73-563: Alfred Salter (16 June 1873 – 24 August 1945) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician. Salter was born in Greenwich in 1873, the son of Walter Hookway Salter and Elizabeth Tester. Following education at The John Roan School , Greenwich, he went on to study medicine at Guy's Hospital , London . He qualified in 1896 and in the following year was awarded the Golding-Bird gold medal and scholarship in public health , and
146-495: A Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP), and although Salter had succeeded him on the county council, he had since become aligned with the Independent Labour Party (ILP). On 8 October, Alfred Salter was officially announced as the party's candidate at the by-election . The poll was held on 28 October, and Salter received 1,435 votes, finishing third of the three candidates. Crucially, his intervention probably led to
219-471: A "College of Physicians and Surgeons". All American states have an agency that is usually called the "Medical Board", although there are alternate names such as "Board of Medicine", "Board of Medical Examiners", "Board of Medical Licensure", "Board of Healing Arts" or some other variation. After graduating from a first-professional school, physicians who wish to practice in the US usually take standardized exams, such as
292-496: A DPM degree. After residency, one to two years of fellowship programs are available in plastic surgery, foot and ankle reconstructive surgery, sports medicine, and wound care. Podiatry residencies and/ or fellowships are not accredited by the ACGME . The overall scope of podiatric practice varies from state to state and is not similar to that of physicians holding an MD or DO degree. DPM is also available at one Canadian university, namely
365-451: A basic medical qualification, and up to another nine years to become a specialist. In most jurisdictions, physicians (in either sense of the word) need government permission to practice. Such permission is intended to promote public safety, and often to protect government spending, as medical care is commonly subsidized by national governments. In some jurisdictions such as in Singapore , it
438-714: A beneficial effect on their health and lifestyle. According to a study of male physicians in the United States, life expectancy is slightly higher for physicians (73 years for white and 69 years for black) than lawyers or many other highly educated professionals. Causes of death which are less likely to occur in physicians than the general population include respiratory disease (including pneumonia , pneumoconioses , COPD , but excluding emphysema and other chronic airway obstruction ), alcohol-related deaths, rectosigmoid and anal cancers , and bacterial diseases. Physicians do experience exposure to occupational hazards , and there
511-457: A daughter was born, Ada Joyce Salter. Joyce died in 1910 after a scarlet fever epidemic swept through the slums. She was their only child. In the year of his marriage he established his medical practice in Bermondsey, and the couple worked together in trying to alleviate the effects of poverty in the largely working class area. He chose to offer services free to those who could not pay. This work
584-542: A feeling of decreased personal achievement, and others. A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality reported that time pressure was the greatest cause of burnout; a survey from the American Medical Association reported that more than half of all respondents chose "too many bureaucratic tasks" as the leading cause of burnout. Medical education and career pathways for doctors vary considerably across
657-518: A friend of its President Somerville Hastings , with whom he made a trip to the Soviet Union in 1931. Salter and his friend, George Lansbury, attributed the rise of Hitler to the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed crushing reparations on Germany, and to the existence of the colonial empires. In 1936 he advocated the calling of a world economic conference and the creation of a new League of Nations to which
730-504: A majority of 2,325. He was helped to victory by there being three opposing candidates, with the Anti-Labour vote split between Liberal, National Liberal and Independent Unionist opponents. His wife, as mayor of the borough, was the returning officer who declared him elected. A further general election was held in 1923, and Salter lost the seat in a straight fight to the Rev. Roderick Kedward ,
803-552: A march in the borough. (See the 1936 Battle of Cable Street for context.) He accused the trades council of being "Communist in sympathy and Fascist in methods". It was his contribution on health, however, which has caused his name to be remembered. Though not an elected councillor, he was an Alderman and the leader of the Bermondsey ILP in the 1920s and inspired radical innovations in the local health service, including campaigns for preventative medicine using films and advertising, and
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#1732858583207876-418: A physician, in the broad sense). In Commonwealth countries, specialist pediatricians and geriatricians are also described as specialist physicians who have sub-specialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Around the world, the combined term "physician and surgeon" is used to describe either a general practitioner or any medical practitioner irrespective of specialty. This usage still shows
949-613: A professor of internal medicine . Hence, in the 16th century, physic meant roughly what internal medicine does now. Currently, a specialist physician in the United States may be described as an internist . Another term, hospitalist , was introduced in 1996, to describe US specialists in internal medicine who work largely or exclusively in hospitals. Such 'hospitalists' now make up about 19% of all US general internists , who are often called general physicians in Commonwealth countries. This original use, as distinct from surgeon,
1022-455: A significant cultural content, including conventional western medicine. Ayurveda , Unani medicine , and homeopathy are popular types of alternative medicine. Some commentators have argued that physicians have duties to serve as role models for the general public in matters of health, for example by not smoking cigarettes. Indeed, in most western nations relatively few physicians smoke, and their professional knowledge does appear to have
1095-524: A specialist in surgery ). This meaning of physician conveys a sense of expertise in treatment by drugs or medications, rather than by the procedures of surgeons . This term is at least nine hundred years old in English: physicians and surgeons were once members of separate professions, and traditionally were rivals. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , third edition, gives a Middle English quotation making this contrast, from as early as 1400: "O Lord, whi
1168-482: A three- or four-year degree, often in science) are usually four or five years in length. Hence, gaining a basic medical degree may typically take from five to eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university. Following the completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted, typically one or two years. This may be referred to as an " internship ", as
1241-536: A traffic board to co-ordinate transport in the capital, abandonment of the Progressive Party's plan to supply electricity in favour of provision by private enterprise and an education policy favouring denominational schools. The election was held on 2 March 1907, and the party's campaign was highly successful, with Municipal Reformers taking power from the Progressives. The party was to hold power until 1934 when
1314-514: A variety of care and are therefore also referred to as general practitioners . Family medicine grew out of the general practitioner movement of the 1960s in response to the growing specialization in medicine that was seen as threatening to the doctor-patient relationship and continuity of care. In the United States, the American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA) defines podiatrists as physicians and surgeons who treat
1387-473: A word to say against him, but his views are of a very extreme kind. His attitude during the war was that of a pacifist, though he would not, it is said, admit the accuracy of this popular term." The new constituency was won by the Liberal candidate Harold Glanville , who had been the sitting MP for Bermondsey. In 1919 municipal elections resumed. In March both Alfred and his wife Ada were Labour Party candidates in
1460-401: Is evidence-based medicine . Within conventional medicine, most physicians still pay heed to their ancient traditions: The critical sense and sceptical attitude of the citation of medicine from the shackles of priestcraft and of caste; secondly , the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of the science of man and of nature; thirdly ,
1533-467: Is a well-known aphorism that "doctors make the worst patients". Causes of death that are shown to be higher in the physician population include suicide among doctors and self-inflicted injury , drug-related causes, traffic accidents, and cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart disease. Physicians are also prone to occupational burnout . This manifests as a long-term stress reaction characterized by poorer quality of care towards patients, emotional exhaustion,
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#17328585832071606-469: Is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training, or even before. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (un-streamed) training for one or more years before commencing specialization. Hence, depending on the jurisdiction, a specialist physician (internist) often does not achieve recognition as a specialist until twelve or more years after commencing basic medical training—five to eight years at university to obtain
1679-531: Is common for physicians to inflate their qualifications with the title "Dr" in correspondence or namecards, even if their qualifications are limited to a basic (e.g., bachelor level) degree. In other countries such as Germany , only physicians holding an academic doctorate may call themselves doctor – on the other hand, the European Research Council has decided that the German medical doctorate does not meet
1752-546: Is common in most of the world including the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries (such as Australia , Bangladesh , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , South Africa , Sri Lanka , and Zimbabwe ), as well as in places as diverse as Brazil , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Japan , Ireland , and Taiwan . In such places, the more general English terms doctor or medical practitioner are prevalent, describing any practitioner of medicine (whom an American would likely call
1825-809: Is it so greet difference betwixe a cirugian and a physician." Henry VIII granted a charter to the London Royal College of Physicians in 1518. It was not until 1540 that he granted the Company of Barber-Surgeons (ancestor of the Royal College of Surgeons ) its separate charter. In the same year, the English monarch established the Regius Professorship of Physic at the University of Cambridge . Newer universities would probably describe such an academic as
1898-457: Is often termed biomedicine by medical anthropologists . Biomedicine "formulates the human body and disease in a culturally distinctive pattern", and is a world view learnt by medical students. Within this tradition, the medical model is a term for the complete "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained", including mental attitudes. A particularly clear expression of this world view, currently dominant among conventional physicians,
1971-455: Is partly from their extensive training requirements, and also because of their occupation's special ethical and legal duties. The term traditionally used by physicians to describe a person seeking their help is the word patient (although one who visits a physician for a routine check-up may also be so described). This word patient is an ancient reminder of medical duty, as it originally meant 'one who suffers'. The English noun comes from
2044-499: Is the result of history and is often confusing. These meanings and variations are explained below. In the United States and Canada, the term physician describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The American Medical Association , established in 1847, as well as the American Osteopathic Association , founded in 1897, both currently use the term physician to describe members. However,
2117-511: The Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières ; students are typically required to complete an internship in New York prior to obtaining their professional degree. The World Directory of Medical Schools does not list US or Canadian schools of podiatric medicine as medical schools and only lists US-granted MD, DO, and Canadian MD programs as medical schools for the respective regions. Many countries in
2190-536: The American College of Physicians or the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom, and such hard-won membership is itself a mark of status. While contemporary biomedicine has distanced itself from its ancient roots in religion and magic, many forms of traditional medicine and alternative medicine continue to espouse vitalism in various guises: "As long as life had its own secret properties, it
2263-492: The American College of Physicians , established in 1915, does not: its title uses physician in its original sense. The vast majority of physicians trained in the United States have a Doctor of Medicine degree, and use the initials M.D. A smaller number attend osteopathic medical schools and have a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree and use the initials D.O. The World Directory of Medical Schools lists both MD and DO granting schools as medical schools located in
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2336-753: The Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Medical practitioner A physician , medical practitioner ( British English ), medical doctor , or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine , which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , prognosis and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities —or they may assume responsibility for
2409-517: The Latin word patiens , the present participle of the deponent verb , patior , meaning 'I am suffering', and akin to the Greek verb πάσχειν ( romanized : paschein , lit. to suffer) and its cognate noun πάθος ( pathos , suffering). Physicians in the original, narrow sense (specialist physicians or internists, see above) are commonly members or fellows of professional organizations, such as
2482-730: The USMLE for a Doctor in Medicine. Most countries have some method of officially recognizing specialist qualifications in all branches of medicine, including internal medicine. Sometimes, this aims to promote public safety by restricting the use of hazardous treatments. Other reasons for regulating specialists may include standardization of recognition for hospital employment and restriction on which practitioners are entitled to receive higher insurance payments for specialist services. The issue of medical errors , drug abuse, and other issues in physician professional behavior received significant attention across
2555-548: The "foundation" years in the UK, or as "conditional registration". Some jurisdictions, including the United States, require residencies for practice. Medical practitioners hold a medical degree specific to the university from which they graduated. This degree qualifies the medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for an internship or conditional registration. Specialty training
2628-684: The Blitz because of its docks, he opposed the strategic bombing of civilian areas in Germany by the Royal Air Force Bomber Command on moral grounds, one of the few Parliamentarians to do so, along with fellow Labour MP Richard Stokes and Bishop George Bell in the House of Lords , Salter was a strong supporter of the Temperance Movement , i.e. abstaining from alcohol, at a time when drink
2701-701: The Gull research scholarship in pathology . He was made house physician and resident obstetric physician at Guy's and was appointed as bacteriologist to what later became the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine . In 1898 he became a resident at the Methodist Settlement in Bermondsey , an area of south-east London alongside the River Thames , then an area of "poverty that is stark and staring" and some of
2774-527: The Liberal candidate, in spite of increasing his vote to 8,298. Political instability led to another election in October 1924 . Salter was able to overturn the result of the previous year, increasing his vote to 11,578 and unseating Kedward with a majority of 2,902. He was re-elected in the general elections of 1929, 1931, and 1935, but stood down at the 1945 election , when he was in very poor health, and died soon afterwards, aged 72. According to Fenner Brockway ,
2847-497: The London County Council elections, standing in the neighbouring electoral divisions of Bermondsey West and Rotherhithe . Neither was elected. In November Ada was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council. She held the seat in 1922, and in the same year was elected as the first female mayor of the borough. In the 1922 general election he was again nominated as Labour candidate for Bermondsey West. Salter secured 7,550 votes,
2920-544: The Order of Physicians to practice medicine. In some countries, including the United Kingdom and Ireland, the profession largely regulates itself, with the government affirming the regulating body's authority. The best-known example of this is probably the General Medical Council of Britain. In all countries, the regulating authorities will revoke permission to practice in cases of malpractice or serious misconduct. In
2993-502: The US state-level depend upon continuing education to maintain competence. Through the utilization of the National Practitioner Data Bank , Federation of State Medical Boards ' disciplinary report, and American Medical Association Physician Profile Service, the 67 State Medical Boards continually self-report any adverse/disciplinary actions taken against a licensed physician in order that the other Medical Boards in which
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3066-595: The United States. After completion of medical school , physicians complete a residency in the specialty in which they will practice. Subspecialties require the completion of a fellowship after residency. Both MD and DO physicians participate in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) and attend ACGME -accredited residencies and fellowships across all medical specialties to obtain licensure. All boards of certification now require that physicians demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of
3139-536: The anti-war activist, Salter in his youth was known as the " Settlement firebrand – militant Republican , militant Socialist , militant Agnostic , militant Teetotaller , militant Pacifist ." Alfred Salter was a committed Christian and pacifist, a Quaker from 1900 onwards, and later an active member of the Peace Pledge Union . He was one of the founders of the Socialist Medical Association and
3212-479: The art or craft of the profession. Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world. Degrees and other qualifications vary widely, but there are some common elements, such as medical ethics requiring that physicians show consideration, compassion, and benevolence for their patients . Around the world, the term physician refers to a specialist in internal medicine or one of its many sub-specialties (especially as opposed to
3285-536: The core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years. Primary care physicians guide patients in preventing disease and detecting health problems early while they are still treatable. They are divided into two types: family medicine doctors and internal medicine doctors. Family doctors, or family physicians, are trained to care for patients of any age, while internists are trained to care for adults. Family doctors receive training in
3358-517: The developing world have the problem of too few physicians. In 2015, the Association of American Medical Colleges warned that the US will face a doctor shortage of as many as 90,000 by 2025. Within Western culture and over recent centuries, medicine has become increasingly based on scientific reductionism and materialism . This style of medicine is now dominant throughout the industrialized world, and
3431-545: The existing system of London Government." The Society campaigned on behalf of Municipal Reform candidates, who it was hoped would reduce municipal debt and "overcome the increasing advance of Socialism under Progressive auspices". The first elections for which the Municipal Reform Party stood were those to Metropolitan Borough councils, on 1 November 1906. The campaign was very successful, with Municipal Reformers winning control of twenty-two of twenty-eight councils. Of
3504-503: The foot, ankle, and associated structures of the leg. Podiatrists undergo training with the Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree. The American Medical Association (AMA), however, advocates for the definition of a physician as "an individual possessing degree of either a Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ." In the US, podiatrists are required to complete three to four years of podiatry residency upon graduating with
3577-561: The founding in 1936 of one of Britain's first multi-purpose health centres. Taken together with his practice of free treatment for the poorest, he is credited with creating, locally, an 'NHS before the NHS'. in 1990 a plaque to mark Dr Salter's birthplace was unveiled in Greenwich. The Alfred Salter Primary School was opened in 1995 to meet the growing demand for school places in Rotherhithe , due to
3650-576: The hands of a resurgent Labour Party. Labour and Municipal Reform each had control of 11 boroughs after the election, although Municipal Reformers were able to have a share of power in the remaining boroughs by forming anti-Labour alliances with the remnants of the Progressive organisation. This anti-Labour strategy led to them returning to power in a number of boroughs at the next election in 1922 and by 1931 they controlled 18 boroughs, with six others controlled by allied parties or coalitions. From that point on
3723-597: The high moral ideals, expressed in that most "memorable of human documents" (Gomperz), the Hippocratic oath ; and fourthly , the conception and realization of medicine as the profession of a cultivated gentleman. In this Western tradition, physicians are considered to be members of a learned profession , and enjoy high social status , often combined with expectations of a high and stable income and job security . However, medical practitioners often work long and inflexible hours, with shifts at unsociable times. Their high status
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#17328585832073796-808: The international standards of a PhD research degree. Among the English-speaking countries, this process is known either as licensure as in the United States, or as registration in the United Kingdom , other Commonwealth countries, and Ireland . Synonyms in use elsewhere include colegiación in Spain , ishi menkyo in Japan , autorisasjon in Norway , Approbation in Germany , and άδεια εργασίας in Greece. In France , Italy and Portugal , civilian physicians must be members of
3869-550: The large English-speaking federations ( United States , Canada , Australia ), the licensing or registration of medical practitioners is done at a state or provincial level, or nationally as in New Zealand. Australian states usually have a "Medical Board", which has now been replaced by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) in most states, while Canadian provinces usually have
3942-577: The local board of guardians . In March 1906 he was elected to fill a vacancy on the London County Council , representing the seat of Southwark, Bermondsey as a member of the Progressive Party following the election of the sitting councillor, George Cooper , as the area's Member of Parliament . He was re-elected to the LCC in 1907. In October 1909 George Cooper MP died. Cooper had been elected as
4015-592: The loss of the seat by the Liberals, with the Conservative candidate John Dumphreys securing a majority of 987 votes. In March 1910 the triennial election of the London County Council was held. Salter was chosen to defend the Bermondsey seat as a Labour candidate against both the Progressives and the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party . He was heavily defeated, coming at the bottom of
4088-753: The most appalling slums in London. In the 19th century Bermondsey specialised in leather but in the 20th century the major sources of employment were the food factories, employing mostly women, and the docks, employing men. Most of the men working in the docks were employed on a contingent daily basis ; the casual nature of this work made it difficult to make a decent living . While at the Settlement , which had been established by Rev. John Scott Lidgett , Salter set up mutual health insurance schemes and adult education classes on health matters. In 1900 he married Ada Brown , who shared his political and social views, and in 1902
4161-466: The original meaning of physician and preserves the old difference between a physician, as a practitioner of physic , and a surgeon. The term may be used by state medical boards in the United States, and by equivalent bodies in Canadian provinces, to describe any medical practitioner. In modern English, the term physician is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This
4234-540: The party's vote and share of seats declined at each election. The last election contested by the Municipal Reform Party was in 1945, when they held six boroughs. At the following election in 1949, official Conservative Party candidates stood for the first time. Following their success in the 1906 borough elections, the Municipal Reform Party published a manifesto for the 1907 London County Council election . The party's policies included: tight controls on financial expenditure, proper auditing of municipal accounts, creation of
4307-402: The physician holds or is applying for a medical license will be properly notified so that corrective, reciprocal action can be taken against the offending physician. In Europe, as of 2009 the health systems are governed according to various national laws, and can also vary according to regional differences similar to the United States. Municipal Reform Party The Municipal Reform Party
4380-621: The poll of five candidates. He contested the same seat in 1913, but was again unsuccessful. All elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War . When a general election was called in December 1918, the parliamentary constituencies were revised under the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Salter was selected as Labour Party candidate for the new Bermondsey West seat, and
4453-566: The possessions of the British Empire could be transferred. Salter believed appeasement could avert war with Germany, stating in November 1938 that "the average German will withdraw his backing from Hitler if we show willingness to be just". The failure of appeasement and outbreak of World War II left Salter deeply depressed. Noting that his constituency was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during
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#17328585832074526-400: The provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines , such as anatomy and physiology , underlying diseases , and their treatment, which is the science of medicine, and a decent competence in its applied practice, which is
4599-494: The redevelopment of the old Surrey Docks . The Alfred Salter Bridge is a footbridge leading off Watermans Lane, between Stave Hill and Redriff Road, near Greenland Dock as part of the Russia Dock Woodland . In 2002 a plaque to Alfred Salter, also mentioning Ada, was unveiled at Bermondsey tube station . In 1991 a statue ensemble of Alfred and his daughter, Joyce, entitled Dr Salter's Daydream, sculpted by Diane Gorvin,
4672-460: The remaining six councils, three had majorities of Municipal Reform-backed ratepayers or independents. Progressives held only three of twelve boroughs they previously controlled, while the Labour party lost its only borough, Woolwich , to the new party. 1906 was to prove a high point for Municipal Reform in the boroughs. They lost some ground in 1909 and 1912, but in 1919 they suffered major reverses at
4745-470: The world, in particular following a critical 2000 report which "arguably launched" the patient-safety movement. In the US, as of 2006 there were few organizations that systematically monitored performance. In the US, only the Department of Veterans Affairs randomly drug tests physicians, in contrast to drug testing practices for other professions that have a major impact on public welfare. Licensing boards at
4818-439: The world. In all developed countries, entry-level medical education programs are tertiary -level courses , undertaken at a medical school attached to a university . Depending on jurisdiction and university, entry may follow directly from secondary school or require pre-requisite undergraduate education . The former commonly takes five or six years to complete. Programs that require previous undergraduate education (typically
4891-547: Was a local party allied to the parliamentary Conservative Party in the County of London . The party contested elections to both the London County Council and metropolitan borough councils of the county from 1906 to 1945. The party was formed in 1906 in order to overturn Progressive and Labour control of much of London municipal government. Before 1906 the Conservatives stood as Moderates. A central Municipal Reform Committee
4964-541: Was a major problem for working class women dependent on their husband's wages. He also caused controversy when he spoke out against widespread drunkenness in the House of Commons . As a pacifist and a supporter of free speech, he resigned from the Bermondsey Borough Labour Party and the local trades council when they organised a counter-demonstration to prevent the British Union of Fascists from holding
5037-424: Was described in the following terms by The Times : "Dr Salter, the Labour candidate, is one of the highly educated idealists who are to be found in the ranks of that party. After a brilliant academic career, he decided to devote himself to work among the poor in Bermondsey, and there he has laboured for many years both as a doctor professionally and as a member of local administrative bodies. Personally, nobody has
5110-412: Was formed in September 1906, and the new organisation absorbed the Moderate Party, who formed the opposition to the Progressives on the county council, as well as groups on the borough councils that opposed what they termed the "Progressive-Socialist Party". The new party was actively supported by the London Municipal Society whose aim was "maintaining and promoting the effective and economical working of
5183-757: Was possible to have sciences and medicines based on those properties". The US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) classifies complementary and alternative medicine therapies into five categories or domains, including: alternative medical systems, or complete systems of therapy and practice; mind-body interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate the mind's effect on bodily functions and symptoms; biologically based systems including herbalism ; and manipulative and body-based methods such as chiropractic and massage therapy. In considering these alternate traditions that differ from biomedicine (see above), medical anthropologists emphasize that all ways of thinking about health and disease have
5256-405: Was to lead the establishment of a pioneering comprehensive health service in the area. (See the background to the formation of the NHS .) Salter decided that by entering politics he could effect changes to the squalid environment in Bermondsey far more quickly and profoundly than he could outside the political arena. He was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1903, and was also a member of
5329-482: Was unveiled on the river-front. The statue of Alfred was stolen, presumably for the value of its bronze , in November 2011. The Salter Statues Campaign group raised £60,000, which Southwark Council matched, to pay for replacement statues, including Ada this time, and these were unveiled on 30 November 2014. A Salter Memorial Lecture is promoted by the Quaker Socialist Society each year as a fringe event at
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