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94-470: [REDACTED] Look up animus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Animus may refer to: Philosophy [ edit ] Anima and animus , Jungian concepts The ancient Roman concept of animus or soul Animus (journal) , an electronic journal of philosophy and humanities Music [ edit ] "Animus", a track on the album Music of

188-431: A psychopomp guide to mediate between the unconscious and conscious of the identified patient 's Self. In Jung's theory, the anima makes up the totality of the unconscious feminine psychological qualities that a man possesses and the animus the masculine ones possessed by a woman. Jung's theory states that the anima and animus are the two primary anthropomorphic archetypes of the unconscious mind , as opposed to

282-570: A 2018 graphic novel by Antoine Revoy Animus (Marvel Comics) , a character in the Marvel Universe Animus, the alter-ego of the Marvel Comics character Vamp "Animus" ( Sanctuary ) , an episode of the TV series Sanctuary Animus, a kind of magic in the novel Wings of Fire by Tui T. Sutherland Games [ edit ] Animus: Stand Alone , a Nintendo Switch game Animus,

376-498: A Swiss psychiatrist , to describe research into his new "empirical science" of the psyche. It was designed to distinguish it from Freud's psychoanalytic theories as their seven-year collaboration on psychoanalysis was drawing to an end between 1912 and 1913. The evolution of his science is contained in his monumental opus , the Collected Works , written over sixty years of his lifetime. The history of analytical psychology

470-470: A complex, e.g. a mother complex may be associated with a particular mother archetype. Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological givens which probably arose through evolution . Archetypes have been regarded as collective as well as individual, and identifiable in a variety of creative ways. As an example, in his book Memories, Dreams, Reflections , Jung states that he began to see and talk to

564-565: A critical notice about Jung, and with Ernest Jones as defender of Freudian orthodoxy; while on the other side, were Jung's partisans, including Leonhard Seif, Franz Riklin , Johan van Ophuijsen and Alphonse Maeder . Jung's innovative ideas with a new formulation of psychology and lack of contrition sealed the end of the Jung-Freud friendship in 1913. From then, the two scholars worked independently on personality development: Jung had already termed his approach analytical psychology (1912), while

658-890: A device in the Assassin's Creed series able to re-live the genetic memories of its user's ancestors Animus, a Human or Daedric soul in The Elder Scrolls series Animus elemental, a weapon in the Neverwinter Nights 2 video game Animus, an ability unique to each beast in the game Warmachine and Hordes Law [ edit ] Animus , a term used in a variety of legal contexts Animus nocendi , an intent to do harm to another Animus revertendi , "with intention to return", in connection with animals and property rights See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Animus All pages with titles containing Animus Topics referred to by

752-723: A dimension currently obscured by the prevailing scientism : spirituality. His contribution, though questionable in certain respects, remains unique. His explorations of the unconscious carried out both as a scientist and a poet, indicate that it is structured as a language but one which is in a mythical mode. (Jung ouvre la psychanalyse à une dimension cachée par le scientisme ambiant : la spiritualité. Son apport, quoique contestable sur certains points, reste unique. Explorant l'inconscient en scientifique et poète, il montre que celui-ci se structure non-comme une langue mais sur le mode du mythe) In analytical psychology two distinct types of psychological process may be identified: that deriving from

846-457: A form of meditation to release apparently random images from the mind to bridge unconscious contents into awareness. " Neurosis " in Jung's view results from the build up of psychological defences the individual unconsciously musters in an effort to cope with perceived attacks from the outside world, a process he called a "complex", although complexes are not merely defensive in character. The psyche

940-446: A healthy mental balance. Shortly before his death in 1961, he wrote: To secure mental and even physiological stability, it is necessary that the conscious and unconscious should be integrated one with the other. This is so that they evolve in parallel. (Pour sauvegarder la stabilité mentale, et même physiologique, il faut que la conscience et l'inconscient soient intégralement reliés, afin d'évoluer parallèlement) Unconscious material

1034-427: A healthy relationship with the unconscious so that it is neither excessively out of balance in relation to it, as in neurosis, a state that can result in depression , anxiety , and personality disorders or so flooded by it that it risks psychosis resulting in mental breakdown . One method Jung applied to his patients between 1913 and 1916 was active imagination , a way of encouraging them to give themselves over to

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1128-400: A man consumed by ambition and arrogance may, for example, dream about himself as small and vulnerable person. According to Jung, this demonstrates that the man's attitude is excessively self-assured and thereby refuses to integrate the inferior aspects of his personality, which are denied by his defensive arrogance. Jung calls this a compensation mechanism , necessary for the maintenance of

1222-480: A man to new creative ideas". Both final stages of animus and anima development have dynamic qualities (related to the motion and flux of this continual developmental process), open-ended qualities (there is no static perfected ideal or manifestation of the quality in question), and pluralistic qualities (which transcend the need for a singular image, as any subject or object can contain multiple archetypes or even seemingly antithetical roles). They also form bridges to

1316-400: A manifestation of anima and that she taught him how to interpret dreams. As soon as he could interpret on his own, Jung said that she ceased talking to him because she was no longer needed. However, the essentialism inherent in archetypal theory in general and concerning the anima, in particular, has called for a re-evaluation of Jung's theory in terms of emergence theory. This would emphasise

1410-562: A metaphysical nature. According to the Italo-French psychoanalyst Luigi Aurigemma, Jung's reasoning is also marked by Immanuel Kant , and more generally by German rationalist philosophy . His lectures are evidence of his assimilation of Kantian thought, especially the Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of Practical Reason . Aurigemma characterises Jung's thinking as " epistemological relativism " because it does not postulate any belief in

1504-439: A moral obligation not to make assertions about things one cannot see or whose existence cannot be proved, and I consider it an abuse of epistemological power to do so regardless. These rules apply to all experimental science. Other rules apply to metaphysics. I regard myself as answerable to the rules of experimental science. As a result nowhere in my work are there any metaphysical assertions nor – nota bene – any negations of

1598-456: A more relaxed and warmer welcome in the consulting room. He remained aware nonetheless that exposure to a patient's unconscious contents always posed a certain risk of contagion (he calls it "psychic infection") to the analyst, as experienced in the countertransference . The process of contemporary Jungian analysis depends on the type of "school of analytical psychology" to which the therapist adheres, (see below). The "Zurich School" would reflect

1692-404: A number of concepts, especially the method of inquiring into the unconscious through free association . Individual analysts' thinking was also integrated into his project, among whom are Sándor Ferenczi (Jung refers to his notion of " affect ") or Ludwig Binswanger and his Daseinsanalyse  [ de ] , ( Daseinsanalysis ). Jung affirms also Freud's contribution to our knowledge of

1786-667: A psychiatrist in Zürich , Switzerland. Already employed at the Burghölzli hospital in 1901, in his academic dissertation for the medical faculty of the University of Zurich he took the risk of using his experiments on somnambulism and the visions of his mediumistic cousin, Helly Preiswerk. The work was entitled, "On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena". It was accepted but caused great upset among his mother's family. Under

1880-473: A specific existential outlook) and manifesting this word. To clarify, this does not mean that a female subject becomes more set in her ways (as this word is steeped in emotionality, subjectivity, and a dynamism just as a well-developed anima is) but that she is more internally aware of what she believes and feels, and is more capable of expressing these beliefs and feelings. Thus the "animus in his most developed form sometimes ... make[s] her even more receptive than

1974-511: A stratum in the collective unconscious, corresponds to nodal patterns in the collective unconscious which go on to shape the characteristic patterns of human imagination and experience and in that sense, "seems a remarkable, intuitive articulation of the CAS model". Individuation is a complex process that involves going through different stages of growing awareness through the progressive confrontation and integration of personal unconscious elements. This

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2068-426: A woman. The animus "first appears as a personification of mere physical power – for instance as an athletic champion or muscle man , such as 'the fictional jungle hero Tarzan ' " . In the next phase, the animus "possesses initiative and the capacity for planned action ... the romantic man – the 19th century British poet Byron ; or the man of action – America's Ernest Hemingway , war hero, hunter, etc." In

2162-701: A year earlier. At that stage, Jung, aged thirty-two, had a much greater international renown than the forty-nine-year-old neurologist . For a further six years, the two scholars worked and travelled to the United States together. In 1911, they founded the International Psychoanalytical Association , of which Jung was the first president. However, early in the collaboration, Jung had already observed that Freud would not tolerate ideas that were different from his own. Unlike most modern psychologists, Jung did not believe in restricting himself to

2256-448: Is Sophia , named after the Greek word for wisdom . Complete integration has now occurred, which allows women to be seen and related to as particular individuals who possess both positive and negative qualities. The most important aspect of this final level is that, as the personification "Wisdom" suggests, the anima is now developed enough that no single object can fully and permanently contain

2350-429: Is phenomenology . In his view psychologism was suspect. Displacement into the conceptual deprives experience of its substance and the possibility of being simply named. Throughout his writings, Jung sees in empirical observation not only a precondition of an objective method but also respect for an ethical code which should guide the psychologist, as he stated in a letter to Joseph Goldbrunner: I consider it

2444-410: Is a search for the meaning of behaviours, feelings and events. Many are the channels to extend knowledge of the self: the analysis of dreams is one important avenue. Others may include expressing feelings about and through art, poetry or other expressions of creativity, the examination of conflicts and repeating patterns in a person's life. A comprehensive description of the process of dream interpretation

2538-488: Is a self-regulating adaptive system . People are energetic systems, and if the energy is blocked, the psyche becomes sick. If adaptation is thwarted, the psychic energy stops flowing and becomes rigid. This process manifests in neurosis and psychosis. Jung proposed that this occurs through maladaptation of one's internal realities to external ones. The principles of adaptation, projection, and compensation are central processes in Jung's view of psyche's attempts to adapt. Jung

2632-564: Is actually the direct application of Wundt's theory. Notwithstanding the great debt of analytical psychology to Sigmund Freud , Jung borrowed concepts from other theories of his time. For instance, the expression " abaissement du niveau mental " comes directly from the French psychologist Pierre Janet whose courses Jung attended during his studies in France, during 1901. Jung had always acknowledged how much Janet had influenced his career. Jung's use of

2726-482: Is an example of anima and animus projection. Moreover, people who strongly identify with their gender role (e.g. a man who acts aggressively and never cries) have not actively recognized or engaged their anima or animus. Jung attributes human rational thought to be the male nature, while the irrational aspect is considered to be natural female (rational being defined as involving judgment, irrational being defined as involving perceptions). Consequently, irrational moods are

2820-436: Is complex, in that it is highly specific to the person who undertakes it. Most succinctly it relies on the associations which the particular dream symbols suggest to the dreamer, which at times may be deemed "archetypal" in so far as they are supposed common to many people throughout history. Examples could be a hero, an old man or woman, situations of pursuit, flying or falling. Whereas Freudian psychoanalysis relies entirely on

2914-400: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Anima and animus Anima and animus are described in analytical psychology and archetypal psychology , under the umbrella of transpersonal psychology . Modern Jungian clinical theory under these frameworks considers a syzygy-without-its-partner to be like yin without yang . The goal

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3008-477: Is expressed in images through the deployment of symbolism which, in Jungian terms, means it has an affective role (in that it can sometimes give rise to a numinous feeling, when associated with an archetypal force) and an intellectual role. Some dreams are personal to the dreamer, others may be collective in origin or "transpersonal" in so far as they relate to existential events. They can be taken to express phases of

3102-465: Is intimately linked with the biography of Jung. At the start, it was known as the "Zurich school", whose chief figures were Eugen Bleuler , Franz Riklin , Alphonse Maeder and Jung, all centred in the Burghölzli hospital in Zurich. It was initially a theory concerning psychological complexes until Jung, upon breaking with Sigmund Freud , turned it into a generalised method of investigating archetypes and

3196-669: Is meant to show a strong schism in external talents (cultivated business and conventional skills) with lacking internal qualities (inability for virtue, lacking faith or imagination). The third phase is Mary , named after the Christian theological understanding of the Virgin Mary ( Jesus' mother). At this level, women can now seem to possess virtue by the perceiving man (even if in an esoteric and dogmatic way), in as much as certain activities deemed consciously unvirtuous cannot be applied to her. The fourth and final phase of anima development

3290-413: Is produced by a blow, the imprint of a coin ...form, image, prototype, model, order, and norm', ...in the figurative, modern sense, 'pattern underlying form, primordial form'. In his psychological framework, archetypes are innate, universal or personal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations. The method he favoured was hermeneutics which was central in his practice of psychology from

3384-480: Is the archetype of life itself . (1954, par. 66)[".] Jung defines animus with its Latin derivation, meaning "spirit". In 1923, it began being used as a term in Jungian psychology to describe the masculine side of women. Jung believed anima development has four distinct levels of Eros , which in The Practice of Psychotherapy he named Eve , Helen of Troy , Mary, mother of Jesus and Sophia . In broad terms,

3478-454: Is thereby forced into the inner world, where she functions as the medium between the ego and the unconscious, as does the persona between the ego and the environment". Alternatively, over-awareness of the anima or animus could provide a premature conclusion to the individuation process—"a kind of psychological short-circuit, to identify the animus at least provisionally with wholeness". Instead of being "content with an intermediate position",

3572-446: Is to become integrated over time into a well-functioning whole, similar to positive psychology 's understanding of a well-tuned personality through something like a Goldilocks principle . For men, this involves accepting eros , or desire for connection; for women, this means developing logos , or reason and rationality. A therapist's empathetic countertransference can reveal that logos and/or eros are in need of repair through

3666-484: The International Association of Analytical Psychologists (IAAP) and the International Association for Jungian Studies (IAJS). Jung's propositions have given rise to a multidisciplinary literature in numerous languages. Among widely used concepts specific to analytical psychology are anima and animus , archetypes , the collective unconscious , complexes , extraversion and introversion , individuation ,

3760-556: The Self , the shadow and synchronicity . The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is loosely based on another of Jung's theories on psychological types . A lesser known idea was Jung's notion of the Psychoid to denote a hypothesised immanent plane beyond consciousness, distinct from the collective unconscious, and a potential locus of synchronicity. The approximately "three schools" of post-Jungian analytical psychology that are current,

3854-532: The classical , archetypal and developmental , can be said to correspond to the developing yet overlapping aspects of Jung's lifelong explorations, even if he expressly did not want to start a school of "Jungians". Hence as Jung proceeded from a clinical practice which was mainly traditionally science-based and steeped in rationalist philosophy , anthropology and ethnography , his enquiring mind simultaneously took him into more esoteric spheres such as alchemy , astrology , gnosticism , metaphysics , myth and

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3948-545: The collective unconscious . The study of her visions supplied the material which would go on to furnish his reasoning which he developed in Psychology of the Unconscious ( Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido ) (re-published as Symbols of Transformation in 1952) (C.W. Vol. 5). At this, Freud muttered about "heresy". It was the second part of the work that brought the divergence to light. Freud mentioned to Ernest Jones that it

4042-621: The individuation process (see below) and may be inspired by literature, art, alchemy or mythology . Analytical psychology is recognized for its historical and geographical study of myths as a means to deconstruct, with the aid of symbols, the unconscious manifestations of the psyche. Myths are said to represent directly the elements and phenomena arising from the collective unconscious and though they may be subject to alteration in their detail through time, their significance remains similar. While Jung relies predominantly on Christian or on Western pagan mythology (Ancient Greece and Rome), he holds that

4136-415: The libido . Jung de-emphasized the importance of sexual development as an instinctual drive and focused on the collective unconscious: the part of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas which Jung believed were inherited from generations of ancestors. While he accepted that libido was an important source for personal growth, unlike Freud, Jung did not consider that libido alone was responsible for

4230-714: The paranormal , without ever abandoning his allegiance to science as his long-lasting collaboration with Wolfgang Pauli attests. His wide-ranging progression suggests to some commentators that, over time, his analytical psychotherapy, informed by his intuition and teleological investigations, became more of an "art". The findings of Jungian analysis and the application of analytical psychology to contemporary preoccupations such as social and family relationships, dreams and nightmares, work–life balance , architecture and urban planning, politics and economics, conflict and warfare, and climate change are illustrated in several publications and films. Jung began his career as

4324-399: The scientific method as a means to understanding the human psyche. He saw dreams, myths, coincidence , and folklore as empirical evidence to further understanding and meaning. So although the unconscious cannot be studied by using direct methods, it acts as a useful working hypothesis, according to Jung. As he said, "The beauty about the unconscious is that it is really unconscious." Hence,

4418-497: The theriomorphic and inferior function of the shadow archetypes. He did not believe they were an aggregate of father or mother, brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, or teachers, though these aspects of the personal unconscious can influence a person's anima or animus. He believed they are the abstract symbol sets that formulate the archetype of the Self. Jung believed a male's sensitivity is often lesser or repressed, and therefore considered

4512-474: The unconscious , as well as into a specialised psychotherapy . Analytical psychology, or "complex psychology", from the German : Komplexe Psychologie , is the foundation of many developments in the study and practice of psychology as of other disciplines. Jung has many followers, and some of them are members of national societies around the world. They collaborate professionally on an international level through

4606-626: The Spheres by Mike Oldfield "Animus", a track on the album A New Era of Corruption by Whitechapel "Animus", a track on the album Soundtracks for the Blind by Swans Animus , 2016 album by Venom Prison Fiction [ edit ] Animus (Doctor Who) , a character from the Doctor Who serial The Web Planet Animus (Encantadia) , a character in Etheria ANIMUS (graphic novel) ,

4700-436: The Unconscious". This essay distinguishes between the "personal", Freudian unconscious, filled with fantasies (e. g. sexual) and repressed images, and the "collective" unconscious encompassing the soul of humanity at large. In "The Significance of Constitution and Heredity in Psychology" (November 1929), Jung wrote: And the essential thing, psychologically, is that in dreams, fantasies, and other exceptional states of mind

4794-589: The anima and animus act as guides to the unconscious unified Self, and that forming an awareness and a connection with the anima or animus is one of the most difficult and rewarding steps in psychological growth. Jung reported that he identified his anima as she spoke to him, as an inner voice, unexpectedly one day. In cases where the anima or animus complexes are ignored, they vie for attention by projecting itself on others. This explains, according to Jung, why we are sometimes immediately attracted to certain strangers: we see our anima or animus in them. Love at first sight

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4888-407: The anima one of the most significant autonomous complexes . Jung believed that the anima and the animus manifest themselves by appearing in dreams and influence a person's attitudes and interactions with the opposite sex. A natural understanding of another member of the opposite sex is instilled in individuals that stems from constant subjection to members of the opposite sex. This instillment leads to

4982-418: The anima tended to appear as a relatively singular female personality, the animus may consist of a conjunction of multiple male personalities: "in this way the unconscious symbolizes the fact that the animus represents a collective rather than a personal element". The process of animus development deals with cultivating an independent and non-socially subjugated idea of self by embodying a deeper word (as per

5076-429: The anima/animus from reality. The related Greek word anemos means "wind" for both anima and animus; pneuma is another word for wind, meaning "spirit". Jung defines anima with its Latin derivation, meaning "soul". Jung associates anima with Aphrodite , Selene , Persephone , Hecate , Minerva , and Pandora . Jung began using the term in the early 1920s to describe the inner feminine side of men. ["A]nima

5170-412: The animus seeks to usurp "the self, with which the patient's animus identifies. This identification is a regular occurrence when the shadow, the dark side, has not been sufficiently realized". Analytical psychology Analytical psychology ( German : Analytische Psychologie , sometimes translated as analytic psychology and referred to as Jungian analysis ) is a term coined by Carl Jung ,

5264-556: The animus, and the Self—has both a light and a dark aspect. ... the anima and animus have dual aspects: They can bring life-giving development and creativeness to the personality, or they can cause petrification and physical death". One danger is what Jung termed "invasion" of the conscious by the unconscious archetype: "Possession caused by the anima ... bad taste: the anima surrounds herself with inferior people". Jung insisted that "a state of anima possession ... must be prevented. The anima

5358-468: The approach Freud had founded is referred to as the Psychoanalytic School , ( psychoanalytische Schule ). Jung's postulated unconscious was quite different from the model proposed by Freud, despite the great influence that the founder of psychoanalysis had had on him. In particular, tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of

5452-448: The approach Jung himself taught, while those influenced by Michael Fordham and associates in London, would be significantly closer to a Kleinian approach and therefore, concerned with analysis of the transference and countertransference as indicators of repressed material along with the attendant symbols and patterns. Jung's preoccupation with dreams can be dated from 1902. It was only after

5546-471: The break with Freud that he published in 1916 his "Psychology of the Unconscious" where he elaborated his view of dreams, which contrasts sharply with Freud's conceptualisation. While he agrees that dreams are a highway into the unconscious, he enlarges on their functions further than psychoanalysis did. One of the salient differences is the compensatory function they perform by reinstating psychic equilibrium in respect of judgments made during waking life: thus

5640-526: The case of the South American tribe, whom he met during his travels, where the men pretended they were scarlet aras birds. Finally, his use of the English expression, "pattern of behaviour", which is synonymous with the term archetype , is drawn from British studies in ethology . The principal contribution to analytical psychology, nevertheless, remains that of Freud's psychoanalysis , from which Jung took

5734-426: The collective sphere. Jung tended to personify the anima and animus as they are, according to him, always attached to a person and represent an aspect of his or her psyche. Jung identified the archetypal anima as being the unconscious feminine component of men and the archetypal animus as the unconscious masculine component in women. These are shaped by the contents of the collective unconscious, by others, and by

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5828-408: The collective unconscious through the development of their anima or animus. The anima and the animus represent the unconscious. The anima and animus are not gender specific and men and women can have both, however, more empirical research is required to determine whether both men and women do possess both archetypes. Jungians warn that "every personification of the unconscious—the shadow , the anima,

5922-400: The collective unconscious. The existence of the collective unconscious means that individual consciousness is anything but a tabula rasa and is not immune to predetermining influences. On the contrary, it is in the highest degree influenced by inherited presuppositions, quite apart from the unavoidable influences exerted upon it by the environment. The collective unconscious comprises in itself

6016-404: The concept of " participation mystique " is owed to the French ethnologist Lucien Lévy-Bruhl : What Rousseau describes is nothing other than the primitive collective mentality which Lucien Lévy-Bruhl has brilliantly called " participation mystique ", which he uses to illustrate the surprising fact, to him, that some native peoples can experience relations that defy logic, as for instance in

6110-521: The development of the transference in the analysand (the person under treatment) to the analyst, Jung initially used the transference and later concentrated more on a dialectical and didactic approach to the symbolic and archetypal material presented by the patient. Moreover, his attitude towards patients departed from what he had observed in Freud's method. Anthony Stevens has explained it thus: In place of Freud's "surgical detachment", Jung demonstrated

6204-457: The development of the anima and animus. Jung said that "the encounter with the shadow is the 'apprentice-piece' in the individual's development ... that with the anima is the 'masterpiece ' ". Jung viewed the anima process as being one of the sources of creative ability. In his book The Invisible Partners, John A. Sanford said that the key to controlling one's anima/animus is to recognize it when it manifests and exercise our ability to discern

6298-637: The direction of psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler , he also conducted research with his colleagues using a galvanometer to evaluate the emotional sensitivities of patients to lists of words during word association . Jung has left a description of his use of the device in treatment. His research earned him a worldwide reputation and numerous honours, including honorary Doctorates from Clark and Fordham Universities in 1909 and 1910 respectively. Other honours followed later. In 1907, Jung travelled to meet Sigmund Freud in Vienna, Austria; they had begun corresponding

6392-600: The emergence of a man's object of desire. The anima is completely tied up with woman as provider of nourishment, security and love. The man at this anima level cannot function well without a woman, and is more likely to be controlled by her or, more likely, by his own imaginary construction of her. The second is Helen , an allusion to Helen of Troy in Greek mythology . In this phase, women are viewed as capable of worldly success and of being self-reliant, intelligent and insightful, even if not altogether virtuous. This second phase

6486-484: The entire process of anima development in a man is about the male subject opening up to emotionality, and in that way a broader spirituality , by creating a new conscious paradigm that includes intuitive processes, creativity and imagination, and psychic sensitivity towards himself and others where it might not have existed previously. The first is Eve , named after the Genesis account of Adam and Eve . It deals with

6580-411: The formation of the core personality. Due to the particular hardships Jung had endured growing up, he believed his personal development and that of everyone was influenced by factors unrelated to sexuality. The overarching aim in life, according to Jungian psychology, is the fullest possible actualisation of the "Self" through individuation . Jung defines the "self" as "not only the centre but also

6674-726: The gods; in dreams he is a helpful guide." Like Sophia, this is the highest level of mediation between the unconscious and conscious mind. In the book The Invisible Partners, John A. Sanford said that the key to controlling one's anima/animus is to recognize it when it manifests and exercise our ability to discern the anima/animus from reality. Hillman states that anima can mean "tawdry, trite, trivial, barren, and cheap". Hillman states that animus "refers to spirit, to logos, word, idea, intellect, principle, abstraction, meaning, ratio , nous ." Hillman proposes "another definition of anima: archetype of psyche . The four roles are not identical with genders reversed. Jung believed that while

6768-507: The images to which it is related. Jung focused more on the man's anima and wrote less about the woman's animus. Jung believed that every woman has an analogous animus within her psyche , this being a set of unconscious masculine attributes and potentials. He viewed the animus as being more complex than the anima, postulating that women have a host of animus images whereas the male anima consists only of one dominant image. Jung stated that there are four parallel levels of animus development in

6862-410: The individual, characterised as "personal", belonging to a subjective psyche, and that deriving from the collective, linked to the structure of an objective psyche, which may be termed "transpersonal". These processes are both said to be archetypal . Some of these processes are regarded as specifically linked to consciousness, such as the animus or anima, the persona or the shadow. Others pertain more to

6956-408: The larger society. However, many modern-day Jungian practitioners do not ascribe to a literal definition, citing that the Jungian concept points to every person having both an anima and an animus. Jung considered, for instance, an "animus of the anima" in men, in his work Aion and in an interview in which he says: Yes, if a man realizes the animus of his anima, then the animus is a substitute for

7050-398: The lines of Nietzsche , Goethe , and Schopenhauer , in the way he conceptualised the unconscious in particular. Whereas his typology is profoundly dependent on Carl Spitteler . As a trained psychiatrist, Jung had a grounding in the state of science in his day. He regularly refers to the experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt . His Word Association Test designed with Franz Riklin

7144-529: The metaphysical. In fact, Jung uses Kant's teleology to bridle his thinking and to guard himself from straying into any metaphysical excursions. On the other hand, for French historian of psychology, Françoise Parot, contrary to the alleged rationalist vein, Jung is " heir " to mystics , ( Meister Eckhart , Hildegard of Bingen , or Augustine of Hippo , ) and to the romantics be they scientists, such as Carl Gustav Carus or Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert in particular, or to philosophers and writers, along

7238-480: The most far-fetched mythological motifs and symbols can appear autochthonously at any time, often, apparently, as the result of particular influences, traditions, and excitations working on the individual, but more often without any sign of them. These "primordial images" or "archetypes," as I have called them, belong to the basic stock of the unconscious psyche and cannot be explained as personal acquisitions. Together they make up that psychic stratum which has been called

7332-401: The next archetypal figures to emerge, as "the unconscious again changes its dominant character and appears in a new symbolic form, representing the Self ". Jung's theory of anima and animus draws from his theory of individuation. In order for a person to reach the goal of individuation is to engage in a series of intrapersonal dialogues which help the person understand how he or she relates to

7426-404: The old wise man. You see, his ego is in relation to the unconscious, and the unconscious is personified by a female figure, the anima. But in the unconscious is also a masculine figure, the wise old man. And that figure is in connection with the anima as her animus, because she is a woman. So, one could say the wise old man was in exactly the same position as the animus to a woman. Jung stated that

7520-409: The parts of themselves beyond their own ego, which is the "organ" of consciousness. In a famous dictum, Jung said, "the Self, like the unconscious is an a priori existent out of which the ego evolves. It is ... an unconscious prefiguration of the ego. It is not I who create myself, rather I happen to myself'. It follows that the aim of (Jungian) psychotherapy is to assist the individual to establish

7614-438: The progenies of the male anima shadow and irrational opinions of the female animus shadow. The use of archetypes in psychology was advanced by Jung in an essay entitled "Instinct and the Unconscious" in 1919. The first element in Greek 'arche' signifies 'beginning, origin, cause, primal source principle', by extension it can signify 'position of a leader, supreme rule and government'. The second element 'type' means 'blow or what

7708-529: The psyche as being, without doubt, of the highest importance. It reveals penetrating information about the dark corners of the soul and of the human personality, which is of the same order as Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morality (1887). In this context, Freud was, according to Jung, one of the great cultural critics of the 19th century. Jungian analysis is, like psychoanalysis, a method to access, experience and integrate unconscious material into awareness. It

7802-490: The psychic life of our ancestors right back to the earliest beginnings. It is the matrix of all conscious psychic occurrences, and hence it exerts an influence that compromises the freedom of consciousness in the highest degree, since it is continually striving to lead all conscious processes back into the old paths. Given that in his day he lacked the advances of complexity theory and especially complex adaptive systems (CAS), it has been argued that his vision of archetypes as

7896-432: The role of symbols in the construction of affect in the midst of collective human action. In such a reconfiguration, the visceral energy of a numinous experience can be retained while the problematic theory of archetypes has outlived its usefulness. Jung's concept of the collective unconscious has undergone re-interpretation over time. The term "collective unconscious" first appeared in Jung's 1916 essay, "The Structure of

7990-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Animus . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animus&oldid=1184242059 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

8084-579: The start. He made explicit references to hermeneutics in the Collected Works and during his theoretical development of the notion of archetypes. Although he lacks consistency in his formulations, his theoretical development of archetypes is rich in hermeneutic implications. As noted by Smythe and Baydala (2012), his notion of the archetype as such can be understood hermeneutically as a form of non-conceptual background understanding. A group of memories and attitudes associated with an archetype can become

8178-414: The symbolic dramas enacted in relationships and life pursuits. Essential to the process is the merging of the individual's consciousness with the collective unconscious through a huge range of symbols. By bringing conscious awareness to bear on what is unconscious, such elements can be integrated with consciousness when they "surface". To proceed with the individuation process, individuals need to be open to

8272-436: The third phase "the animus becomes the word , often appearing as a professor or clergyman ... the bearer of the word – Lloyd George , the great political orator". "Finally, in his fourth manifestation, the animus is the incarnation of meaning . On this highest level he becomes (like the anima) a mediator of ... spiritual profundity". Jung noted that "in mythology, this aspect of the animus appears as Hermes , messenger of

8366-449: The unconscious is 'untouchable' by experimental researches, or indeed any possible kind of scientific or philosophical reach, precisely because it is unconscious. It was the publication of a book by Jung which provoked the break with psychoanalysis and led to the founding of analytical psychology. In 1912 Jung met "Miss Miller", brought to his notice by the work of Théodore Flournoy and whose case gave further substance to his theory of

8460-549: The unconscious is driven by mythologies derived from all cultures. He evinced an interest in Hinduism , in Zoroastrianism and Taoism , which all share fundamental images reflected in the psyche. Thus analytical psychology focusses on meaning, based on the hypothesis that human beings are potentially in constant touch with universal and symbolic aspects common to humankind. In the words of André Nataf: Jung opens psychoanalysis to

8554-427: The whole circumference which embraces both conscious and unconscious; it is the centre of this totality, just as the ego is the centre of the conscious mind". Central to this process of individuation is the individual's continual encounter with the elements of the psyche by bringing them into consciousness. People experience the unconscious through symbols encountered in all aspects of life: in dreams, art, religion, and

8648-409: The world. This process requires men and women to become aware of their anima or animus respectively, in so doing the individual will learn how not to be controlled by their anima or animus. As individuals are made aware of their anima or animus, it allows them to overcome thoughts of who they ought to be and accept themselves for who they really are. According to Jung, individuals can discover a bridge to

8742-528: Was an adept principally of the American philosopher William James , founder of pragmatism , whom he met during his trip to the United States in 1909. He also encountered other figures associated with James, such as John Dewey and the anthropologist, Franz Boas . Pragmatism was Jung's favoured route to base his psychology on a sound scientific basis according to historian Sonu Shamdasani. His theories consist of observations of phenomena, and according to Jung it

8836-478: Was on page 174 of the original German edition, that Jung, according to him, had "lost his way". It is the extract where Jung enlarged on his conception of the libido . The sanction was immediate: Jung was officially banned from the Vienna psychoanalytic circle from August 1912. From that date the psychoanalytic movement split into two obediences, with Freud's partisans on one side, Karl Abraham being delegated to write

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