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27-720: The red-kneed dotterel ( Erythrogonys cinctus ) is a species of plover in a monotypic genus in the subfamily Vanellinae . It is often gregarious and will associate with other waders of its own and different species, even when nesting. It is nomadic and sometimes irruptive . Adults distinctively marked: black cap or hood from bill, extending below eyes, merging at nape to grey-brown of back. White chin and throat. Broad black band on breast joining nape and also extending to flanks as chestnut stripe. Belly and vent white. Back and mantle grey-brown, mainly black upperwing with white trailing edge. Upper leg, including tarsal joint or "knee", red. Bill red with dark tip. The red-kneed dotterel

54-535: A complicated system to collect and publish migration data from Europe, but it collapsed in the 1890s due to too much information that was not analyzed. The 2nd Congress in Budapest in 1891 focused mainly on avian migration, but also included other areas of avian biology such as a major summary of avian classification by Richard Bowdler Sharpe. The 3rd Congress in Paris covered the whole range of ornithological research, and this

81-476: A highlight of congresses: Heinroth on the ethology of ducks and Lucanus on avian physiology at the 5th Congress; Lambrecht on avian physiology and Dunker on avian genetics at the 7th; Nice on the life history of the Song Sparrow at the 8th; Mayr on avian speciation, Dorst on avian migration, Tinbergen on behavior and Lack on ecology at the 10th; Sibley and Ahlquist with The Tapestry – the first molecular phylogeny of

108-473: A selection of true lapwings and plovers would also give a good idea of charadriid wader evolution altogether. A mid- Oligocene – c.28 mya ( million years ago ) – fossil from Rupelmonde in Belgium has been assigned to Vanellus , but even if the genus were broadly defined, it is entirely unclear if the placement is correct. Its age ties in with the appearance of the first seemingly distinct Charadriinae at about

135-496: A shrill, wailing cry. The traditional terms "plover", "lapwing", and "dotterel" do not correspond exactly to current taxonomic models; thus, several of the Vanellinae are often called plovers, and one a dotterel, while a few of the "true" plovers (subfamily Charadriinae ) are known colloquially as lapwings. In general, a lapwing can be thought of as a larger plover. In Europe's Anglophone countries, lapwing refers specifically to

162-710: Is native to mainland Australia , Papua New Guinea , and Indonesia , and has occurred as a vagrant in Tasmania , Palau and New Zealand . Mainly margins of shallow ephemeral and permanent freshwater wetlands , occasionally saline wetlands, but rarely tidal wetlands. The red-kneed dotterel is long-legged and medium-sized (length 17–20 centimetres (6.7–7.9 in), wingspan 33–38 centimetres (13–15 in), weight 40–55 grams (1.4–1.9 oz)). Arthropods , molluscs , annelids and seeds. The red-kneed dotterel generally breeds from October to January, though it may nest in other months if suitable water conditions exist. It nests on

189-834: Is the oldest and largest series of international meetings for bird scientists. The series started in 1884 and has been held every four years since 1926, except for two times when the Second World War disrupted the schedule. IOU members can enjoy access to the IOU webinars by ornithologists; discounts on books by selected publishers; members-only registration fees to the International Ornithological Congresses, and other IOU-sponsored events; participation in and/or establishment of working groups to address specific projects or issues; voting rights on particular IOU matters and more. The IOU offers different membership options based on

216-719: The Late Pleistocene . Little is known of this rather large lapwing; it may actually belong in Vanellus . The remaining Charadrii are highset and/or chunky birds, even decidedly larger than a lot of the scolopacid waders . The evolutionary trend regarding the Charadriidae – which make up most of the diversity of the Charadrii – thus runs contrary to Cope's Rule . Genus Vanellus Genus Hoploxypterus Genus Erythrogonys International Ornithologists%27 Union The IOU has

243-535: The Quaternary . The Early Oligocene fossil Dolicopterus from Ronzon, France may be such an ancestral member of the Charadriidae or even the Vanellinae, but it has not been studied in recent decades and is in dire need of review. Apart from the prehistoric Vanellus , the extinct lapwing genus Viator has been described from fossils. Its remains were found in the tar pits of Talara in Peru and it lived in

270-460: The northern lapwing , the only member of this group to occur in most of the continent and thus the first bird to go by the English name lapwing (also known as peewit or pyewipe ). In the fanciful taxonomy promoted by medieval courtesy books , a group of lapwings was called a "deceit". While authorities generally agree that there are approximately 25 species of Vanellinae, classifications within

297-607: The Aves – at the 19th; Schodde and Christidis on the Gondwanan origin of the Australasian avifauna and global implications at the 20th; Walter Bock's Presidential debate between Martin and Sereno on the origin of birds from reptilian ancestors at the 23rd ; and Bairlein on migration, illustrating the huge advances since Dorst, at the 26th. Presidential addresses, moreover, sometimes reviewed important historical aspects in ornithology, such as

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324-418: The IOU website and YouTube channel, where they can be accessed anytime. The IOU provides platforms for working groups that focus on specific topics and are led by experts in their field and specialists. The working groups aim to support, promote, and advance avian biology by reaching out to ornithologists, conservationists, policy makers, non-governmental organizations, educators, and other stakeholders. Some of

351-642: The Rouen Congress in 1938. It formalized the establishment and operation of the International Ornithological Committee. World events again prevented the staging of the 1942 Congress scheduled for the USA, and the next congress to be held was the 10th in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1950. Plenary lectures by world specialists giving summaries of advances in the various fields of ornithology at the time have been

378-513: The Vanellinae is scant and mostly recent in origin; no Neogene lapwings seem to be known. On the other hand, it appears as if early in their evolutionary history the plovers, lapwings and dotterels must have been almost one and the same, and they are hard to distinguish osteologically even today. Thus, since the Red-kneed Dotterel is so distinct that it might arguably be considered a monotypic subfamily, reliably dating its divergence from

405-583: The World Bank economic income categorization. Members can also support the IOU's mission and programs through donations. The IOU webinars are a series of online lectures that showcase the latest research and developments in ornithology. The webinars feature speakers from different countries and institutions who share their insights and findings on various topics related to bird biology, ecology, behavior, conservation, and education. The webinars are free and open to members. The webinars are also recorded and uploaded on

432-568: The contribution of amateurs in biology, the role of museum development, and, as at the 23rd Congress, the history of the international ornithological congresses themselves. The first congress outside Europe was held in Ithaca, New York , in 1962, and the first for the southern hemisphere was held in Canberra, Australia , in 1974. Congresses in their current format began in Berlin, 1978, where Donald Farner set up

459-420: The findings and recommendations of ornithology. International congresses in science were rare until the late nineteenth century. One of the first ones was the 1st International Ornithological Congress in 1884, which was motivated by a borderless problem in avian biology: avian migration. This is one of the most remarkable aspects of avian biology, as many bird species travel north and south every year, but little

486-462: The first International Scientific Program Committee, and formulated new organizational Statutes and bylaws to replace the Règlement. A pattern of plenary lectures, symposia, contributed papers, and round table discussions was established there too. By 1986, it became clear that the tasks of secretaries-general appointed to arrange congresses had become too extensive, and that more organizational continuity

513-703: The ground on wetland margins, sometimes using nests of other birds such as hoary-headed grebes . Lays clutch of four cream eggs profusely covered with lines, speckles or blotches. Young precocial and nidifugous . With a large range and no evidence of significant population decline, this species' conservation status is of Least Concern . Vanellinae Erythrogonys Vanellus Hoploxypterus and see text Lapwings ( subfamily Vanellinae) are any of various ground-nesting birds ( family Charadriidae ) akin to plovers and dotterels . They range from 10 to 16 inches (25 to 41 cm) in length, and are noted for their slow, irregular wingbeats in flight and

540-431: The living Vanellinae or just immediately outside it thus means that their last common ancestor – or even the last common ancestor of plovers and lapwings – almost certainly was a plover-sized bird with a black crown and breast-band, a white feather patch at the wrist, no hallux, and a lipochromic (probably red) bill with a black tip. Its legs were most likely black or the color of the bill's base. The fossil record of

567-413: The missing hallux (hind toe) are like those of lapwings: it is still not entirely clear whether it is better considered the most basal plover or lapwing. The IOC also recognizes a monotypic genus Hoploxypterus for the pied plover . Many coloration details of the red-kneed dotterel also occur here and there among the living members of the main lapwing clade . Its position as the most basal of

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594-612: The objective of supporting, promoting, and advancing avian biology by disseminating ornithological knowledge to the scientific community and the public; interacting with other scientific organizations, foundations, and institutions that share similar interests and goals; stimulating and strengthening locally-based research that includes the participation of amateur ornithologists who contribute valuable data and insights; cultivating relationships among ornithologists internationally; and fostering knowledge transfer between basic research and applied sciences, such as conservation, that can benefit from

621-544: The same time, and with the presence of more basal Charadriidae a few million years earlier. However, the assignment of fragmentary fossils to Charadriinae or Vanellinae is not easy. Thus, it is very likely that the charadriid waders originate around the Eocene -Oligocene boundary – roughly 40–30 mya – but nothing more can be said at present. If the Belgian fossil is not a true lapwing, there are actually no Vanellinae fossils known before

648-545: The subfamily remain confused. Some workers have gone so far as to group all the "true" lapwings (except the red-kneed dotterel ) into the single genus Vanellus . Current consensus favors a more moderate position, but it is unclear which genera to split. The Handbook of Birds of the World provisionally places all Vanellinae in Vanellus except the red-kneed dotterel, which is in the monotypic Erythrogonys . Its plesiomorphic habitus resembles that of plovers , but details like

675-502: Was followed in London, 1905 and Berlin , 1910 where the next congress, planned for Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, in 1915 became a sign of the upcoming First World War. Ernst Hartert was largely responsible for reviving the congresses in Copenhagen, in 1926, where future meetings were set at every four years. The Règlement des Congrès Ornithologiques Internationaux, adopted in 1932, was only published at

702-704: Was needed for managing the International Ornithological Committee. That led to the creation of the position of permanent secretary at the Ottawa Congress in Canada in 1986; Walter Bock was the foundation appointee, holding the position until 1998, when Dr. Dominique Homberger took over at the Durban Congress in South Africa . Organized by the IOU, the International Ornithological Congress series

729-566: Was understood about it at that time. In Europe, where many countries were involved, studying avian migration demanded an international effort. Rudolf Blasius and Gustav von Hayek devised a grand plan for a multi-nation program on avian migration in Europe, secured the support of Crown-Prince Rudolf of Austria-Hungary, and arranged the 1st International Congress of Ornithology in Vienna , April 1884, which concentrated mainly on migration studies. They established

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