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92-509: As of 2008, the ACSO has approximately 1500 positions, over 600 of which are sworn peace officers. The Alameda County Sheriff's Office is charged with: The Sheriff-Coroner is an elected position currently filled by Yesenia Sanchez . The previous sheriff, Gregory J. Ahern , served from 2007 to 2023. The Alameda County Sheriff's Office operates one jail. Santa Rita Jail , located in Dublin, California ,

184-484: A "depoliticization". Canadian legal expert Michael Spratt wrote, "...   there's no question that Canadian police sometimes look more like post-apocalyptic military mercenaries than protectors of the peace. Our police services have been acquiring more and more military toys—a dangerous trend that's gotten little in the way of critical analysis in the mainstream media." Growing numbers of Canadian police agencies have acquired armored vehicles in recent years. In 2010

276-574: A $ 5.5 million settlement payment, $ 1M of which was paid by Alameda county, the rest by an insurer. The criminal case is on hold due to the coronavirus pandemic. On June 13, 2019, at the Oracle Arena in Oakland, California , there was a 20-second incident between Alameda County Sheriff deputy Alan Strickland and the president of the winning Canadian team, the Toronto Raptors , Masai Ujiri , seconds after

368-488: A 2017 study showed that police forces which received military equipment were more likely to have violent encounters with the public, regardless of local crime rates. A 2018 study found that militarized police units in the United States were more frequently deployed to communities with large shares of African-Americans, even after controlling for local crime rates. Many countries also have at least one gendarmerie , which

460-507: A business or residence and entering without judicial oversight. Critics such as the ACLU strongly criticized the law for violating the Fourth Amendment. On May 18, 2015, President Barack Obama announced limits on the types of military equipment which can be transferred to police departments through the 1033 program and limits on the implementation of military training programs. Afterward,

552-477: A court of law, or otherwise qualified magistrate , to lawfully search and seize evidence while investigating criminal activity. The requirements changed after the September 11 attacks , with the 2001 Patriot Act which gave law enforcement officers permission to search a home or business without the owner's or the occupant's consent or knowledge, amongst other provisions, if terrorist activities were suspected. The Act

644-452: A disturbance situation   ... Because you don't like the optics (of militarization), you can't send police officers out to be hurt or killed." In July 2016, the Obama administration announced that it would revisit the 2015 ban on some types of military equipment for police forces, and begin a process of case-by-case review. On August 28, 2017, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced

736-469: A historical separation of police models between small towns and larger cities, which tended to function differently with separate hierarchical systems supporting each. The militarization of both rural and urban law enforcement has been attributed to the United States' involvement in wars during the 20th century, and to increasingly frequent encounters with violent protesters and criminals with automatic weapons, explosives, and body armor, although some attribute

828-464: A lack of knowledge over how to deal with local protests—concerns startlingly similar to those now coming out of Ferguson, Missouri". French police since the Charlie Hebdo shootings started to issue heavier guns to police instead of the standard SIG Sauer SP 2022 pistol issued per default. Before this heavier guns were only given to elite units but some units are now getting heavier weaponry such as

920-552: A military ideology, and practices that frequently resemble occupying forces conquering enemy territories". The units that responded to the protests were Shock Police, units specialized in riot control . The Military Police is an ancillary and reserve force of the Army, under the General Inspectorate of Military Police, being that a part of Land Operations Command. But, in time of peace, the state governor act as commander-in-chief of

1012-473: A more aggressive style of law enforcement . Criminal justice professor Peter Kraska has defined militarization of police as "the process whereby civilian police increasingly draw from, and pattern themselves around, the tenets of militarism and the military model". Observers have noted the militarizing of the policing of protests. Since the 1970s, riot police have fired at protesters using guns with rubber bullets or plastic bullets . Tear gas , which

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1104-669: A police academy and training exercises for the greater law enforcement community in the Bay Area. The Alameda County Sheriff's Office holds an academy for other agencies too like the Stockton Police Department, Hayward Police Department , San Leandro Police Department , the Alameda Police Department etc... Developed by former Alameda County Assistant Sheriff James Baker, Urban Shield was a weapons expo and first response training exercise that began in 2007. The goals of

1196-610: A private meeting on October 21, 2019, with Ujiri, his attorneys and Assistant District Attorney Terry Wiley, which was held at the Sheriff's Department, Assistant District Attorney Teresa Drenick announced that the District Attorney's office would not take further action in connection with the incident. Deputy Alan Strickland's body camera footage was released in August 2020. The footage showed Ujiri reaching for his game credentials, but neither

1288-610: A raid in Varginha in October 2021. The second one, a joint incursion with BOPE in the Vila Cruzeiro favela of Rio de Janeiro , left 23 dead, including a civilian bystander. Minister of Justice Flávio Dino of the Lula administration that followed sought to restructure the organization, mentioning the 2022 election controversy and claiming that it had "deviated" from its main role, requiring

1380-479: A reform platform to add more resources for inmates, increase transparency of the office, and train deputies to better approach crises. Sanchez criticized the incumbent, Greg Ahern , over multiple lawsuits at Santa Rita Jail concerning the treatment of mentally ill inmates. Sanchez defeated Ahern 52.8%-31.2% percent in the June 2022 primary election, securing a victory and avoiding a November runoff election. Sanchez will be

1472-509: A result, "...   calls for de-militarization of the police—from social movements, non-governmental organizations, and even segments of the police itself—became widespread and remain one of the legacies of the World Cup". The Brazilian "...   Military Police today, while not officially a wing of the Armed Forces, remains an institution with a strict military hierarchy, training that retains

1564-417: A sheriff's deputy, that the deputy had made contact in response, and that Ujiri shoved the deputy back and made contact with his face. Several bystanders and Oracle Arena security personnel intervened to separate the two. After a tense staredown between the men, Ujiri was restrained from approaching the deputy. Raptors player Kyle Lowry then came over to Ujiri and escorted him onto the court to celebrate with

1656-724: A sound cannon, or Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD)—a weapon that was developed for use in conflicts in the Middle East, as well as barricades, pre-emptive arrests and riot units. According to Kevin Walby, an assistant professor of criminal justice at the University of Winnipeg , "the more interesting aspect of the militarization of the police is actually on the strategy side"; police are "increasingly training with military-style tacticians, especially when it comes to situations like crowd control and, increasingly, surveillance ". On June 3, 2015, it

1748-814: Is "currently banned by the German constitution". The 250 person BFE+ will be added to the existing GSG-9 unit. Behr states that the BFE+ will be able to "launch large-scale manhunts", using an "end of the policing spectrum" which "borders on war-like or military action". The Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) is an Indonesian militarized police force (Paramilitary) which are often deployed for Riot control, SWAT operations, anti-terror, domestic guerrilla warfare, domestic civil hostage rescue, search and rescue, and armed conflict management especially in areas with domestic conflict, such as in Papua and Poso . It usually conducts joint operations with

1840-551: Is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. France classifies some weapons as "intermediary force weapons" such as its LBD 40 refitted version of the Swiss B&;T GL06 military grenade launcher, which is used in riot police situations or against individual persons in more specific interventions. While not having the full power of military guns, some weapons are heavier than regular police weaponry and are still lethal. These are often referred to with

1932-550: Is a mindset   ... a tendency to see the world through the lens of national security, a tendency to exaggerate existing threats". Rohde traces "the origins of modern militarized policing" to the Cold War -era anti-communist paranoia, and the idea that domestic civil rights activists were similar to foreign enemies, as manifested in activities such as the CIA's Operation CHAOS . According to Harvard University professor Elizabeth Hinton,

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2024-538: Is not appropriate for local police departments." In response to Obama's announcement, the United States' largest police union, the Fraternal Order of Police , reacted negatively, pledging to push back against the new restrictions, and accusing the administration of politicizing officers' safety. The executive director of the FOP, James Pasco, stated that his group "...   (would) be at (their) most aggressive in asserting

2116-645: Is the primary facility that houses most people arrested or convicted of crimes in Alameda County. The Glenn Dyer Detention Facility, also known as the North County Jail, located in Downtown Oakland was closed in 2019 for budgetary reasons. Some inmates before they go to Santa Rita Jail they stay at Eden Township Substation , located in San Leandro, California . The Alameda County Sheriff's Office operates

2208-438: Is the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers . This includes the use of armored personnel carriers (APCs), assault rifles , submachine guns , flashbang grenades , sniper rifles , and SWAT (special weapons and tactics) teams. The militarization of law enforcement is also associated with intelligence agency –style information gathering aimed at the public and political activists and with

2300-501: The 1992 Los Angeles riots led law enforcement to reconsider their standard side arms . Law enforcement agencies encountered groups such as Earth Liberation Front (ELF), and incidents such as the 1984 San Ysidro McDonald's massacre , the 1986 FBI Miami shootout between eight FBI agents and two serial bank robbers (in which the agents were out-gunned by the robbers), and the 1997 North Hollywood shootout . Researchers David N. Falcone, Edward L. Wells, and Ralph A. Weisheit describe

2392-607: The 9x19mm Heckler & Koch MP5 , began supplementing them with AR-15 type rifles and carbines. Seven months after the incident, the Department of Defense gave 600 surplus M16s to the LAPD, which were issued to each patrol sergeant; LAPD patrol vehicles now carry AR-15s as standard issue, with bullet-resistant Kevlar plating in their doors as well. As a result of this incident, the LAPD authorized its officers to carry .45 ACP caliber semiautomatic pistols as duty sidearms, specifically

2484-544: The Bolsonaro administration, during a process that was seen by some as a politically-charged militarization of the force. During this period, PRF tactical teams gained notoriety after taking part in two high-profile operations. The first one, which sought to apprehend criminals responsible for planning a series of high-profile bank robberies across the country known as the Novo Cangaço (New Cangaço ), left 26 suspects dead after

2576-557: The Free Speech Movement riots of the 1960s, the Alameda County sheriff deployed several squads of deputies. Clad in light blue jumpsuits, they quickly became known by anti-government protesters as the "Blue Meanies". In November 2010, October and November 2011, and January 2012, Alameda County sheriff's deputies were requested by the Oakland Police Department and supplied by the sheriff to assist at protests. Most of

2668-591: The Geneva convention , which is signed by France too, no restriction applies to civilian use. In 2021, basing himself on the model of the Gendarmerie France's Interior's Minister Gérald Darmanin said he wished to extend the police reserve of 30 000 reservists (against the 5000 men reserve) to "recreate links" with police forces. This comes during the protests against the Loi Sécurité Globale . In 2016,

2760-702: The Metropolitan Police Service established a new firearms officer role. This role was known as the Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer (CTSFO). Prior to this establishment the highest Authorised Firearms Officer standard was the Specialist Firearms Officer . This new CTSFO role gained new equipment such as night vision goggles , armoured Ford Jankel Guardians, BMW F800GS motorcycles and brand new SIG MCX rifles. They also received training which

2852-717: The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in Northern Ireland , which remained part of the UK. It remained a militarized police force due to the threat of IRA attacks. During the Northern Ireland conflict (1960s–1990s), the RUC routinely carried submachine guns and assault rifles, traveled in armored Land Rovers, were based in heavily fortified police stations and worked alongside the British Army, sometimes mounting joint patrols and sharing

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2944-597: The Smith & Wesson Models 4506 and 4566 . Prior to 1997, only LAPD SWAT officers were authorized to carry .45 ACP caliber pistols, specifically the Model 1911A1 .45 ACP semiautomatic pistol. The militarization of police escalated with the 1033 program , initiated by President George H.W. Bush in 1990, ostensibly to address organized drug trafficking. The 1033 Program was documented in action through published and televised images of excessive force and armoured vehicles broadcast during

3036-719: The TNI . Italy has a well-established tradition of police forces framed in military structures. Even today, at least two of the national police forces , the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza , are an integral part of the Italian Armed Forces . The Corpo delle Capitanerie di porto is a branch of the Marina Militare , and the Corpo forestale dello Stato , after its dissolution (2016),

3128-572: The United States Department of Defense to them. Data from 2006 to 2014 shows that local and state police departments obtained aircraft, helicopters, bayonets , knives, night-vision sniper scopes, tactical armored vehicles or MRAP's, rifles and weapons including grenade launchers, watercraft , and camouflage gear, among other military equipment. Under the Fourth Amendment , law enforcement officers must receive written permission from

3220-610: The "...   more powerful Colt C8 [which is] popular with police tactical teams and Canadian and other NATO alliance troops". White argues that the C8 carbines would give officers a much longer shooting range than the short-barreled MP5 submachine guns . "The RCMP is issuing more than 2,200 C8 carbines to its officers [,]" but the RCMP has not indicated whether the C8s will be issued to Parliament Hill officers. The use of surplus armored vehicles for use by

3312-748: The "limited lethality" appellation. In 2013 "... Brazil saw countrywide demonstrations protesting a lack of basic services while the country was spending billions on the World Cup and the Olympics . The unprepared and overreacting police forces responded in a way that shocked the largely middle-class protesters. The police, using "non-lethal" weapons like pepper spray and rubber bullets while dressed from head to toe in ninja-like full battle gear, indiscriminately arrested both violent ' black bloc ' demonstrators, known for their confrontational tactics and anarchist views, along with non-violent protestors marching peacefully." As

3404-413: The 1965 Law Enforcement Assistance Act ushered in a new era where the federal government facilitated the militarization of police at the state and local level across the United States. Over the last hundred years, with the rise of acts of terrorism and the availability of high-powered weapons, special weapons and tactics teams have been implemented and are being used across the United States. The 1960s to

3496-681: The 1990s, encounters with the sophisticated weapons of narcotics trafficking groups such as the Medellín Cartel and street gangs such as the Gangster Disciples , with organized, left-wing protesters at such events as the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago and the 1999 WTO Conference in Seattle , with urban riots such as the 1965 Watts riots in Los Angeles, the 1967 Detroit riot , and

3588-508: The 2014 protests in Ferguson after Michael Brown was killed by police. The National Defense Authorization Act, as part of the U.S. Government's Defense Logistics Agency Disposition Services (DLA) currently coordinates the transfer of excess military equipment to law enforcement agencies. Since 1997, 8,000 local law enforcement agencies have participated in the militarization program that has transferred $ 5.1 billion in military hardware from

3680-576: The 23rd Sheriff, and will be the first woman and first Latina to be elected. As of August 2021, Sanchez lives in Livermore, California . She is married to her husband, Todd, who retired from the Alameda County Sheriff's Department as a sergeant. Sanchez is a stepmother to her husband's three daughters from a prior relationship. Militarization of police The militarization of police ( paramilitarization of police in some media)

3772-454: The ACSO decides when to refer cases to the public administrator, such as when next of kin cannot be located. In early 2013, Ahern was one of the first law enforcement officers in California to propose purchasing an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Opponents petitioned the purchase, and formed the organization Alameda County Against Drones (ACAD). The ACAD gained nationwide attention resulting in

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3864-901: The American Military Coup of 2012 as having set a precedent that the author, a United States Air Force officer, considered dangerous. The 1997 North Hollywood shootout had a profound effect on law enforcement agencies. Local patrol officers at the time were typically armed with their standard issue 9×19mm pistols or .38 Special revolvers, while some had a pump-action 12-gauge shotgun available in their cars. The North Hollywood bank robbers carried fully automatic AK-47 -style weapons with high capacity drum magazines and ammunition capable of penetrating vehicles and police Kevlar vests. With these weapons, two bank robbers fired approximately 1,100 rounds at officers and civilians before being killed. The robbers wore body armor which successfully protected them from bullets and shotgun pellets fired by

3956-645: The BMW F800GS motorcycles used for deployments in Central London . Professional police departments have changed over time in the United States. The first professionalized police departments in the United States were modelled on the London Metropolitan Police. They were under civilian control and were non-militaristic in the sense that they eschewed military uniforms, weaponry and training. According to Julian Go of Boston University , police departments in

4048-567: The Carabinieri were created. Mexico's new national police force, the Gendarmería, is partially staffed with active duty soldiers, part of a longstanding trend towards militarization of the country's Federal Police . According to a 2020 study, the use of torture by police has persisted in Mexico even though Mexico transitioned to democracy. Torture is still used due to "weak procedural protections and

4140-425: The German police introduced a new special unit, BFE+ , which is designed to "counter terror attacks". Criminologist Rafael Behr says the new BFE+  [ de ] "mainly serves as a psychological reassurance for the public", serving as a "symbolic" effort and a functional effort. The functional aspect is that with the BFE+, the government can use armed forces with military weapons inside Germany, an act that

4232-521: The Ottawa Police Service bought a Lenco G3 BearCat APC for $ 340,000, which has "half-inch-thick military steel armoured bodywork, .50 caliber-rated ballistic glass, blast-resistant floors, custom-designed gun ports and   ... a roof turret". The G20 protests in Toronto in 2010 showed that the militarization of protest policing is not only occurring in the United States. Police in Toronto used

4324-463: The Philippines. An influential advocate for these police reforms was August Vollmer , who has been described as the "father of modern policing". Vollmer devised syllabi which were used in police training courses. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), as well as police departments in cities such as Kansas City, Missouri and Kenosha, Wisconsin , began deploying automatic weapons, including

4416-574: The Police and Firefighting Corps, according to the Constitution of Brazil , article 144, 6th paragraph, where it is said that the "Military Police and Firefighter Corps, ancillary and reserve forces of the Army, subordinate themselves, with the Civil Police, to the state and Federal District governors." The Brazilian Federal Highway Police (PRF) was also criticized for the creation of tactical teams during

4508-833: The RCMP and other police forces throughout the country are challenged by lawyers and academics since they can easily send the wrong message to the public. According to Michael Spratt, an Ottawa-based criminal lawyer, the funds used to acquire the vehicles is better used for crime prevention activities. "Since 1999, an eight-billion-dollar programme in Colombia has seen the mass deployment of military troops and militarized police forces to both interdict illegal drugs and counter left-wing guerrilla groups". This assistance "promote[s] militarization to address organized crime". Due to these U.S. policies, "civilian forces   ... have increasingly received military training, leading to concerns over human rights violations and excessive use of force, as well as

4600-507: The Raptors had dethroned the San Francisco, California -based two-time defending NBA champion Golden State Warriors as National Basketball Association (NBA) champions winning the 2019 NBA Finals . Sgt. Ray Kelly, a spokesman for the Sheriff's Department, alleged that Ujiri failed to show proper credentials for access to the floor. Sgt. Kelly further alleged that when stopped, Ujiri had shoved

4692-631: The Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program as part of the full scale readiness exercise, such as the regional mass fatality plan. Urban Shield was primarily sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security , and receives additional support from the Bay Area Urban Area Security Initiative, which had a 2014-2016 budget of $ 6,358,300 from San Francisco City and County funds. $ 4,901,339 of this

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4784-499: The SWAT teams and police departments in attendance. In 2014, activist pressure over Urban Shield led to Mayor Jean Quan 's announcement that Oakland will not host the military weapons expo in 2015, marking the first such move since Urban Shield started in 2007. The following year, the 2016 Urban Shield conference was held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, CA and was also opposed by protestors, 20 of whom were arrested for trespassing and obstruction. Protesters expressed that

4876-489: The Thompson submachine gun, and armored cars in the 1920s and 1930s. George Fletcher Chandler , a veteran of the Pancho Villa Expedition and the first Superintendent of the New York State Police , was an early advocate of law enforcement officers wearing their weapons exposed on the outside of their uniforms. Police militarization was escalated in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s as an era in which race riots and anti-war protests were common in many U.S. cities. Some believe

4968-407: The U.S. military to cooperate with domestic and foreign law enforcement agencies. Operations in support of law enforcement include assistance in counter-drug operations, assistance for civil disturbances, special security operations, counter-terrorism , explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), and similar activities. Constitutional and statutory restrictions and corresponding directives and regulations limit

5060-420: The United States adopted several military innovations such as centralized chains of command, professionalization (training and discipline), military operations and tactics (in particular, colonial counterinsurgency tactics), "open-order" units, and counterinsurgency information-gathering techniques. Many of these reforms were influenced by practices from the Philippine–American War and subsequent U.S. occupation of

5152-431: The United States became increasingly militarized in the early 20th century as they "borrowed tactics, techniques, and organizational templates from America's imperial-military regime that had been developed to conquer and rule foreign populations". Historian Stuart Schrader has linked the experiences of World War II to later militarization of police in the United States. During the early 20th century, police departments in

5244-407: The anti-criminality brigades which was given H&K G36 assault rifles. 18 of the 19 shootings with this weapon were accidental discharges, the first year when this weapon was issued to anti-criminality policemen. Companies Republicaines de Sécurité which are an anti-riot unit are issued grenades which are classified as war weaponry in France. While gas weapons are forbidden for military use by

5336-407: The board of supervisors failing to approve the purchase. With the June 2014 election, a group called "Elections for the People" expressed concern that for many decades the position of sheriff, while elected, has not been a contested election. The current sheriff, Gregory Ahern, was selected by the prior sheriff, Charles Plummer, and has run twice, unopposed. The 2012 salary for the sheriff of Alameda

5428-454: The cities within the county have their own police forces, including the Alameda Police Department, the Berkeley Police Department , the Oakland Police Department , the San Leandro Police Department, the Hayward Police Department and the Fremont Police Department. The municipal police departments provide routine law enforcement services for those cities, with the ACSO providing corresponding services for unincorporated regions of Alameda County and

5520-423: The city of Dublin . Yesenia Sanchez Yesenia Sanchez (born 1977 or 1978) is the 23rd Sheriff of Alameda County. Sanchez is the first woman and first Latina to hold the office. Sanchez was born in Hayward, California . Her father immigrated from Mexico to California as a child. Her mother moved to California from Texas. At the age of 12, Sanchez's family moved to Patterson, California . When Sanchez

5612-514: The conclusion of the game stating that only personnel with gold armbands would be allowed on the court due to a visiting team winning. Many of the gold armbands were visible on photographers and executives on the court (including members of the Raptors ownership), but are not visible in any angles of Ujiri during the incident. Following the altercation, the Alameda County Sheriff's Office stated that it would be recommending charges of battery against Ujiri. The investigation ended on September 21. Following

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5704-439: The county. The Alameda County Sheriff's Office operates the coroner's bureau in East Oakland. Coroner's pathologists, deputy sheriffs, forensic death investigators, and sheriff's technicians assist law enforcement agencies to determine the cause and manner of death of persons in Alameda County. Additional duties include notifying next of kin, and when needed, the seizure and protection of decedents' assets. In special circumstances

5796-407: The exercise, breaking and setting records. Boston police commissioner Edward F. Davis credited Urban Shield with helping prepare the Boston Police Department for their response to the Boston Marathon bombing. There have been protests against Urban Shield prior to and during the event every year since 2013. In 2013, the Urban Shield training program was controversially held on the second anniversary of

5888-421: The militarization of policing, which introduces strategies, equipment, and mentality that treats criminal suspects as though they were enemies in wartime". The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) was the police force in Ireland from 1822 until 1922, when the country was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . This was a time of agrarian unrest and Irish nationalist / republican agitation. The RIC

5980-455: The militarization to the more recent campaigns known as the War on Drugs and the War on Terror . Historian Charles A. Beard argues that cultural change during the Great Depression encouraged the militarization of law enforcement, whereas Harwood argues that the creation of SWAT teams and tactical units within law enforcement during the 1960s began the trend. The 1981 Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act allows

6072-413: The military was restricted from transferring some weapons, such as grenade launchers, weaponized vehicles, and bayonets to police. Obama said, "We've seen how militarized gear can sometimes give people a feeling like it's an occupying force as opposed to a force that's part of the community that's protecting them and serving them   ... So we're going to prohibit equipment made for the battlefield that

6164-481: The need for officer safety and officer rights in any police changes that are to be effected", and objected to a requirement that police departments obtain permission from city governments to acquire certain equipment, including riot batons, helmets and shields, through federal programs. Pasco stated "We need to only look back to Baltimore (the location of the 2015 protests following the death of Freddie Gray ) to see what happens when officers are sent out ill-equipped in

6256-444: The past, these manufacturers served only the Pentagon, but have expanded sales to civilian police departments and SWAT teams in recent years. Numerous first responders from around the county and the world have participated in or observed Urban Shield. It has attracted international SWAT teams, including those from Singapore, South Korea, Israel, and Bahrain in 2014. In 2010, 2011, and 2013 Israeli elite counter-terrorism unit Yamam won

6348-496: The political spectrum in the United States, with both the libertarian Cato Institute and the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) voicing criticisms of the practice. The Fraternal Order of Police has spoken out in favor of equipping law enforcement officers with military equipment, claiming that it increases the officers' safety and enables them to protect members of the public and other first responders (e.g., firefighters and emergency medical services personnel). However,

6440-717: The prison environment." During the Years of lead , to deal with high-risk operational situations and also, specifically, as a result of the unsuccessful German response to the Munich massacre , NOCS (State Police) and GIS (Arma dei Carabinieri) were established, comparable to SWAT units from other countries. Since 2008, thousands of members of the armed forces (mainly Italian Army ) have been engaged in Operazione Strade sicure , basically to replace/assist law enforcement agencies in policing tasks (prevention/deterrence). The November 2015 Paris attacks had shown that normal police patrols could be ineffective against sudden terrorist attacks with military-grade weapons (nor, moreover,

6532-403: The program were to prepare law enforcement tactical teams, including SWAT teams, to respond to crises and coordinate efforts between law enforcement, fire personnel and medical personnel. An additional purpose was to assess the policies, procedures, organization, equipment and training of attending personnel. Hosted in the San Francisco Bay Area by the Alameda County Sheriff's Office, Urban Shield

6624-839: The program. In 2019, the Board of Supervisors reaffirmed their decision to end the program, and Urban Shield was defunded. The Alameda County Sheriff's Office operates a crime laboratory that is accredited by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors. The crime lab, located at the Eden Township substation, receives and analyzes evidence from law enforcement agencies throughout Alameda County. The crime lab has capabilities in controlled substance analysis, latent fingerprint recovery, ballistics, tool mark identification, and DNA extraction and analysis. Crime lab staff can also serve as crime scene investigators upon request by law enforcement agencies in

6716-420: The purple trophy credential or the yellow armband credential needed to access the court postgame is seen before the deputy shoved Ujiri twice in the chest. The footage confirmed that the deputy, not Ujiri, initiated the physical contact. Strickland separately sued Ujiri for $ 75,000, claiming to have suffered a concussion during the altercation. Ujiri countersued, and the two men later dropped their filings. During

6808-527: The removal of Occupy Oakland from Frank Ogawa Plaza . Community activists such as the Stop Urban Shield Coalition recognize Urban Shield as part of a trend of global militarization and escalated police intervention on civilians. Activists also had concerns about Urban Shield expanding direct militarization through increased weaponization, given that Urban Shield included a major arms expo where vendors market advanced, military-grade technology to

6900-642: The responding patrolmen. Police noted that the service pistols carried by the first responding officers had insufficient range and relatively poor accuracy, although a SWAT team eventually arrived with sufficient firepower. The ineffectiveness of the standard police patrol pistols and shotguns in penetrating the robbers' body armor led to a trend in the United States toward arming selected police officers, not just SWAT teams, with heavier firepower such as semi-automatic 5.56×45mm NATO AR-15 type rifles. SWAT teams, whose close quarters battle weaponry usually consisted of submachine guns that fired pistol cartridges such as

6992-538: The role. When becoming a CTSFO they are established into teams to form a police tactical unit . On 3 August 2016, the MPS held a press conference for the announcement of Operation Hercules , displaying the CTSFO teams to the public wearing wolf-grey-coloured tactical uniforms, equipped with SIG Sauer SIG516 and SIG MCX carbines, Glock 17 handguns, Remington 870 shotguns, Accuracy International AT308 sniper rifles, and paraded

7084-464: The same bases. The RUC was the first police force to use rubber and plastic bullets for riot control. The "political and militarised" RUC was succeeded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland , which continues to keep some counter-terrorism powers. Since the 2000s, its public order policing methods have been adopted by other police forces in the UK. Following the 2012 London Summer Olympics ,

7176-538: The seeming success of officers armed with military-style weapons and deployed to curtail the 1965 Watts riots , a six-day race riot sparked by conflicts with the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) that killed 34 people, gave way to the trend of arming and equipping law enforcement officers with battlefield weapons. Joy Rohde, a professor at the University of Michigan 's Ford School of Public Policy , has published research indicating that "militarization

7268-459: The team. The Sheriff's Department did not release body camera footage depicting the start of the incident and announced that their footage had happened to "switch off" when Ujiri allegedly struck the officer. Several witnesses to the altercation disputed the deputy's version of events. In the videos, Ujiri can be seen with game credentials in his hand. However, the NBA had released a media advisory prior to

7360-485: The technology showcased at Urban Shield promotes police surveillance and control that specifically targets poor people and people of color. The demonstration included performances and speeches to resist the repression. Notable controversies of Urban Shield included: In 2018, the Stop Urban Shield Coalition and community organizations successfully pressured the Alameda County Board of Supervisors to put an end to

7452-507: The type of support provided in this area. This allows the U.S. military to give law enforcement agencies access to its military bases and its military equipment . The legislation was promoted during the Presidency of Ronald Reagan in the context of the War on drugs , and is considered a part of a general trend towards the militarization of police. The Act is cited in the 1992 essay The Origins of

7544-533: Was a quasi-military police force: constables were armed with rifles, billeted in barracks, and the force had a militaristic structure and uniform. During the Irish War of Independence , it was tasked with tackling the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and worked alongside the British Army. An Auxiliary Division and Ulster Special Constabulary were formed to carry out counter-guerrilla operations. The RIC became

7636-597: Was a teenager, her parents separated and her family lost their home. Sanchez and her siblings worked to support their family. Sanchez graduated from Patterson High School . Sanchez returned to Hayward as an adult, living out of her car because she could not afford housing. Sanchez started in the Alameda County Sheriff's Office in 1997 as an entry-level technician. In 2001, Sanchez became a sworn deputy. In 2020, Sanchez became division commander overseeing Santa Rita Jail . In August 2021, Sanchez announced that she would run for Sheriff of Alameda County. Sanchez campaigned

7728-460: Was allocated to “Enhance Homeland Security Exercise, Evaluation, and Training Programs,” including management, oversight, and support of the Urban Shield conference. Private corporations including Verizon Wireless, Motorola, SIG Sauer, and Uber offer services and equipment in support of the event, and additional funding comes from private weapons manufacturers such as Lenco and Lockheed Martin . In

7820-540: Was assisted by the Special Air Service such as fast roping from helicopters, abseiling , live fire CQB exercises and methods of explosive entry for door breaching . CTSFOs also have maritime capabilities from the Marine Policing Unit which allows them to raid vessels. This means that they can deploy from sea, air and land. Aspiring CTSFOs must complete a long gruelling selection course before achieving

7912-481: Was criticized for its violation of civil liberties and has generated a great deal of controversy since its enactment. In United States v. Antoine Jones , the court found that increased monitoring of suspects caused by the Patriot Act directly put the suspects' constitutional rights in jeopardy. For a time, the Patriot Act allowed for agents to undertake "sneak and peek" searches, a term used to describe breaking into

8004-460: Was developed by the United States Army for riot control in 1919, is still widely used against protesters. The use of tear gas in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties that most states have signed; however, its law enforcement or military use for domestic or non- combat situations is permitted. Concerns about the militarization of police have been raised by both ends of

8096-491: Was it realistic to assume that the elite units described above could always be present in places that required an exceptional state response). Precisely to engage such attackers – enabling GIS or NOCS to intervene decisively, while limiting the risks to public safety — "intermediate tactical formations" Unità operative di primo intervento of the State Police, and Aliquote di primo intervento – Squadre operative di supporto of

8188-719: Was mostly incorporated into the Carabinieri "forestali" . The Polizia di Stato has been demilitarized since 1981 and the Polizia Penitenziaria since 1990. However, both corps make extensive use of military equipment, especially in the area of weapons. The Reparti mobili della Polizia di Stato (informally dubbed la Celere ) are logistically and organizationally similar to a military battalion ; often their personnel operate jointly with personnel from Carabinieri battaglioni/reggimenti . The Prison Police has its own specialized department ( Gruppo Operativo Mobile ), which deals, among other things, with "facing critical situations in

8280-499: Was over $ 547,000; this included a base salary of $ 267,871 and other benefits and payments. On November 12, 2015, 29-year-old carjacking suspect Stanislav Petrov was pushed to the ground and beaten with batons by two Alameda County Sheriff's deputies, in an alley in San Francisco . The beating was recorded on film. On May 10, 2016, the two deputies were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and battery and assault under color of authority. On April 27, 2017, Petrov's attorney confirmed

8372-551: Was reported that "RCMP officers have started openly carrying MP5 submachine guns on Parliament Hill as part of a visible increase to Parliament Hill security following last October's terrorist attack " in 2014. Conservative senator Vern White , a former RCMP officer and a former Ottawa police chief, says "...   some RCMP officers guarding Parliament Hill against potential terrorist attacks should be armed with rifles similar to those carried by Canadian troops in Afghanistan [,]"

8464-519: Was the largest urban full scale readiness exercise in the United States. Police, fire, HAZMAT , EMS and EOD teams from all over the nation trained in multiple scenarios over a continuous 48-hour program. In the first year, scenarios included an active shooter on the UC Berkeley campus, an airplane hijacking, a maritime interdiction, and a 20-mile hike. Since 2012, the Bay Area UASI tests portions of

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