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86-511: The Amaná National Forest is in the Amazon biome . It was created by decree on 13 February 2006 and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). It has an area of 539,571.39 hectares (1,333,309.9 acres). It covers parts of the municipalities of Jacareacanga and Itaituba in the state of Pará. The forest is in the south west of the state of Pará along

172-542: A Cearense lawyer, José Carvalho, led an armed movement, which culminated in the expulsion of the Bolivian authorities. Shortly thereafter, Bolivia began negotiations with an Anglo-American trust, the Bolivian Syndicate , in order to promote, with exceptional force (exacting of taxes, armed force), the political and economic incorporation of Acre into its territory. The governor of Amazonas , Ramalho Júnior , informed of

258-954: A large area of this habitat. Of the 1,149 federal and state protected areas in Brazil in 2014, 247 covering 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi) were in the Amazon biome and accounted for 73% of the total area protected at the federal and state levels in Brazil. Federal units covered 587,000 square kilometres (227,000 sq mi) and state units covered 523,000 square kilometres (202,000 sq mi). These included fully protected national and state parks (22%), ecological stations (9%), biological reserves (4%) and wildlife refuges as well as sustainable use national and state forests (26%), environmental protection areas (17%), extractive reserves (12%), sustainable development reserves (10%),and areas of ecological interest . More than 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of

344-604: A plan for colonial settlement. At that time, João Rodrigues Cametá initiated the conquest of the Purús River ; Manuel Urbano da Encarnação, an Indian with extensive knowledge of the region, reached the Acre River , traveling up it as far as the vicinity of the Xapuri ; and João da Cunha Correia reached the drainage basin of the upper Tarauacá . For the most part, these expeditions took place on Bolivian land. Exploitative activities,

430-653: A similar scope, where the Amazon biome includes the Guiana Shield rain forests in the north and the Chiquitano dry forests of Bolivia. The biome covers parts of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. In Brazil the biome covers more than 4,100,000 square kilometres (1,600,000 sq mi) and covers all or parts of the states of Acre , Amazonas , Roraima , Rondônia , Pará , Amapá , Maranhão , Tocantins and Mato Grosso . The Amazon biome covers 49.29% of Brazil. 16% of

516-401: A treaty was signed that completed the political integration of Acre into Brazilian territory. Exercising a prominent role in national exports until 1913, when rubber was introduced to European and North American markets, Acre enjoyed a period of great prosperity . At the start of the 20th century, in a period of less than ten years, it grew to have more than 50,000 inhabitants. From 1946 on,

602-549: Is hot and very humid , of the Am type in the Köppen climate classification system, and the monthly average temperatures vary between 24 and 27 °C (75 and 81 °F), being the lowest average of the North Region. The rainfall reaches an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in), with a clear dry season in the months of June, July, and August. The Amazon Rainforest covers all of

688-726: Is a state located in the west of the North Region of Brazil and the Amazonia Legal . Located in the westernmost part of the country, at a two-hour time difference from Brasília , Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondônia to the north and east, along with an international border with the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast, and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios , Ucayali and Loreto to

774-451: Is allowed in the forest following the provisions of its management plan. The management plan defined six land usage zones, as follows: The 2009 annual plan authorized the grant of five forestry units totalling 210,000 hectares (520,000 acres). The national forest was created as part of the planning process for land management and environment protection along the BR-163 trans-Amazon highway. It

860-512: Is carried by winds from the Atlantic, and the other half from evapotranspiration within the biome. There are wide variations in total rainfall and distribution of rainfall throughout the year. The Amazon watershed covers about 5,846,100 square kilometres (2,257,200 sq mi). The Amazon River accounts for 15–16% of the total water discharged by rivers into the oceans of the world. Rivers may be blackwater , whitewater or clearwater. Thus

946-524: Is distinguished as being completely treeless. The term "campinarana" is used for the transition between campina and the rainforest. Campinarana is found in isolated areas of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco basins in the north of Brazil. Patches of campinarana, which may cover several thousand square kilometres, are found in the transitional region from the Guyana Shield to the Amazon basin. Campinarana

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1032-631: Is in a region that contains 12 sustainable use conservation areas and 6 fully protected areas. The fully protected areas, which cover 6,670,422 hectares (16,482,970 acres), are the Amazônia , Jamanxim , Rio Novo and Serra do Pardo national parks, the Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve and the Terra do Meio Ecological Station . The sustainable use areas include the Tapajós environmental protection area and

1118-554: Is located at 70º west longitude and at 9º south latitude . In Brazil, the state is part of the North Region , forming borders with the states of Amazonas and Rondônia , and with two countries: Peru and Bolivia . Practically all of the terrain of the state of Acre is part of the low sandstone plateau , or terra firme , morphological unit which dominates most of the Brazilian Amazon . These terranes rise, in Acre, from

1204-413: Is open forest on sandy soil where sunlight can reach the ground. More than half the species of orchid in the Amazon lowlands are found in this type of forest. The terms campina and campinarana both describe white sand savannas that are very poor in nutrients. They may be flooded periodically or seasonally, in which case the roots suffer from lack of aeration. The vegetation is stunted. For some, campina

1290-908: Is similar to the Rio Negro Campinarana. The Northeastern Brazil restingas are coastal dune habitats that extend along the coast of northeastern Brazil, interspersed with lagoons, mangroves and patches of caatinga savanna. The land behind the dunes may include dwarf palms, bromeliads, ferns, shrubs, grasses and scrub trees. The more exposed areas mainly hold medium-tall grasses and scrub trees, while sheltered areas hold patches of cactus and low dry thicket. Fauna include marmosets and jaguarundis , proboscis bats , lesser sac-winged bats , bulldog bats , and Davy's naked-backed bats , wood stork , roseate spoonbill , white-necked heron , great egret , cattle egret , black-crowned night heron , and Neotropic cormorant . The ecoregion has various endemic species. The Lençóis Maranhenses National Park protects

1376-399: Is thought to have been inhabited by Pre-Columbian civilizations since at least 2,100 years ago. Evidence includes complex geoglyphs of this age found in the area. The natives who crafted them are believed to have had a relatively advanced knowledge of this technology. Since at least the early 15th century, the region has been inhabited by peoples who spoke Panoan languages ; their territory

1462-479: Is typically found on leached white sands around circular swampy depressions in lowland tropical moist forest. The soil is low in nutrients, with highly acidic humus. Campinarana includes savannah, scrub and forests. The savannah is mainly composed of grasses and lichens, found in the wet plains beside lakes and rivers. The scrub has bare sand, herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees less than 7 metres (23 ft) high. The nutrient-poor Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forest

1548-454: The Altamira , Amaná, Jamanxim , Trairão , Itaituba I , Itaituba II and Tapajós national forests, covering a total of 7,555,889 hectares (18,671,010 acres). Amazon biome The Amazon biome ( Portuguese : Bioma Amazônia ) contains the Amazon rainforest , an area of tropical rainforest , and other ecoregions that cover most of the Amazon basin and some adjacent areas to

1634-431: The Amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine " wilderness ", has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years. Traditional ancient practices included forest gardening . Ondemar Dias is credited as the first to discover the geoglyphs in 1977. Alceu Ranzi expanded their findings by flying over Acre. During the 17th century, Portuguese expeditions reached many of the far ends of present-day Brazil. The expansion of

1720-605: The Beni and Mamoré rivers, running eastward to the headwaters of the Javari River , even though the source of this river was not yet known. As the price of rubber rose in the market, the demand for it grew. The race to the Amazon increased. Plantations multiplied in the valleys of the Acre, Purús and, farther west, the Tarauacá . In the year 1873–1874, in the drainage basin of the Purús,

1806-669: The Mamoré and Guaporé to their maximum western limits on the left bank of the Javari as the border between the Spanish and Portuguese territories. The Portuguese created the new royal captaincy of Mato Grosso (1751), stimulating settlement toward the frontier. New centers developed: Vila Bela (1752) on the banks of the Guaporé, Vila Maria (1778) on the Paraguay River , and Casalvasco (1783). Until

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1892-531: The Purús River to merchant Viscount of Santo Elias (from Pará), asking him for goods to be sent to the "mouth of the Aquiri River". In Belém , the local merchant or his employees either misinterpreted Gabriel's handwriting, or he spelled the name wrong: the goods and invoice which Gabriel received were marked as having been sent to the Acre River . Acre possesses some nicknames: the End of Brazil, The Rubber Tree State,

1978-496: The Rio Negro ("Black River") has clear, jet-black water caused by decomposition of organic matter in swamps along its margins, combined with low levels of silt. The Rio Branco ("White River") and the Amazon itself have yellowish waters loaded with silt. The Tahuayo River in the Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area of Peru is classed as a blackwater river, but often has similar chemistry to

2064-536: The phosphorus necessary for life is blown by the wind from Africa; as diatomeous dust from the Bodélé Depression and as smoke due to biomass burning in Africa. There are wide regional variations in soil types. Thus 20% of the Rio Negro basin is covered by podzols and 55% by acrisols and ferralsols , with the remainder covered by alluvial and litholic soils and scattered areas of hydromorphic plinthosols . In

2150-514: The southeast to the northeast , with very tabular topography in general. In the extreme west is found the Serra da Contamana or Serra do Divisor, along the western border , with the highest altitudes in the state (609 m; 1,998 ft). About 63% of the state 's surface lies between 200 and 300 m (660 and 980 ft) in height; 16% between 300 and 609 (984 and 1,998 ft); and 21% between 200 and 135 (656 and 443 ft). The climate

2236-450: The 1,300 bird species 20% are endemic and 8.4% are endangered. A relatively small area may contain a variety of ecoregions. Thus the Pico da Neblina National Park in the north of Amazonas, Brazil contains campinarana , dense rainforest and contact between campinarana and rainforest. The vegetation formations include terra firme forests and igapós . Submontane forests climb the first steps of

2322-421: The 53 ecosystems, of which 19 are forests with 77.5% of the area. The borders of the biome hold ecotones where it blends into other biomes such as the cerrado. Within and across the ecosystems of the biome there is huge biological diversity. One source says there are an estimated 60,000 plant species, of which 30,000 are endemic. Another says there are 30,000 to 50,000 plant species. The Brazilian Ministry of

2408-428: The 6,700,000 to 6,900,000 square kilometres (2,600,000 to 2,700,000 sq mi) Amazon biome. The somewhat vague numbers are because the rainforest merges into similar biomes across its boundaries. The rainforest is Tropical Broadleaf Forest , so-called because most of the trees have broad leaves. The basin also holds flooded riparian forest or várzea , seasonal forest and savanna . Seasonal forest covers much of

2494-539: The Academy of Letters of Acre (Academia Acreana de Letras) and the Brazilian Academy of Letters ( Academia Brasileira de Letras ). The latter said that the change would mean the denial of the state's historical and cultural roots, by changing the last letter of the toponym from " E " to " I ". The state of Acre occupies an area of 152,581 km (58,912 sq mi) (58,911 mi ) in the extreme west of Brazil. It

2580-592: The Amazon basin, but excludes areas of the Andes to the west and cerrado (savannah) to the south, and includes lands to the northeast extending to the Atlantic ocean with similar vegetation to the Amazon basin. J. J. Morrone (2006) defines the Amazonian subregion in this broader sense, divided into the biogeographical provinces of Guyana, Humid Guyana, Napo, Imeri, Roraima, Amapá, Várzea, Ucayali, Madeira, Tapajós-Xingu, Pará, Yungas and Pantanal. The World Wildlife Fund takes

2666-639: The Amazon in production. But during the Second World War , Japanese forces took over the rubber tree groves of Malaya . Acre was called on to produce rubber for the Allied war effort. The Rubber Soldiers , natives mostly of the Ceará plantation, increased production and provided critical supplies to the Allies. Acre's decisive contribution to the Allied victory may have helped Brazil attract North American investment to form

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2752-967: The Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest. Acre is divided into twenty-two municipalities, five immediate regions and two intermediate regions: [REDACTED] Viceroyalty of Peru 1542–1824 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1825–1836 [REDACTED] Peru-Bolivian Confederation 1836–1839 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1839–1899 [REDACTED] First Republic of Acre 1899–1900 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1900 [REDACTED] Second Republic of Acre 1900 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1900–1903 [REDACTED] Third Republic of Acre 1903 [REDACTED]   Brazil 1903–present The region of present-day Acre

2838-559: The Brazilian Amazon biome was deforested in 2008–12, of which only 6% took place within protected areas. 71% of federal and state protected areas in Brazil suffered no deforestation in this period. Although the World Economic Forum ranks Brazil first in the world in terms of nature tourism potential, the country is 52nd in tourism competitiveness when factors such as infrastructure are considered. Low public use, in part due to

2924-604: The Empire of Brazil (1868), was considered a model of its time, geographers knew nothing of the Acre River and its principal tributaries, which did not appear at all in the atlas. Some few armed bands of Brazilian explorers exploited the rural and unpopulated region, not knowing and little interested in whether they were "controlled" by Brazil, Peru , or Bolivia . But the rubber boom of the mid-19th century, stimulated exploration by various expeditions to survey this resource and develop

3010-464: The Environment as of January 2013 listed 2,500 species of trees and 30,000 species of plants. There are 1,400 species of fish, 163 amphibians, 387 reptiles and more than 500 mammals including 90 primates. 87% of the amphibians, 62% of reptiles, 20% of birds and 25% of mammals are endemic to the biome. 109 species of lizards and amphisbaena reptiles are known to be present, and 138 species of snakes. Of

3096-734: The Guiana Plateau to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), followed by montane forests. Lichens and bromeliads are found up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). There is also alpine tundra in the tabular plateaus. The Amazon basin contains several large areas of moist forest, collectively called the Amazon rainforest. These are the Caquetá , Japurá–Solimões–Negro , Juruá–Purus , Madeira–Tapajós , Napo , Purus–Madeira , Solimões–Japurá , Southwest Amazon , Tapajós–Xingu , Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão , Uatuma–Trombetas , Ucayali , and Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests. Each has distinctive vegetation. In

3182-606: The Gurupa Arch to the west of Marajó . Under the Paleoarch model, paleobasins between the arches form centers for biological diversification. Thus the Iquitos arch is considered the main reason for the different species of frogs and rodents and different forest types on either side of the ridge. The soil is generally very poor in nutrients, and areas that have been deforested are often unsuitable for agriculture or pasture. A large part of

3268-593: The Latex State (from when it was a center of rubber production) and the Western End. The native inhabitants of Acre are called acr i ano s , in the singular acr i an o . Until the entry according to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 , the correct spelling was acr e an o in the singular and in the plural acr e ano s . In 2009, with the new orthographic agreement, the change generated controversy between

3354-668: The National Steel Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional) in the postwar era. This company aided in the industrialization of the Central-south, which did not yet possess basic heavy industries. On April 4, 2008, Acre won a judicial debate with the state of Amazonas in relation to the dispute surrounding the Cunha Gomes Line. It annexed part of the municipalities of Envira , Guajará , Boca do Acre , Pauini , Eirunepé and Ipixuna . The territorial redefinition consolidated

3440-502: The Tapajós, while the white-nosed saki ( Chiropotes albinasus ) is only found east of the river. The World Wildlife Fund divides the biome into ecoregions , often defined as the regions lying between major tributaries of the Amazon. Most of the interior of the Amazon basin is covered by rainforest. The dense tropical Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. It covers between 5,500,000 and 6,200,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 and 2,400,000 sq mi) of

3526-482: The agreement by a functionary of the Bolivian consulate in Belém , Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias , sent military contingents forward to occupy Puerto Alonso . Gálvez proclaimed the independence of Acre, in the form of a republic. He became its president with the acquiescence of the rubber gatherers. Under protests from Bolivia, President Campos Sales abolished the ephemeral republic (March 1900). Bolivians, reinstated in

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3612-620: The annexation of Acre until 1909, with the Velarde-Río Branco Treaty, where the borders between Peru and Brazil were defined. It was signed in Rio de Janeiro , on September 8, 1909, by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Baron of Rio Branco , and the plenipotentiary minister of Peru in Brazil, Hernán Velarde, by President Augusto B. Leguía (first government) then ruled in Peru, and in Brazil by

3698-492: The arbitrariness of the act, took measures, canceling commercial accords and navigation between the two countries, and suspending the right of travel to Bolivia. At the same time, Brazilians organized a large armed assault on the disputed area. The operations were led by a former student of the Military School of Rio Grande do Sul ( Escola Militar do Rio Grande do Sul ), José Plácido de Castro . The rubber gatherers occupied

3784-468: The banks of the Juruá and accelerated the occupation of land which Bolivia would later reclaim. The great fluvial rivers and their tributary systems were full of small ship fleets transporting colonists, goods, and supply material to the most isolated centers. The governments of Amazonas and Pará quickly established supply houses , which financed various types of operations, guaranteed credit, and promoted

3870-430: The biome as a whole podzols cover just 136,000 square kilometres (53,000 sq mi), or 2.7% of the area. In Brazil the average temperature of the biome is 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F) and average rainfall is 2,300 millimetres (91 in), but there are wide variations from one region to another. The biome as a whole has annual rainfall from 1,500 to 3,000 millimetres (59 to 118 in), about half of which

3956-405: The biome is in Peru. As of 2015 about 23.4% of Peru's Amazon biome was protected, but of this less than half was fully protected. Much of the terrain of the Amazon biome, particularly around the rivers, is lowland plains. The Guiana Shield is an area of highlands along the border between Brazil and Venezuela and Guyana. The southern Amazonian highlands cross parts of Rondonia and Mato Grosso and

4042-734: The border with the state of Amazonas , between the Madeira River and the Tapajós . To the west it adjoins the 538,081 hectares (1,329,630 acres) Urupadi National Forest in Amazonas, a sustainable use conservation unit created in 2016. The Amaná National Forest is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) with the objective of sustainable multiple use of forest resources, maintenance and protection of water resources and biodiversity, and supporting sustainable exploitation of natural resources . Mining

4128-778: The broad definition favored by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) the Amazon biome would also include the Tepuis , table-top mountains with unique vegetation, the Negro-Branco , Guianan Highlands , Guianan piedmont and lowland and Guianan moist forests and the Guianan savanna . In the southwest Amazon at least 161,500 square kilometres (62,400 sq mi) of forest are dominated by bamboos . These occur in areas where there has been recent tectonic uplift combined with fast mechanical erosion and poor drainage. In each patch of bamboos all

4214-437: The commercial incentive of the rubber tree groves. The rubber race had the frantic urgency of gold rushes of the 18th century. The situation drew the attention of the government to the economic use and development of an almost completely unknown area. The activities of private businesses would enable the government to incorporate the new region. In 1890, José Manuel Pando , a Bolivian official, alerted his government to

4300-662: The confluence of the Beni and Mamoré rivers. In 1895 a new commission to define the borders was created. The Brazilian representative, Gregório Taumaturgo de Azevedo, resigned after verifying that the ratification of the Treaty of 1867 would harm the Brazilian rubber gatherers already settled in Bolivian territory. In 1899, the Bolivians established an administrative post in Puerto Alonso , exacting taxes and customs duties upon Brazilian activities. The following year, Brazil accepted

4386-514: The exploration to the west followed, and they reached lands under control by the Spanish colonies. The two nations negotiated to establish their territories, under the Treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777). Both of the treaties were based on the explorations of Portuguese bandeirante Manoel Félix de Lima of the Guaporé and Madeira river basins. The treaties established the riverbeds of

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4472-451: The fact that more than three hundred rubber plantations had been developed in the Jura basin, and most were occupied by Brazilians on what was nominally Bolivian territory. The Brazilian penetration had advanced west from the 64th meridian to beyond the 72nd, in an extension of one thousand kilometers, despite the borders having been established. The Treaty of 1867 limited Brazil to land above

4558-589: The federal government undertook actions to revive the economy of the Amazon Basin , and to include it in regional development projects. Attending to the judicial arrangements of the Treaty of Petrópolis , President Rodrigues Alves sanctioned the law which created the Territory of Acre (1904), further dividing it into three departments: Alto Acre , Alto Purús , and Alto Juruá , the latter being separated to form Alto Tarauacá (1912). The departmental administration

4644-523: The form a'kir , of the Tupi word ker , "to sleep, to rest". It is believed more likely to be derived from Aquiri , a transliteration by European explorers of the term Umákürü , or Uakiry , from the Ipurinã dialect. Another hypothesis is that Acquiri derives from Yasi'ri , or Ysi'ri , meaning "flowing or swift water". According to one account, agriculturist João Gabriel de Carvalho Melo wrote during an 1878 trip on

4730-415: The future territory, now state of Acre. Peru had also claimed sovereignty over the entire territory of Acre and part of the state of Amazonas , based on historic colonial titles. After armed conflicts between Brazilians and Peruvians on the upper Purús and Juruá, a joint administration was established in those regions (1904). The studies to determine the borders proceeded until the end of 1909, when

4816-611: The inaccessibility of the Amazon national and federal parks, mean that they fail to support the local economies and therefore lack support from society, especially the local communities. The national and state forests have low levels of formal sustainable logging contracts, the Tapajós National Forest in Pará being an exception. Brazil has strong systems for monitoring land cover and deforestation, but as of 2014 64% of managers of protected areas said they had not monitored biodiversity in

4902-541: The incorporation of 1.2 million hectares of the Liberdade, Gregório, and Mogno forest complex to the territory of Acre, which corresponds to 11,583.87 km (4,472.56 sq mi). Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs , major geometric earthworks, have been discovered on deforested land in Acre, and dated to between 1–1250 AD. These are cited as evidence of complex Pre-Columbian societies. The BBC 's Unnatural Histories explored studies of this area, concluding that

4988-408: The industrial importance of the rubber reserves, and the penetration of Brazilian colonists in the region raised the attention of Bolivia , which solicited a better fixation of boundaries. After much failed negotiation, in 1867 the Treaty of Ayacucho was signed, which recognized the colonial uti possidetis , or use of that territory by Brazil. A border was established parallel to the confluence of

5074-420: The local people and many scientists called the permanently waterlogged swamp on the lower Amazon " igapó " and all types of periodically flooded land " várzea ". A more recent definition, from Prance, is: Major flooded areas include the Iquitos , Purus , Monte Alegre , Gurupa and Marajó várzeas. The Majaró várzea is at the mouth of the Amazon and is affected by both freshwater and tidal flows. Campina

5160-427: The mid-19th century, there was little effort to settle the area systematically. At that time, the great virgin source of rubber attracted commercial interest, and development followed. The empire was directed towards agricultural exports, based on coffee as the most important commodity. The territories of the extreme west were unknown and usually overlooked. For example, although Cândido Mendes de Almeida 's Atlas of

5246-433: The north and east. The biome contains blackwater and whitewater flooded forest, lowland and montane terra firma forest , bamboo and palm forest, savanna, sandy heath and alpine tundra. Some areas of the biome are threatened by deforestation for timber and to make way for pasture or soybean plantations. The Amazon biome has an area of 6,700,000 square kilometres (2,600,000 sq mi). The biome roughly corresponds to

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5332-413: The northeast. The growing impoverishment of that region stimulated migratory waves to the states of Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais , and São Paulo . The movement of population became particularly active during the prolonged drought of the northeastern interior , from 1877 to 1880. Hundreds of Ceará indigenous people headed for the rubber plantations in search of work. The Cearense migration reached

5418-416: The northwest, is the principal form of transportation, especially between November and June. Heavy seasonal rains frequently make the BR-364 impassable in those months; it usually connects Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul. The name, which was given to the territory in 1904, and to the state in 1962, is derived from one of the local rivers, perhaps originates from the Tupi word a'kir ü "green river", or from

5504-410: The plants flower every 27–28 years, producing huge numbers of seeds, before dying. The Chandless State Park is in the centre of the bamboo forest region of the south western Amazon biome, and has three endemic species of the Guadua genus of bamboo. Vegetation is classified as forest with palms, forest with bamboo, alluvial forest with bamboo and dense forest. Before Ghillean Prance 's 1979 study,

5590-444: The population rose from around one thousand to four thousand inhabitants. The Brazilian imperial government, already sensitive to the resulting offerings of rubber , considered the entire valley of the Purús to be Brazilian. In the second half of the 19th century, disturbances were registered in the demographic and geo-economic balance of the empire. The coffee boom in the south attracted financial resources and workers, to detriment of

5676-414: The president Nilo Pecanha , in order to solve the border problems between Peru and Brazil. Acre was united in 1920. On June 15, 1962, it was elevated to the category of state, and was the first to be governed by a woman, Iolanda Fleming , a teacher. During the early twentieth century, rubber seedlings were taken to Southeast Asia, where competitive plantations were established, reducing the importance of

5762-472: The previous five years, and more than half said they did not have tools to monitor social and environmental development. The " Arc of Deforestation " is in the eastern and southern borders of the biome. As of 2006 about 16% of the Amazon biome in Brazil had been deforested. Satellite images show that in the 2006–11 period total deforestation in the Amazon biome was 45,100 square kilometres (17,400 sq mi), of which 34,700 hectares (86,000 acres) were in

5848-516: The properties produced 78.09% of the crop in the cerrado biome, while 37.45% produced 21.91% of the crop in the Amazon biome. In 2000 the Brazilian government banned creation of sugarcane plantations in the Amazon biome. In 2010 a presidential decree made low-interest credit available to oil palm development, but only on land that had been deforested before 2008. This may prove an environmentally sustainable economic solution. Acre (state) Acre ( Portuguese: [ˈakɾi] )

5934-429: The region belonged to Bolivia. By 1877, Acre's population was composed almost entirely of Brazilians coming from the Northeast . In 1899, Brazilian settlers from Acre created an independent state in the region called the Republic of Acre . Bolivians tried to gain control of the area, but Brazilians revolted and there were border confrontations. This resulted in what was known as the Acre War . On November 17, 1903, with

6020-416: The region, suffered in 1900 from the assault of the so-called Floriano Peixoto expedition, or "expedition of the poets". It was made up of intellectual bohemians from Manaus. Following brief fighting in the area surrounding Puerto Alonso, the expedition was completely scattered. Ultimately, the Bolivian government signed a contract with the Bolivian Syndicate (July 1901). The Brazilian congress, shocked by

6106-458: The role of Brazil's Minister of External Relations , immediately opened channels which were meant to have put an end to the question. The simplest problem, with the Bolivian Syndicate , was resolved by Brazil paying one hundred and ten thousand pounds to renounce the contract (February 1903). Next, commercial relations were reestablished with Bolivia, while a part of the territory on the upper Purús and Juruá, militarily occupied in March 1903,

6192-528: The signing over and sale in the Treaty of Petrópolis , Brazil received final possession of the region. Acre was integrated into Brazil as a territory divided into three departments. The territory was acquired by Brazil for two million pounds sterling. The land was taken from Mato Grosso in accordance with terms for the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré railway. Once the Acre War was over, Peru did not recognize

6278-457: The south and west. Its capital and largest city is Rio Branco . Other important places include Cruzeiro do Sul , Sena Madureira , Tarauacá and Feijó . The state, which has 0.42% of the Brazilian population, generates 0.2% of the Brazilian GDP . Intense extractive activity in the rubber industry, which reached its height in the early 20th century, attracted Brazilians from many regions to

6364-524: The southeast border, with marked dry seasons when there are frequent fires. The Amazon biome contains areas of other types of vegetation including grasslands, swamps, bamboos, and palm forests. There are 53 major ecosystems and more than 600 types of land and freshwater habitat . Of the ecosystems, 34 are forest areas covering 78% of the biome, 6 are Andean covering 1.5%, 5 are floodplains covering 5.83%, 5 are savanna covering 12.75% and two are tropical steppes covering 1.89%. The Brazilian Amazon holds 30 of

6450-619: The southern parts of Amazonas and Para. The Amazon basin is crossed by ridges or "paleoarches" that connect the Guiana and Central Brazil shields and divide it into geological sub-basins. They are the Iquitos or Jutai Arch in Peru and Acre , the Carauari Arch across the Rio Negro and Solimões , the Purus Arch to the west of Manaus , the Monte Alegre Arch to the west of the Tapajós and

6536-521: The sovereignty of Bolivia in the zone, when it officially recognized the old boundaries at the confluence of the Beni and Mamoré rivers. Distant from the diplomatic process, the rubber workers judged their interests to have been cheated, and initiated insurrection movements. Some of this was in response to brutal treatment and abuse by forces managed by the major rubber companies. In the same year that Bolivia established administration in Puerto Alonso (1899), two serious uprisings occurred. In April,

6622-597: The soybean farms in the Amazonia Legal mostly occupy cerrado areas, not the Amazon biome. A statement by Cargill in 2006 said, "Soy occupies less than 0.6 percent of the land in the Amazon biome today, and most of that soy is grown on the fringes of the Amazon biome in the transitional area between the Cerrado and the forest. A 2010 assessment of soybean farmers associated with the Grupo André Maggi found that 62.55% of

6708-574: The state territory. Very rich in rubber trees of the most valuable species ( Hevea brasiliensis ) and Brazil nut trees ( Bertholletia excelsa ), the forest guarantees that Acre is the greatest national producer of rubber and nuts . Acre's principal rivers, mostly navigable during the wet season (the Juruá , Tarauacá , Envira , Purús , Iaco , and Acre ), cross the state with almost parallel courses which converge only outside of its territory. The largest recorded Black Caiman , measured at 7.7 meters (25 feet) and weighing 1,310 kg (2,890 lb),

6794-435: The state. From the mixture of sulista , southeastern Brazil , nordestino , and indigenous traditions arose a diverse cuisine. It combines sun-dried meat ( carne-de-sol ) with pirarucu , a typical fish of the region. Such dishes are seasoned with tucupi , a sauce made from manioc . Fluvial transport , concentrated on the Juruá and Moa rivers, in the western part of the state, and the Tarauacá and Envira rivers in

6880-568: The three soy-producing states of Mato Grosso, Para and Rondonia. A 2009 survey showed that of 620 recently deforested areas 203, or 32%, had been converted to pasture while 12, or less than 1%, were being used for soybeans. The biome is not the same as the Amazônia Legal , which covers a larger area of Brazil. The Amazon biome covers about 82% of the Legal Amazon if cerrado and campinarana are excluded. Defenders of soybean farming point out that

6966-582: The village of Xapuri in Alto Acre (August 1902), and took Bolivian officials into custody. Finally, Plácido de Castro's forces besieged Puerto Alonso, proclaiming the Independent State of Acre, after the capitulation of Bolivian troops (February 1903). José Plácido de Castro was proclaimed governor of the new Independent State of Acre , and he had to discuss the question of borders in the diplomatic sphere. The Baron of Rio Branco , who had just assumed

7052-507: The whitewater rivers of the region since it is in the Amazon River floodplain, and receives water from the Amazon. The Amazon and its major tributaries such as the Xingu , Tapajós , Madeira , Purus and Rio Negro form barriers to the geodispersal of plants, animals and even insects. Thus the white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons ) and hairy saki ( Pithecia hirsuta ) are found west of

7138-438: Was a territory of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839), until the two countries separated and most of the region returned to Bolivian control. The discovery of rubber tree groves in the region in the mid-19th century attracted numerous immigrants, especially from Brazil and Europe, seeking to build on the rubber boom. Despite the increased numbers of Brazilians, the Treaty of Ayacucho (1867) determined that

7224-465: Was declared litigious. Bolivia finally agreed to cede to Brazil an area of 142,800 km (55,100 sq mi), in exchange for two million pounds sterling , paid in two installments. Brazil committed to the construction of a Madeira-Mamoré Railway , connecting Porto Velho to Guajará-Mirim, at the confluence of the Beni and Madeira rivers. These actions were ratified in the Treaty of Petrópolis (November 17, 1903), through which Brazil acquired

7310-503: Was geographically close to that of the Inca . In the mid-18th century, the region was colonized by the Spanish and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian and Bolivian wars of independence, which ended in 1826, the region and large portions around it became part of both Peru and Bolivia respectively, but independent of Spain and both states disputed the territory. It

7396-409: Was shot in Acre in 1965. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in

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