89-588: Systematic events § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo-Pakistani War. ‡ indicates events in the Indo-Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh. The Agartala Conspiracy Case was a sedition case in Pakistan during the rule of Ayub Khan against Awami League, brought by the government of Pakistan in 1968 against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ,
178-436: A magistrate , which included both military mutiny and civilian mob action. Leading or instigating seditio was punishable by death . Civil seditio became frequent during the political crisis of the first century BCE, as populist politicians sought to check the privileged classes by appealing to public assemblies . The Julio-Claudian emperors addressed this situation by abolishing elections and other duties of
267-460: A "seditious document". The LRC suggests that "sedition", left undefined by the constitution, might be implicitly defined by the 1939 act's definition of a "seditious document" as one: These provisions were largely aimed at Irish republican legitimatists who believed the 1922 Free State was a usurpation of the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916 and again in 1919 . The fourth provision made
356-602: A city in India near the East Pakistani border, where the alleged conspiracy was said to have been planned. The Pakistani government claimed that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and 34 other individuals had colluded with Indian intelligence agencies to prepare for East Pakistan's secession. The accused were charged with high treason in what came to be known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case. Key Developments 1. Trial: The trial
445-532: A confidential report to the Joint Service Commander's Committee, Cawthorn wrote: "In October 1948, Brigadier Shahid Hamid was assigned the task of building this organization from scratch. Despite significant challenges, such as the lack of experienced personnel and essential records, as well as continued staff shortages, he successfully developed the Directorate into a functional organization. He also gained
534-527: A recommendation from the New Zealand Law Commission , the New Zealand government announced on 7 May 2007 that the sedition law would be repealed. The Crimes (Repeal of Seditious Offences) Amendment Act 2007 was passed on 24 October 2007, and entered into force on 1 January 2008. Russell Campbell made a documentary regarding conscientious objectors in New Zealand called Sedition. Sedition
623-572: A sedition case lodged in 2016. On 17 August 2016, Amnesty International India was booked in a case of "sedition" and "promoting enmity" by Bengaluru police. A complaint was filed by ABVP, an all India student organization affiliated to the Hindu Nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh . In September 2018, Divya Spandana , the Congress Social Media chief was booked for sedition for calling Narendra Modi ,
712-591: Is an offence which shall be punishable in accordance with law. Advocates for freedom of speech have argued that this constraint ought to be removed; any constitutional amendment requires a referendum . The thirty-seventh amendment of the constitution removed the offence of blasphemy. The law of the Republic of Ireland since the 1922 independence of the Irish Free State inherited earlier common law principles based on English law . The crime of seditious libel
801-517: Is not a seditious intention. Stephen in his History of the Criminal Law of England accepted the view that a seditious libel was nothing short of a direct incitement to disorder and violence. He stated that the modern view of the law was plainly and fully set out by Littledale J. in Collins . In that case the jury were instructed that they could convict of seditious libel only if they were satisfied that
890-565: Is officially called State vs. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others , but is popularly known as Agartala Shoŗojontro Mamla (Agartala conspiracy case) as the main conspiracy was purported to have taken place in the Indian city of Agartala in Tripura state, where Sheikh Mujib's associates met Indian military officials. On 22 February 2011, one of the accused of the Agartala conspiracy case, Shawkat Ali , told
979-514: Is still an offence under section 3 of the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919 , punishable by up to three months of imprisonment if convicted summarily, or up to ten years of imprisonment if convicted on indictment. The charge of seditious libel for true statements was weakened, but not abolished, in the 1735 New York case of Crown v. John Peter Zenger . Zenger had published attacks on Governor William Cosby that were well received in
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#17328456104121068-502: Is the largest and best-known component of the Pakistani intelligence community . It is responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing any information from around the world that is deemed relevant to Pakistan 's national security . The ISI reports to its director-general and is primarily focused on providing intelligence to the Pakistani government . The ISI primarily consists of serving military officers drawn on secondment from
1157-663: Is usually headed by a major general , air marshal , or rear admiral . The Director General of the ISI is among the most powerful posts in Pakistan. For example, according to Mohammad Sohail, shares at the Pakistan Stock Exchange went down in October 2021 over concerns regarding the appointment of the ISI chief. The benchmark KSE-100 index fell 1.51%. According to retired air marshal Shahzad Chaudhry, three to four names are provided by
1246-536: The Australian military . These laws were amended in Australia on 19 September 2011. The 'sedition' clauses were repealed and replaced with 'urging violence'. In Canada, sedition, which includes speaking seditious words, publishing a seditious libel, and being party to a seditious conspiracy, is an indictable offense, for which the maximum punishment is of fourteen years' imprisonment. For military personnel, Section 82 of
1335-705: The Basic Law requires the special administrative region to enact laws prohibiting any act that be said of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China . The National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill was tabled in early 2003 to replace the existing laws regarding treason and sedition, and to introduce new laws to prohibit secessionist and subversive acts and theft of state secrets, and to prohibit political organizations from establishing overseas ties. The bill
1424-565: The Chief of Army Staff , and the prime minister selects the director general from that list, and the appointed serves for two to three years. Before 2021, the appointment process of the Director-General followed no formal protocol other than verbal discussion between the Prime Minister and the head of the army. Walter Cawthorn was the first head of the ISI. His successor, Syed Shahid Hamid
1513-517: The Elizabethan Era (c. 1590) as the "notion of inciting by words or writings disaffection towards the state or constituted authority". The law developed in the Court of Star Chamber , relying on longstanding scandalum magnatum statutes and a broad repressive act of Mary I against literature that contained "the encouraging, stirring or moving of any insurrection". That seditious statements were true
1602-605: The July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings , the 2001 Indian Parliament attack , the 2006 Varanasi bombings , the August 2007 Hyderabad bombings , and the 2008 Mumbai attacks . The ISI has been accused of supporting Taliban forces and recruiting and training mujahideen to fight in Afghanistan and Kashmir. Based on communication interceptions, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI
1691-486: The Parliament Shawkat Ali confessed to the parliament at a point of order that the charges read out to them were accurate, stating that they formed a Shangram Parishad (Action Committee) under Sheikh Mujib for the secession of East Pakistan . Parliamentarian Tofael Ahmed added that had the case not been filed, the plot would have culminated in the secession of East Pakistan without bloodshed, and credited
1780-818: The President or the U.S. Congress (though not the office of the Vice-President , then occupied by Adams' political opponent Thomas Jefferson ). This Act of Congress was allowed to expire in 1801 after Jefferson's election to the Presidency; Jefferson pardoned those still serving sentences, and fines were repaid by the government. This law was never appealed to the United States Supreme Court (which had not yet established its power to invalidate laws passed by Congress granted in Marbury v. Madison ) but opponents claimed it
1869-686: The Sedition Act of 1918 , which expanded the scope of the Espionage Act to any statement criticizing the Government of the United States . These laws were upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1919 decisions Schenck v. United States (concerning distribution of flyers urging men to resist the draft) and Abrams v. United States (concerning leaflets urging cessation of weapons production). Schenck led to
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#17328456104121958-682: The al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed ". General Javed Nasir confessed to assisting the besieged Bosnian Muslims, supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang despite a UN arms embargo, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia . The National Intelligence Coordination Committee (NICC) of Pakistan is headed by the Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence . The overarching intelligence coordination body
2047-460: The farmers protest . A sedition case was filed against Shashi Tharoor , journalist Rajdeep Sardesai and 5 other journalists by Noida Police for allegedly instigating violence and spreading misinformation over a series of tweets during the violence from a tractor rally on republic day on 26 January in New Delhi. As of May 2022, Supreme Court of India has put sedition law on hold and ordered
2136-601: The prime minister of India , a thief. On 10 January 2019, a sedition case was registered suo-motto against Hiren Gohain and two others for their remarks against the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill. Gohain called the move "a desperate attempt by a cornered government". On February 13, 2020, a sedition case was registered against Disha Ravi a climate activist , by the Delhi Police for allegedly trying to incite perpetuate violence and defame India with regards to her support of
2225-425: The " shouting 'fire' in a crowded theater " explanation of the limits of free speech . The laws were largely repealed in 1921, leaving laws forbidding foreign espionage in the United States and allowing military censorship of sensitive material. Inter-Services Intelligence The Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ; Urdu : بین الخدماتی استخبارات , romanized : bain-al-xidmātī istixbārāt )
2314-533: The Agartala Conspiracy Case on 22 February 1969. The accused were released on the following day and the Race course Maidan saw a grand reception of the accused, where Sheikh Mujib was given his famous title of Bangabandhu . Angry protesters formed an action committee. This popular hostility forced Ayub Khan to withdraw the case and convene a Round Table Conference which Sheikh Mujib triumphantly attended but walked out of when his Six-Point demands were ignored. The case and
2403-490: The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. The public perception of the case as unjust highlighted the political marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistan. The Agartala Conspiracy Case remains a crucial episode in the history of Bangladesh's independence movement. The case was filed in early 1968 and implicated Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others in conspiring with India against the stability of Pakistan. The case
2492-571: The Constitution during an anti-corruption protest in Mumbai in 2011. Trivedi's arrest under sedition has been heavily criticised in India. The Press Council of India termed it a "stupid" move. In February 2016, JNU student union president Kanhaiya Kumar was arrested on charges of Sedition & raising voice for the Tukde Tukde Gang under section 124-A of Indian Penal Code (which was part of
2581-500: The Deputy Speaker for planning the liberation of the nation. Sedition Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech or organization , that tends toward rebellion against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent toward, or insurrection against, established authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against
2670-704: The East Pakistan Detachment of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). It was during this time that an officer of the East Bengal Regiment , Rauf ur Rahman, who was in league with the conspirators made an attempt on Alam's life. Alam shielded himself from the would-be assassins; for this Alam was awarded the Sitara-e-Basalat , the highest award for bravery in action during peacetime. In all, 1,500 Bengalis were arrested in connection with
2759-620: The ISI began collecting intelligence on the Pakistan Communist Party and the Pakistan Peoples Party . The Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI's covert operations . A special Afghanistan section known as the SS Directorate was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. Officers from the ISI's Covert Action Division received training in
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2848-406: The ISI's professional competence. According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants or assets. The wings are further divided into various directorates, which are sub-divided into departments, each directorate
2937-654: The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors and oversees the insurgency in Kashmir by arming separatist militant groups. The Inter-Services Intelligence was established in 1948. It was the brainchild of Major General Walter Cawthorn , then Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army, following the First Kashmir War which had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between
3026-481: The Maoists in their fight against the state. They were sentenced to life imprisonment, but he got bail in Supreme Court on 16 April 2011. On 10 September 2012, Aseem Trivedi , a political cartoonist , was sent to judicial custody till 24 September 2012 on charges of sedition over a series of cartoons against corruption . Trivedi was accused of uploading "ugly and obscene" content to his website, also accused of insulting
3115-473: The National Defence Act cites Seditious Offences as advocating governmental change by force, punishable by imprisonment for life or to less. Service offences up to two years imprisonment are served in a Military prison , followed by transfer to a penitentiary for the remainder of the sentence. During World War II, Camillien Houde campaigned against conscription. On 2 August 1940, Houde publicly urged
3204-710: The National People's Congress , and passed by the National People's Congress, as part of the Annex III the Basic Law . This law was written in Mainland China's civil law as opposed to Hong Kong's common law traditions. In 2003, the Vishva Hindu Parishald (VHP) general secretary, Praveen Togadia , was sought to be charged with sedition for allegedly waging a war against the elected government and taking part in anti-national activity. In 2010, writer Arundhati Roy
3293-572: The United States, and "many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen". Many analysts (mainly Indian and American) believe that the ISI provides support to militant groups, though others think these allegations remain unsubstantiated. The ISI has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks across India including militancy in Kashmir ,
3382-515: The administration of justice in Hong Kong, to raise discontent or disaffection amongst inhabitants of Hong Kong, to promote feelings of ill-will and enmity between different classes of the population of Hong Kong, to incite persons to violence, or to counsel disobedience to law or to any lawful order. Sedition is punishable by a fine of HK$ 5,000 and imprisonment for 2 years, and further offences are punishable by imprisonment for 3 years. Article 23 of
3471-546: The agitation. 4. Withdrawal of the Case: On February 22, 1969, amid rising public pressure, President Ayub Khan's government dropped the charges and released all accused, including Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Significance The case solidified Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s status as the leading figure in East Pakistan's struggle for autonomy. It deepened the divide between East and West Pakistan, eventually contributing to
3560-473: The alteration of any matter in Church or State by law established, or to incite any person to commit any crime in disturbance of the peace, or to raise discontent or disaffection amongst His Majesty's subjects, or to promote feelings of ill-will and hostility between different classes of such subjects. An intention to show that His Majesty has been misled or mistaken in his measures, or to point out errors or defects in
3649-408: The army, air force, navy, Intelligence Bureau (IB) and Military Intelligence (MI). The ISI was structured to be operated by officers from the three main military services and to specialize in the collection, analysis, and assessment of external military and non-military intelligence. While Cawthorn established the ISI, it was Syed Shahid Hamid who was tasked with fully setting up the agency. In
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3738-493: The assemblies. Under Tiberius the crime of seditio was subsumed in the law of majestas , which prohibited any utterance against the dignity of the emperor. Seditio has often been proposed as the offence for which Jesus was crucified , as described in Luke 23:14 : "inciting the people to rebellion" ( Greek : ἀποστρέφοντα τὸν λαόν , "leading the people astray"). The term sedition in its modern meaning first appeared in
3827-566: The authority of the State". The 1960 act has since been replaced by the Broadcasting Act 2009 , section 39 of which obliges broadcaster not to broadcast "anything which may reasonably be regarded as causing harm or offense, or as being likely to promote, or incite to, crime or as tending to undermine the authority of the State". The sedition law is based on Article 283 of the Criminal Code which
3916-533: The constitutional requirement with regard to blasphemy. No new offence was created for sedition in 2009; this was in line with the recommendations of a 1991 consultation paper on libel by the Law Reform Commission (LRC) on the basis that several statutes define offences which are tantamount to sedition. The Offences against the State Act 1939 created the offences of making, distributing, and possessing
4005-580: The defendant "meant that the people should make use of physical force as their own resource to obtain justice, and meant to excite the people to take the power in to their own hands, and meant to excite them to tumult and disorder". The last prosecution for sedition in the United Kingdom was in 1972, when three people were charged with seditious conspiracy and uttering seditious words for attempting to recruit people to travel to Northern Ireland to fight in support of Republicans. The seditious conspiracy charge
4094-932: The dissolution of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992, the ISI provided strategic support and intelligence to the Taliban against the Northern Alliance during the Afghan Civil War in the 1990s. The ISI has strong links with jihadist groups, particularly in Afghanistan and Kashmir . Its special warfare unit is the Covert Action Division . The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that
4183-404: The door of his jail cell and killed him. The news of the killing led a furious mob to set fire to the State Guest House and other government buildings, where the chief lawyer for the government and the chair of the tribunal resided. They vacated secretly. Some of the case files and evidence had got burnt and damaged as a result of the arson. In the face of the mass movement, the government withdrew
4272-489: The existence of a conspiracy between Mujib and India for the secession of East Pakistan was never successfully proven. Pakistan decided to try the accused by court-martial since a lot of the accused were military personnel. However, this was overturned in favour of a civil trial to implicate the politicians ahead of the 1970 elections as well as to provide transparency of the trials. Hence, only 35 were finally accused. The accused were then moved from Dacca Central Jail to
4361-475: The existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country. As part of the ongoing Kashmir conflict , Pakistan is alleged to be backing separatist militias. Many nonpartisan sources believe that officials within Pakistan's military and the ISI sympathise with and aid Islamic terrorists , saying that the "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including
4450-413: The formation of the tribunal by filing a petition in favour of Sheikh Mujib. The approvers appeared in the witness box and testified that they provided false evidence under the coercion of the State. Members of the public looked at the case as a conspiracy of the Pakistani government against the political autonomy movement of East Pakistan, especially since the government was keen to prove that Sheikh Mujib
4539-414: The former Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . Over the course of the conflict, the ISI worked in close coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States and the Secret Intelligence Service of the United Kingdom to run Operation Cyclone , a program to train and fund the mujahideen in Afghanistan with support from China , Saudi Arabia , and other Muslim nations . Following
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#17328456104124628-404: The government or constitution as by law established, with a view to their reformation, or to excite His Majesty's subjects to attempt by lawful means the alteration of any matter in Church or State by law established, or to point out, in order to secure their removal, matters which are producing, or have a tendency to produce, feelings of hatred and ill-will between classes of His Majesty's subjects,
4717-405: The government to not book further cases under the same. Sedition as defined under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code has been replaced by Section 147 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Article 40.6.1° (i) of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland guaranteed the right to freedom of expression , subject to several constraints, among them: The publication or utterance of seditious or indecent matter
4806-444: The laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel . A seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interest of sedition. Because sedition is overt, it is typically not considered a subversive act, and the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary by jurisdiction. In the later Roman Republic , seditio ( lit. ' going apart ' ) referred to the offence of collective disobedience toward
4895-517: The men of Quebec to ignore the national registration measure introduced by the federal government. Three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition, and then confined without trial in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario and Ripples, New Brunswick until 1944. Upon his release on 18 August 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers, and won back his job as Montreal mayor in 1944's civic election. A Sedition Ordinance had existed in
4984-483: The name of the offence from Roman-derived civil law, it did not rely on the jurisprudence. Australia's sedition laws were amended in anti-terrorism legislation passed on 6 December 2005, updating definitions and increasing penalties. In late 2006, the Commonwealth Government, under the Prime-Ministership of John Howard proposed plans to amend Australia's Crimes Act 1914 , introducing laws that meant artists and writers may be jailed for up to seven years if their work
5073-483: The parliament in Bangladesh that the Agartala conspiracy case was not false and the charges brought against the accused were all true. He also confirmed that Navy Steward Mujibur Rahman, and Educationist Mohammad Ali Reza had indeed gone to Agartala, India to seek Indian support for Bangladesh's independence. The government of Pakistan brought charges against 35 political personalities including three eminent civil servants officials under civil law. They included; The plot
5162-405: The plot in 1967. In January 1968 the Home Department of Pakistan declared that it had detected a scheme to destabilise Pakistan and break the Eastern wing through an armed revolt, and had arrested 8 people. Later on 18 January, the Department implicated Sheikh Mujib as well. He and others were arrested on 9 May 1968 and were subsequently released, only to be arrested later. At the time of the trial,
5251-400: The position. As of 30 September 2024, the ISI is headed by Lt. Gen. Asim Malik . The Director-General reports directly to both the Prime Minister and the Chief of Army Staff. Relatively unknown outside of Pakistan since its inception, the agency gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s when it backed the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War in
5340-410: The province. The Attorney General charged him by criminal information , bypassing the grand jury process, and Zenger was acquitted by a trial jury. President John Adams signed into law the Sedition Act of 1798 , which set out punishments of up to two years of imprisonment for "opposing or resisting any law of the United States" or writing or publishing "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about
5429-447: The recruitment and expansion of the ISI. After the 1958 coup d'état , all national intelligence agencies were directly controlled by the president and Chief Martial Law Administrator . The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, resulted in the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security. On 5 July 1977 through Operation Fair Play ,
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#17328456104125518-434: The resulting uprising was a major factor in the fall of Ayub Khan's government and is also seen as one of the major events leading to Bengali nationalism and the Bangladesh Liberation War . Sergeant Zahurul Haq was honoured by the naming of a students' residential hall of the University of Dhaka after him. In 2010, and on the anniversary of the withdrawal on 22 February 2011, surviving conspirator and Deputy Speaker of
5607-400: The secured borders of the Dacca Cantonment . The penal codes were amended to benefit the prosecution of the accused, and the trial began on 19 June 1968 under a special tribunal. The hearings took place inside a secured chamber within the Dacca Cantonment. The hearing became for Mujib an opportunity to publicise the Awami League demands. The charge sheet of 100 paragraphs were presented before
5696-452: The sedition laws implemented by the British Rule). His arrest raised political turmoil in the country with academicians and activists marching and protesting against this move by the government. He was released on interim bail on 2 March 2016 for a lack of conclusive evidence. On 13 January 2019, The Delhi Police filed a chargesheet on Monday against former Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union (JNUSU) president Kanhaiya Kumar and others in
5785-493: The territory since 1970, which was subsequently consolidated into the Crimes Ordinance in 1972. According to the Crimes Ordinance, a seditious intention is an intention to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against the person of government, to excite inhabitants of Hong Kong to attempt to procure the alteration, otherwise than by lawful means, of any other matter in Hong Kong as by law established, to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against
5874-421: The then leader of the Awami League and East Pakistan , and 34 other people.The Agartala Conspiracy Case was a significant political and historical event in Pakistan's history, specifically in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). It was a sedition case brought by the government of Pakistan in 1968 against several Bengali politicians, military officers, and civil servants. Here's an overview: Background East Pakistan
5963-467: The three branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces and paramilitary forces such as ANF , ASF , Pakistan Rangers , Frontier Corps , Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts and Maritime Security Agency as well as civilian officers from the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), Pakistan Customs , Police , Judiciary and Ministry of Defence make up ISI's general staff. They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance
6052-422: The three service branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces : the Pakistan Army , Pakistan Navy , and Pakistan Air Force , hence the name "Inter-Services"; the agency also recruits civilians. Since 1971, it has been formally headed by a serving three-star general of the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan in consultation with the Chief of Army Staff , who recommends three officers for
6141-414: The tribunal, with 227 witnesses and 7 approvers. The tribunal was headed by 3 judges – the chair, Justice S.A. Rahman was a non-Bengali; the other members M.R. Khan, and Maksum-ul-Hakim were Bengalis. The Pakistani government was represented by the Attorney General Tafazzal Hossain Khan and former Foreign Minister Manzur Quader. Thomas Williams , a British lawyer, along with local attorneys challenged
6230-404: The trust and cooperation of the Service Intelligence authorities in the United Kingdom. Although much remains to be done, Brigadier Shahid Hamid has achieved far more than seemed possible when he took on the task less than two years ago." Naval Commander Syed Mohammad Ahsan , who served as Deputy Director Naval Intelligence of Pakistan and helped formulate ISI procedure, undertook and managed
6319-486: The use of the names " Irish Republican Army " and " Óglaigh na hÉireann " seditious as they were regarded as rightfully used by the Irish Defense Forces . The LRC notes that advocating violence is not essential for a document to be seditious. The LRC also notes that Section 1A of the Broadcasting Authority Act 1960 (inserted in 1976 ) prohibited broadcasting of "anything which may reasonably be regarded as being likely to promote, or incite to, crime or as tending to undermine
6408-548: Was a common law offence in the UK. James Fitzjames Stephen 's "Digest of the Criminal Law" stated that: ... a seditious intention is an intention to bring into hatred or contempt, or to excite disaffection against the person of His Majesty, his heirs or successors, or the government and constitution of the United Kingdom , as by law established, or either House of Parliament, or the administration of justice, or to excite His Majesty's subjects to attempt otherwise than by lawful means,
6497-424: Was an Indian agent and a separatist. They organised a mass movement and demanded the immediate withdrawal of the case and release of all prisoners. According to the government decision, the final date for the case was 6 February 1969. However, because of the mass upsurge of 1969, the government had to defer the date. In the morning of 15 February 1969, a Pakistani havildar shot point-blank at Sergeant Zahurul Haq at
6586-660: Was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on 7 July 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously. It is believed to be aiding these organisations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including India, Russia, China, Israel , the United States , the United Kingdom , and other members of NATO . Satellite imagery from the Federal Bureau of Investigation suggest
6675-511: Was charged with seditious intent although he was later granted diversion when he pleaded guilty to publishing a document which encourages public disorder. Deason ran a promotion for his tavern that offered one litre of beer for one litre of petrol where at the end of the promotion, the prize would have been a couch soaked in the petrol. It is presumed the intent was for the couch to be burned—a popular university student prank. Police also applied for Deason's liquor license to be revoked. Following
6764-479: Was conceived by Sheikh Mujib in an attempt to ignite an armed revolution against West Pakistan that would result in the secession. Two of the accused, navy steward Mujibur Rahman and the educator Mohammad Ali Reza, went to Agartala, Tripura, a city in North-Eastern India to seek Indian support for an independent Bangladesh. The alleged conspiracy was uncovered by Lieutenant Colonel Shamsul Alam, who commanded
6853-457: Was conducted in a special tribunal under strict security, but it drew significant public attention. 2. Mass Movement: Public sentiment in East Pakistan strongly favored the accused. Protests and demonstrations erupted, particularly among students and workers, demanding their release. 3. Killings of Protesters: During the mass movement, the killing of student leader Asaduzzaman Asad on January 20, 1969, and other protesters further intensified
6942-800: Was considered seditious or inspired sedition either deliberately or accidentally. Opponents of these laws have suggested that they could be used against dissent that may be seen as legitimate. In 2006, the then Australian Attorney-General Philip Ruddock had rejected calls by two reports—from a Senate committee and the Australian Law Reform Commission —to limit the sedition provisions in the Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 by requiring proof of intention to cause disaffection or violence. He had also brushed aside recommendations to curtail new clauses outlawing "urging conduct" that "assists" an "organization or country engaged in armed hostilities" against
7031-642: Was convicted of sedition (section 83 of the Crimes Act 1961 ) on 8 June 2006. Shortly after, in September 2006, the New Zealand Police laid a sedition charge against a Rotorua youth, who was also charged with threatening to kill. The police withdrew the sedition charge when the youth agreed to plead guilty on the other charge. In March 2007, Mark Paul Deason, the manager of a tavern near the University of Otago ,
7120-524: Was dropped, but the men received suspended sentences for uttering seditious words and for offences against the Public Order Act 1936 . In 1977, a Law Commission working paper recommended that the common law offence of sedition in England and Wales be abolished. They said that they thought that this offence was redundant and that it was not necessary to have any offence of sedition. However this proposal
7209-520: Was enacted in 1838. Sedition charges were not uncommon in New Zealand early in the 20th century. For instance, the future Prime Minister Peter Fraser had been convicted of sedition in his youth for arguing against conscription during World War I, and was imprisoned for a year. Perhaps ironically, Fraser re-introduced the conscription of troops as the Prime Minister during World War II. In New Zealand's first sedition trial in decades, Tim Selwyn
7298-505: Was facing political and economic discrimination by the central government of West Pakistan, leading to widespread discontent. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League, was at the forefront of demanding greater autonomy for East Pakistan through his Six-Point Movement. The central government of Pakistan accused Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others of conspiring with India to secede East Pakistan. The Case Named after Agartala,
7387-579: Was given assent by the Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 2020. It held its inaugural session on 24 June 2021, marking the date the committee became functional. A director-general, who is traditionally a serving lieutenant general in the Pakistan Army, heads the ISI. Three deputy director generals, who are serving two-star military officers, report directly to the director general with each deputy heading three wings respectively: Military officers of
7476-486: Was no defence, but rather an aggravating factor, since true statements were all the more potent. After the Star Chamber's dissolution, enforcement continued in the courts of assize and quarter sessions . Three classes of seditious offence were commonly charged: "seditious words" manifested by speaking, " seditious libel " by writing or publishing, and " seditious conspiracy " by active plotting. Although England adopted
7565-618: Was not implemented until 2009, when sedition and seditious libel (as common law offences) were abolished in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland by section 73 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 , with effect from 12 January 2010. In Scotland, section 51 of the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 abolished the common law offences of sedition and leasing-making with effect from 28 March 2011. Sedition by an alien
7654-513: Was presumed to persist, although last prosecuted in 1901. After the common law offence of blasphemous libel was ruled in 1999 to be incompatible with the constitution's guarantee of freedom of speech , jurists argued that seditious libel was similarly unconstitutional. Both blasphemous libel and seditious libel were abolished by the Defamation Act 2009, which also created new crime of " publication or utterance of blasphemous matter " to fulfil
7743-577: Was shelved following massive opposition from the public. The National Security Law , enacted on 30 June 2020, contains articles prohibiting secession and subversion against the Central Government and the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Both charges may carry penalty up to life imprisonment. Notably, Hong Kong's National Security Law was drafted by the Standing Committee of
7832-604: Was sought to be charged with sedition for her comments on Kashmir and Maoists . Two individuals have been charged with sedition since 2007. Binayak Sen , an Indian doctor and public health specialist, and activist was found guilty of sedition. He is national Vice-President of the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL). On 24 December 2010, the Additional Sessions and District Court Judge B.P Varma Raipur found Binayak Sen, Naxal ideologue Narayan Sanyal and Kolkata businessman Piyush Guha, guilty of sedition for helping
7921-573: Was unconstitutional under the First Amendment . In the Espionage Act of 1917 , Section 3 made it a federal crime, punishable by up to 20 years of imprisonment and a fine of up to $ 10,000, to willfully spread false news of the United States Army or Navy with an intent to disrupt its operations, to foment mutiny in their ranks, or to obstruct recruiting. This Act of Congress was amended by
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