. However, the Catholic churches continued to operate, and the city never became completely Lutheran. After the Thirty Years' War broke out, a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623, and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628. The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632, but

1598-521: The northern foothills of Deister and Bückeberge extend farther north than the eastern Wiehen range. However, it is also true that the highest part of the Wiehen Hills at Lübbecke has the most northerly hill over 300 metres in Germany. The Heidbrink, at almost 320 metres high, is also the northernmost "three-hundred" on the European continent between the central Ural Mountains and the Atlantic , i.e. excluding

1645-498: The northernmost hill range in Germany and the one closest to the sea. Whether this assertion is true is in fact a matter of definition. It clearly ignores the morainic ridges further north and closer to the sea, as well as other true uplands such as the Stemweder Berg or the Rehburg Hills . Of course, these hills are much lower and do not reach the 200-metre contour line. Of the higher, say up to 300-metre-high (980 ft) uplands,

1692-768: The northwest the Hümmling and to the north the Oldenburg Münsterland . The Ankum Heights are part of a series of ice age end moraines from the early part of the Saale glaciation , the so-called Drenthe I stage. The Lingen Heights , the Damme Hills , the Kellenberg and the Brelinger Berg also belong to this push moraine , also called the Rehburg Phase , which can be dated to about 230,000 years ago. The Rehburg Hills by

1739-571: The precise date is uncertain, it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony. In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school, but the charter date is disputed by historians, some of whom believe it could be a forgery. In 889 the town was given merchant, customs, and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück

1786-513: The relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women. Additionally, the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946. Amidst shortages, the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity. After World War II West Germany realigned its states; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946. The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison ,

1833-711: The ridge, which form the northwestern part of the North Teutoburg Forest-Wiehen Hills Nature Park reach almost as far as the Alfsee lake. East of the Ankum Heights are the Damme Hills , to the southeast are the west-northwestern outliers of the Wiehen Hills , to the south is Tecklenburg Land and the northwestern outliers of the Teutoburg Forest , to the west the Lingen Heights and the Emsland , in

1880-522: The ridge. Whilst the eastern end of the hill chain is clearly defined by the Porta Westfalica gorge and the hill of Wittekindsberg , this is not so simple for its western extremity. To the west the Wiehen descends gradually, transitioning from a hilly ridge into a chain of hillocks and then descending almost imperceptibly into the plain . South of Bramsche the ridge rises again at the Penter Egge to

1927-432: The river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is the fourth largest city in Lower Saxony. More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry. Numerous companies in the automobile, paper, steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area. In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on

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1974-463: The state of Lower Saxony, historically, culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia . The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed. The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something (from German Brücke = bridge) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways: the traditional explanation is that today's name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge (westphalian meaning "oxen bridge"), which

2021-730: The town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrück's most important clerics in the 15th century. From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years' War and also witch hunting. In 1582, during the rule of Mayor Hammacher (1565–1588), 163 women were executed as alleged witches; most of them were burned alive. In total, 276 women were executed, along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry. The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543. Over

2068-471: The towns of Minden and Porta Westfalica on the Porta Westfalica gorge and River Weser . They also graze Bohmte and Hille to the north. South of the Wiehen Hills lie Osnabrück , Bissendorf , Melle , Kirchlengern , Bünde , Löhne and Bad Oeynhausen . The Wiehen Hills form the northwestern boundary of the Lower Saxon Hills to which they belong geographically, together with the Westphalian part of

2115-467: The university was closed a year later when the city was taken by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control. Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648. The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years' War. Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran. The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by

2162-423: Was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries, with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873. The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and

2209-419: Was first referred to in records as a "city" in 1147. A decade later, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ). Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city. Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century, as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities . The history of

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