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34-582: Administratively the Lübbecke Loessland includes the greater part of the parish of Bad Essen in the Lower Saxon district of Osnabrück , as well as Preußisch Oldendorf , Lübbecke, and Hille in the North Rhine-Westphalian district of Minden-Lübbecke , where Minden also has a small stake in the region. The Lübbecke Loessland is a Börde landscape that falls gently from south to north and

68-596: A decisive influence on the outcome of the battle. Later the medieval Minden-Osnabrück military road ( Heerstraße Minden-Osnabrück ) ran through the region. This corresponds to the western section of today's federal road, the B65 , and runs mostly in the more northerly, level part of the Lübbecke Loessland linking the Osnabrück and Minden regions. 52°17′51″N 8°33′38″E  /  52.297562°N 8.560581°E  / 52.297562; 8.560581 Bad Essen Bad Essen

102-562: A popular full-scale boycott of Roman pottery (red slip ware), in protest of Varus' cruelty. Following the massacre, Varus returned to Antioch . Between 10 BC and 6 AD Tiberius, his brother Drusus , Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus , and Germanicus conducted long campaigns in Germania, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine , in an attempt at achieving a further major expansion of

136-504: A son of Lucius Nonius Asprenas was named Quinctilianus , which implied adoption. Vipsania disappears from history. It is unknown whether she died or was divorced. Varus then married Claudia Pulchra . She was a daughter of Claudia Marcella Minor and the Roman consul of 12 BC, Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus . Her maternal grandmother was Octavia the Younger , sister of Augustus. Hence she

170-476: A supporter of Julius Caesar's heir, Octavian . Varus accompanied Augustus on a three-year tour of the eastern provinces between 22 BC and 19 BC, winning public acknowledgement while he was there. Around 15 BC, Varus spent a year or more serving as the legate of the 19th Legion while it was stationed at Dangstetten, as evidenced by a luggage-tag bearing his name and position excavated from the site. When Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa died in early 12 BC, Varus delivered

204-629: Is a small municipality and health resort in the district of Osnabrück , in Lower Saxony . Bad Essen with its historical centre is located on the German Timber-Frame Road . The town of Bad Essen is on the North German Plains , because of the transition of the low mountain range to the plains. The Wiehengebirge Range covers approximately the southern third of the town and reaches an elevation of 211m above sea level. The highest point of

238-549: Is the predominant form of land use, with cereal crops ( wheat , barley and mangelwurzels ) being especially common, sometimes mixed with large areas of special crops (apples, cherries, strawberries and bush fruits. Sugar beet cannot be economically produced here, although the soils would favour its cultivation, because there are no sugar factories nearby. Where the loess has the quality of clay, clay pits and consequently brick factories were able to be established, however most of them no longer exist. The Lübbecke Loessland belongs to

272-632: Is undulating in places. Whilst the southern boundary of the region is clearly defined by the edge of the forests on the Wiehen Hills, its transition to the Rahden-Diepenau Geest is rather more gradual. Only in the east is there a sharp dividing line to the Großes Torfmoor and the Bastau meadows. Its main characteristic is the rich loess soil that gives the region its name, and which was blown out of

306-666: The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in September at Kalkriese (East of modern Osnabrück ), the Romans marched right into it. The heavily forested, swampy terrain made the infantry manoeuvres of the legions impossible to execute and allowed the Germans to defeat the legions in detail . On the third day of fighting, the Germans overwhelmed the Romans at Kalkriese Hill, north of Osnabrück. Accounts of

340-537: The Marcomanni , the other most important Germanic leader, whom Arminius hoped to coax into an anti-Roman military alliance , but Marbod declined the offer and sent the head on to Rome for burial. Some captured Romans were caged and burned alive; others were enslaved or ransomed. Tacitus and Florus report that the victorious Germanic tribes tortured and sacrificed captive officers to their gods on altars that could still be seen years later. The Roman army later recovered

374-738: The Wiehengebirge Range is on the black Brink in Lintorf. The northern part of the town is flat, with an average elevation of 50m above sea level. The Hunte flows through the eastern part of Bad Essen northwards and crosses the Midland Canal in Wittlage. This Osnabrück district location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Publius Quinctilius Varus Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) Publius Quinctilius Varus ( Cremona , 46 BC – near Kalkriese , AD 9)

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408-468: The sandur on the edge of the glacier during the last ice age and deposited on the northern slopes of the Wiehen. Because of its outstanding loess soils the region is mainly used for arable farming. Grassland only occurs, if at all, on steep sections of the terrain, e.g. along the course of streams and, in places, immediately next to the forest edges on the Wiehen Hills. There are no large areas of woodland in

442-642: The Lübbecke Loessland, just occasional small copses, some of which are protected, such as the Finkenburg Nature Reserve . Apart from the short streams that rise in the Wiehen Hills to the south and cut more or less straight across the Lübbecke Loessland without meandering, there are no significant natural waterbodies. Lakes and ponds only occur where pits or hollows have arisen in the course of quarrying for clay, and which have subsequently filled with groundwater or where men have laid out mill ponds in order to utilise water power. The Lübbecke Loessland begins in

476-599: The Quinctilii Vari, had long been impoverished and was unimportant; Ronald Syme notes, "The sole and last consul of that family", Sextus Quinctilius, "had been two years antecedent to the Decemvirs " (i.e. 453 BC). His father, Sextus Quinctilius Varus , was a senator who had served as a quaestor in 49 BC. This Sextus aligned with the Senatorial Party in the civil war against Julius Caesar . Although Sextus survived

510-648: The Roman Empire together with a shortening of its frontier line. They subdued several Germanic tribes, such as the Cherusci . In 6 AD, Tiberius declared Germania pacified, and Varus was appointed to govern it. Tiberius, who would later rule as emperor, left the region to suppress the Great Illyrian Revolt . Augustus made Publius Quinctilius Varus the first "officially appointed" governor of the newly created Roman province of Germania in 7 AD. In September 9 AD Varus

544-502: The area to the North Sea. The loess region, with its heavy, but fertile soils – soil qualities of 75 or more are not uncommon – has been intensively farmed since ancient times. That partly explains the dense population in this area. In places the built-up area is so dominant that there is hardly any room left for agriculture; and sometimes villages follows one after another in a row. Outside the main areas of settlement, though, arable farming

578-508: The defeat are scarce, due to the totality of the defeat, but Velleius Paterculus testifies that some Roman cavalrymen abandoned the infantry and fled towards the Rhine, but they were intercepted by the German tribesmen and killed. Varus himself, upon seeing all hope was lost, took his own life by falling on his sword. Arminius cut off his head and sent it to Bohemia as a present to King Marbod of

612-424: The defeat, it is unknown whether he was involved in the assassination of Julius Caesar . Sextus killed himself after the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. The mother of Varus is unknown; Syme notes that "no relatives on either side of the family can be discovered or surmised." Varus had three sisters, all named Quinctilia. They were probably all younger based on when they started having children, so it seems likely he

646-512: The defeat. His son's ( the younger Varus ) chances for a political career were ruined. Tiberius himself fell under severe criticism for recommending Varus as the governor of Germania. Tiberius, according to Gaius Stern, was forced to sacrifice his friend and former brother-in-law to save his career. Furthermore, Varus himself had been one of the figures on the Ara Pacis , but the figure is lost today. Stern has proposed that common citizens vandalized

680-518: The early establishment of an east-west route. What is certain today is that legions of the Roman general, Varus , came from the east to the northern foot of the Wiehen Hills, i.e. they moved through the Lübbecker Loessland before being destroyed at Venne by the Germanic general, Arminius . Due to the typical geography of the area the Romans were bottled up between the bogs and the hills, which had

714-422: The foundation of the town of Lübbecke was closely linked to the availability of a stream that could supply water power. (The name "Lübbecke" is derived from Hlidbeki , i.e. "small stream"). Today, however, water power no longer plays a significant role. As a strip of land between the Wiehen Hills in the south and the bogs to the north that was populated early on and thus cleared, the Lübbecke Loessland encouraged

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748-446: The funeral eulogy alongside the future emperor Tiberius . With his political career thus boosted, he was elected consul in 13 BC as the colleague of Tiberius. Varus married Vipsania , daughter of Agrippa, at an unknown date before 13 BC. Varus became a personal friend to Marcus Agrippa and Tiberius. The historian Josephus says (in a section of his Antiquities whose manuscript tradition Walther John believed to be corrupt) that

782-472: The latter's lead. Not only was Varus' trust in Arminius a terrible misjudgement, but Varus compounded it by placing his legions in a position where their fighting strengths would be minimized and those of the Germanic tribesmen maximized – because he expected no ambush and very little trouble in intimidating the rebels. Arminius and the Cherusci tribe along with other allies, had skillfully laid an ambush, and in

816-590: The lost legions' eagles , one each under Germanicus in 15 AD, 16 AD and 42 AD. Due to the shame and the ill luck thought to be created by the Roman defeat, the XVII, XVIII and XIX legions never again appeared in the Roman Army's order of battle. The loss at the Teutoburg Forest was keenly felt by Augustus in his remaining years. According to the biographer Suetonius , upon hearing the news, Augustus tore his clothes, refused to cut his hair for months and, for years afterwards,

850-700: The more charming loess landscapes in Germany because, unlike the rather monotonous and bare Börde countryside around Magdeburg or Cologne, here the forested Wiehen Hills in the south or the bog-rich geest of the Rahden-Diepenau Geest in the north is never very far away. The landscape is very varied so that it is little wonder that several of the few state-recognised climatic spas in North Rhine-Westphalia, such as Bad Holzhausen or Börninghausen , occur here. The aforementioned relatively steep gradient in

884-418: The north at about 50 metres above sea level and climbs towards the south, initially gently, but then increasingly steeply. The southern boundary, say on the forest edges of the Wiehen lies at between 100 and 130 metres above sea level. In other words, for example, in the area of the town of Lübbecke the region is steeper over a distance of about 1.5 kilometres than over the 150 kilometres from the northern edge of

918-557: The region favoured the use of water power from the earliest times. This was restricted, however, by the low discharge of the streams, because they generally had only a small catchment area. Nevertheless, there were no less than five water mills in Lübbecke in 1750 along the course of the Ronceva , and the utilisation of water power was a crucial factor in enabling towns and villages to be established and thrive here rather than elsewhere. For example,

952-474: The son of Varus, also named "Publius Quinctilius Varus", served under him during his command in Syria. If true, that son would have to be a son by a prior marriage and not the son by his last wife, Claudia Pulchra. It is possible that this son might have instead been an older son, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus , who might have ended up adopted by his sister's husband after Varus and Vipsania died. That would explain why

986-419: Was a Roman general and politician under the first Roman emperor Augustus . Varus is generally remembered for having lost three Roman legions when ambushed by a coalition of Germanic tribes led by Arminius , the chieftain of the Cherusci tribe in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest , where he committed suicide to avoid capture and shameful reproach . Although he was a patrician by birth, his family,

1020-462: Was a grand-niece of Augustus. His marriage to Pulchra shows that Varus still enjoyed political favor. Pulchra bore Varus a son, also called Publius Quinctilius Varus . Through their son, they may have had further descendants. In 8–7 BC, Varus governed the province of Africa . Later he went to govern Syria and Judaea in the Levant from 7–6 BC until 4 BC with four legions under his command, where he

1054-411: Was born at least four years before his father's suicide. The fact that they had advantageous marriages indicates someone was involved in their upbringing. One sister married Publius Cornelius Dolabella , consul of 35 BC; another married Sextus Appuleius , consul of 29 BC; and the third married Lucius Nonius Asprenas , son of the consul of 36 BC. Despite his father's political allegiances, Varus became

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1088-456: Was heard, upon occasion, to yell, "Quinctilius Varus, give me back my legions!" ( Quintili Vare, legiones redde! ). Roman historians referred to the battle as the clades Variana ("Varian disaster"). Gibbon describes Augustus' reaction to the defeat as one of the few times the normally stoic ruler lost his composure. Varus' political legacy in Rome was destroyed and the government blamed him for

1122-527: Was known for his harsh rule and high taxes. The Roman-Jewish historian Josephus mentions the swift action of Varus against a messianic revolt after the death of the Roman client king, Herod the Great in 4 BC. After occupying Jerusalem , he crucified 2000 Judeans , making him one of the prime objects of popular resentment against Rome in Judaea . Per archeological evidence, the people of Judaea begun en masse

1156-599: Was preparing to leave his summer headquarters in Vetera (today Xanten ) and march three legions – the Seventeenth , Eighteenth , and Nineteenth – with him to Moguntiacum (modern-day Mainz ), when news arrived from the Germanic prince Arminius (a Roman citizen and leader of an auxiliary cavalry unit) of a growing revolt in the Rhine area to the West. Ignoring a warning from Segestes not to trust Arminius, Varus marched his forces behind

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