Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
24-451: Amanitales Jülich (1981) Cortinariales Jülich (1981) Entolomatales Jülich (1981) Fistulinales Jülich (1981) Schizophyllales Nuss (1980) The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota . As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics (gilled mushrooms), but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are closely related and some belong in other orders, such as
48-513: A hymenium on the surface; such a structure is characteristic of many simple jelly and club fungi . In more complex basidiocarps, there is differentiation into a stipe , a pileus , and/or various types of hymenophores . Basidiocarps are classified into various types of growth forms based on the degree of differentiation into a stipe, pileus, and hymenophore, as well as the type of hymenophore, if present. Growth forms include: Basic divisions of Agaricomycotina were formerly based entirely upon
72-530: Is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use
96-628: The Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles )
120-612: The Crato Formation ( Brazil ), the Albian age (approximately 100 Ma ) Palaeoagaracites antiquus from Burmese amber and the slightly younger Turonian New Jersey Amber species Archaeomarasmius leggeti . The three other species, Aureofungus yaniguaensis , Coprinites dominicana and Protomycena electra are known from single specimens found in the Dominican amber mines of Hispaniola . There are several genera classified in
144-521: The Russulales and Boletales . Conversely, DNA research has also shown that many non-agarics, including some of the clavarioid fungi (clubs and corals) and gasteroid fungi (puffballs and false truffles) belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families , more than 400 genera , and over 25,000 described species , along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. Species in
168-443: The 2005 discovery of Psathyrella aquatica , the only gilled mushroom known to fruit underwater. Species are variously saprotrophic or ectomycorrhizal , occasionally parasitic on plants or other fungi, and sometimes lichenized . the Agaricales include six monotypic fossil genera mostly found fossilized in amber . The oldest records are from three Cretaceous age genera; the late Aptian Gondwanagaricites magnificus from
192-528: The Agaricales sensu lato : the Agaricales sensu stricto , Boletineae , and Russulales . These groups are still accepted by modern treatments based on DNA analysis, as the euagarics clade, bolete clade, and russuloid clade. Molecular phylogenetics research has demonstrated that the euagarics clade is roughly equivalent to Singer's Agaricales sensu stricto . A large-scale study by Brandon Matheny and colleagues used nucleic acid sequences representing six gene regions from 238 species in 146 genera to explore
216-1117: The Agaricales range from the familiar Agaricus bisporus (cultivated mushroom) and the deadly Amanita virosa (destroying angel) to the coral-like Clavaria zollingeri (violet coral) and bracket-like Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak fungus). Strophariaceae s. str. Hymenogastraceae Inocybaceae Crepidotaceae Tubarieae Panaeoleae Gymnopileae Cortinariaceae s. str. Bolbitiaceae Psathyrellaceae Hydnangiaceae Agaricaceae Nidulariaceae Cystodermateae Lyophyllaceae Entolomataceae Clitocybe candicans , C. subditopoda Tricholomataceae Dendrocollybia racemosa Neohygrophorus angelesianus Catathelasma clade Mycenaceae Omphalotaceae Marasmiaceae hydropoid clade Cyphellaceae Physalacriaceae Schizophyllaceae Lachnellaceae Hygrophoraceae Pterulaceae Typhulaceae Pleurotaceae Amanitaceae Pluteaceae Limnoperdaceae Atheliaceae Clavariaceae In his three volumes of Systema Mycologicum published between 1821 and 1832, Elias Fries put almost all of
240-411: The Agaricales that are i) poorly known, ii) have not been subjected to DNA analysis, or iii) if analysed phylogenetically do not group with as yet named or identified families, and have not been assigned to a specific family (i.e., Incertae sedis with respect to familial placement). These include: Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as
264-468: The ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus
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#1732854844919288-888: The field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
312-400: The fleshy, gill-forming mushrooms in the genus Agaricus . He organized the large genus into "tribes", the names of many of which still exist as common genera of today. Fries later elevated several of these tribes to generic level, but later authors—including Gillet , Karsten , Kummer , Quélet , and Staude—made most of the changes. Fries based his classification on macroscopic characters of
336-814: The fruit bodies and color of the spore print. His system had been widely used as it had the advantage that many genera could be readily identified based on characters observable in the field. Fries's classification was later challenged when microscopic studies of basidiocarp structure, initiated by Fayod and Patouillard , demonstrated several of Fries's groupings were unnatural. In the twentieth century, Rolf Singer's influential work The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy , published in four editions spanning from 1951 to 1986, used both Fries's macroscopic characters and Fayod's microscopic characters to reorganize families and genera; his final classification included 230 genera within 18 families. Singer treated three major groups within
360-465: The growth form of the mushroom. Molecular phylogenetic investigation (as well as supporting evidence from micromorphology and chemotaxonomy ) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples of convergent evolution and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi. For example, agarics have arisen independently in the Agaricales ,
384-460: The naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms , while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles . All basidiocarps serve as the structure on which the hymenium is produced. Basidia are found on the surface of the hymenium, and the basidia ultimately produce spores. In its simplest form, a basidiocarp consists of an undifferentiated fruiting structure with
408-580: The order Russulales , whilst agarics in the genera Paxillus and Hygrophoropsis belong in the Boletales . Conversely some genera with non-agaric fruit bodies, such as the puffballs , bird's nest fungi , and many clavarioid fungi , belong in the Agaricales. Members of the Agaricales are ubiquitous, with species found in all continents. The great majority are terrestrial, in almost every habitat from woodland and grassland to deserts and dunes. Agaricoid species were long thought to be solely terrestrial, until
432-456: The phylogenetic grouping within the Agaricales. The analysis showed that most of the species tested could be grouped into six clades that were named the Agaricoid, Tricholomatoid, Marasmioid, Pluteoid, Hygrophoroid and Plicaturopsidoid clades. Molecular studies have shown that agarics are more divergent than once thought. Agarics in the genera Russula and Lactarius , for example, belong to
456-420: The same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with
480-765: The suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at
504-449: The suffix -virales . Basidiocarp In fungi , a basidiocarp , basidiome , or basidioma ( pl. basidiomata ) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete , the multicellular structure on which the spore -producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes ; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to
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#1732854844919528-574: The word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In
552-543: Was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as
576-540: Was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905,
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