30-532: Anitibyx armatus (Burchell, 1822) Charadrius armatus Burchell, 1822 The blacksmith lapwing or blacksmith plover ( Vanellus armatus ) is a lapwing species that occurs commonly from Kenya through central Tanzania to southern and southwestern Africa. The vernacular name derives from the repeated metallic 'tink, tink, tink' alarm call, which suggests a blacksmith 's hammer striking an anvil. Blacksmith lapwings are very boldly patterned in black, grey and white, possibly warning colours to predators. It
60-580: A Global View" by Stephen Moss . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in October 2010. It includes a foreword on bird conservation by Stuart Butchart , Nigel Collar , Alison Stattersfield , and Leon Bennun . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in December 2011. It includes a foreword on climate change and birds by Anders Pape Møller . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume
90-427: A black coloration for the bill, and either a black or white-grey dappling on the legs. Females average larger and heavier but the sexes are generally alike. The blacksmith lapwing occurs in association with wetlands of all sizes. Even very small damp areas caused by a spilling water trough can attract them. In South Africa they are most numerous in the mesic grassland region, less so in higher-rainfall grasslands. Like
120-473: A selection of true lapwings and plovers would also give a good idea of charadriid wader evolution altogether. A mid- Oligocene – c.28 mya ( million years ago ) – fossil from Rupelmonde in Belgium has been assigned to Vanellus , but even if the genus were broadly defined, it is entirely unclear if the placement is correct. Its age ties in with the appearance of the first seemingly distinct Charadriinae at about
150-496: A shrill, wailing cry. The traditional terms "plover", "lapwing", and "dotterel" do not correspond exactly to current taxonomic models; thus, several of the Vanellinae are often called plovers, and one a dotterel, while a few of the "true" plovers (subfamily Charadriinae ) are known colloquially as lapwings. In general, a lapwing can be thought of as a larger plover. In Europe's Anglophone countries, lapwing refers specifically to
180-412: Is one of five lapwing species (two African, one Asian and two Neotropical) that share the characteristics of red eyes and a bold pied plumage, with a carpal (wing) spur adorning the wrist joint; a sharp black protrusion which they use to aggressively defend their young from potential threats, through persistent aerial dives typically targeting the head. The portions of the bird's body bare to plumage average
210-688: The Late Pleistocene . Little is known of this rather large lapwing; it may actually belong in Vanellus . The remaining Charadrii are highset and/or chunky birds, even decidedly larger than a lot of the scolopacid waders . The evolutionary trend regarding the Charadriidae – which make up most of the diversity of the Charadrii – thus runs contrary to Cope's Rule . Genus Vanellus Genus Hoploxypterus Genus Erythrogonys Handbook of Birds of
240-535: The Quaternary . The Early Oligocene fossil Dolicopterus from Ronzon, France may be such an ancestral member of the Charadriidae or even the Vanellinae, but it has not been studied in recent decades and is in dire need of review. Apart from the prehistoric Vanellus , the extinct lapwing genus Viator has been described from fossils. Its remains were found in the tar pits of Talara in Peru and it lived in
270-415: The crowned lapwing , this species may leave Zambia and Zimbabwe in years of high rainfall and return in dry years. It avoids mountains of any type. Blacksmith lapwings expanded their range in the 20th century into areas where dams were built and where intensive farming was practiced. Consequently, they are now numerous and established in the western Cape region of South Africa, where they were absent until
300-460: The northern lapwing , the only member of this group to occur in most of the continent and thus the first bird to go by the English name lapwing (also known as peewit or pyewipe ). In the fanciful taxonomy promoted by medieval courtesy books , a group of lapwings was called a "deceit". While authorities generally agree that there are approximately 25 species of Vanellinae, classifications within
330-1106: The 1930s. In this region they have also entered estuarine mud flats in winter where they aggressively displace other waders. Although they are partially migratory, they do not seem to engage in large-scale, regular migrations. During the breeding season, the species often reacts aggressively to other lapwings or African jacanas that may enter its wetland habitat. Nests are shallow depressions on bare ground or short grass, close to water, and tend to be spaced at least 400 m apart. The blacksmith lapwing breeds in spring, but its choice of nesting site and timing may be opportunistic. The young separate gradually from their parents and do not return to natal areas afterwards. This lapwing feeds on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. Lapwing Erythrogonys Vanellus Hoploxypterus and see text Lapwings ( subfamily Vanellinae) are any of various ground-nesting birds ( family Charadriidae ) akin to plovers and dotterels . They range from 10 to 16 inches (25 to 41 cm) in length, and are noted for their slow, irregular wingbeats in flight and
SECTION 10
#1733115228245360-665: The Birds of the World . The Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive site also provides a free access 'Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology'. A list of volumes of the Handbook of the Birds of the World produced to date is as follows: This volume was published in 1992. Unlike subsequent volumes, it does not have an introductory essay; instead, it has a 38-page overview by Eduardo de Juana of
390-513: The Vanellinae is scant and mostly recent in origin; no Neogene lapwings seem to be known. On the other hand, it appears as if early in their evolutionary history the plovers, lapwings and dotterels must have been almost one and the same, and they are hard to distinguish osteologically even today. Thus, since the Red-kneed Dotterel is so distinct that it might arguably be considered a monotypic subfamily, reliably dating its divergence from
420-519: The World The Handbook of the Birds of the World ( HBW ) is a multi-volume series produced by the Spanish publishing house Lynx Edicions in partnership with BirdLife International . It is the first handbook to cover every known living species of bird . The series was edited by Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott , Jordi Sargatal and David A. Christie . All 16 volumes have been published. For
450-498: The biology of birds and a foreword welcoming the HBW project, by Christoph Imboden . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in 1994. It has a foreword by Walter J. Bock on the organization of information in HBW. Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in 1996. It has a foreword by Robert Bateman on "art and nature". Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume
480-447: The first and second contain an essay on a particular ornithological theme. More than 200 renowned specialists and 35 illustrators (including Toni Llobet , Hilary Burn , Chris Rose and H. Douglas Pratt ) from more than 40 countries have contributed to the project up to now, as well as 834 photographers from all over the world. Since the first volume appeared in 1992, the series has received various international awards. The first volume
510-511: The first time an animal class will have all the species illustrated and treated in detail in a single work. This has not been done before for any other group in the animal kingdom. Material in each volume is grouped first by family, with an introductory article on each family; this is followed by individual species accounts (taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation, bibliography). In addition, all volumes except
540-431: The living Vanellinae or just immediately outside it thus means that their last common ancestor – or even the last common ancestor of plovers and lapwings – almost certainly was a plover-sized bird with a black crown and breast-band, a white feather patch at the wrist, no hallux, and a lipochromic (probably red) bill with a black tip. Its legs were most likely black or the color of the bill's base. The fossil record of
570-413: The missing hallux (hind toe) are like those of lapwings: it is still not entirely clear whether it is better considered the most basal plover or lapwing. The IOC also recognizes a monotypic genus Hoploxypterus for the pied plover . Many coloration details of the red-kneed dotterel also occur here and there among the living members of the main lapwing clade . Its position as the most basal of
600-544: The same time, and with the presence of more basal Charadriidae a few million years earlier. However, the assignment of fragmentary fossils to Charadriinae or Vanellinae is not easy. Thus, it is very likely that the charadriid waders originate around the Eocene -Oligocene boundary – roughly 40–30 mya – but nothing more can be said at present. If the Belgian fossil is not a true lapwing, there are actually no Vanellinae fossils known before
630-497: The subfamily remain confused. Some workers have gone so far as to group all the "true" lapwings (except the red-kneed dotterel ) into the single genus Vanellus . Current consensus favors a more moderate position, but it is unclear which genera to split. The Handbook of Birds of the World provisionally places all Vanellinae in Vanellus except the red-kneed dotterel, which is in the monotypic Erythrogonys . Its plesiomorphic habitus resembles that of plovers , but details like
SECTION 20
#1733115228245660-524: The world's avifauna, in 2002 Lynx Edicions started the Internet Bird Collection (IBC). It is a free-access, but not free-licensed, on-line audiovisual library of the world's birds with the aim of posting videos, photos and sound recordings showing a variety of biological aspects (e.g. subspecies, plumages, feeding, breeding, etc.) for every species. It is a non-profit endeavour fuelled by material from more than one hundred contributors from around
690-480: The world. In early 2013, Lynx Edicions launched the online database HBW Alive , which includes the volume and family introductions and updated species accounts from all 17 published HBW volumes. Since its launch, the taxonomy has been thoroughly revised and updated twice (once for non-passerines and once for passerines), following the publication of the two volumes of the HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of
720-423: Was also awarded to Volume 8 a year later in 2003. Individual volumes are large, measuring 32 by 25 centimetres (12.6 by 9.8 in), and weighing between 4 and 4.6 kilograms (8.8 and 10.1 lb); it has been commented in a review that " fork-lift truck book" would be a more appropriate title. As a complement to the Handbook of the Birds of the World and with the ultimate goal of disseminating knowledge about
750-539: Was published in 1997. It has an introductory essay "Species Concepts and Species Limits in Ornithology" by Jürgen Haffer . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in 1999. It has an introductory essay "Risk Indicators and Status Assessment in Birds" by Nigel J. Collar . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in 2001. It has an introductory essay "Avian Bioacoustics" by Luis Baptista and Don Kroodsma . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume
780-478: Was published in 2002. It has an introductory essay "Extinct Birds" by Errol Fuller . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in 2003. It has an introductory essay "A Brief History of Classifying Birds" by Murray Bruce . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in 2004. It has an introductory essay "Ornithological Nomenclature" by Richard Banks . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume
810-530: Was published in 2005. It has an introductory essay "The Ecology and Impact of Non-Indigenous Birds" by Daniel Sol , Tim Blackburn , Phillip Cassey , Richard Duncan and Jordi Clavell . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in September 2006. It has an introductory essay "Ecological Significance of Bird Populations" by Cagan Sekercioglu with a preface by Paul R. Ehrlich . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume
840-520: Was published in July 2013. It includes a comprehensive introduction by Jon Fjeldså on changes in bird macrosystematics and a foreword on the history of BirdLife International . It covers 84 new species published more recently than their corresponding HBW volumes, including 15 scientific descriptions of newly discovered Amazonian birds. This volume was published in July 2014. It depicts all non-passerines with drawings and maps, including all extinct species since
870-409: Was published in October 2007. It includes an introduction to the fossil birds by Kevin J. Kayleigh . This volume covers the following groups: This volume was published in October 2008. It includes an introductory essay on bird migration by Ian Newton . Groups covered in this volume are as follows: This volume was published in October 2009. It includes the foreword "Birding Past, Present and Future –
900-563: Was selected as Bird Book of the Year by the magazines Birdwatch and British Birds , and the fifth volume was recognised as Outstanding Academic Title by Choice Magazine , the American Library Association magazine. The seventh volume, as well as being named Bird Book of the Year by Birdwatch and British Birds , also received the distinction of Best Bird Reference Book in the 2002 WorldTwitch Book Awards This same distinction
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