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75-397: The speech is important to modern scholars as the best extant biography of a woman from the classical period of ancient Greece, the most extensive surviving source on prostitution in ancient Greece, and the source of Athenian laws on adultery and citizenship which do not otherwise survive. However, it only began to receive significant attention from scholars in the 1990s, as before that period

150-409: A biography of Neaera. As well as its importance for women's history, the speech has been described as a "very important source for Athenian law and social history". It is a primary source for a number of Athenian laws, including ones on adultery and citizenship. It is also the best source of evidence about the granting of Athenian citizenship to the people of Plataea for their service to Athens, after

225-500: A challenge against the use of surplus money on the Theoric fund when it could instead have been used for defence against the threat of Philip of Macedon . Theomnestos begins the speech by introducing the case and the reasons for it, but the bulk of the speech is made by Apollodoros. So much of the speech is made by Apollodoros that at its conclusion he claims to have brought the case against Neaera himself, having apparently forgotten that it

300-454: A former prostitute . According to Plutarch, lupa (Latin for "wolf") was a common term for members of her profession and this gave rise to the she-wolf legend. The twins receive a proper education in the city of Gabii , before eventually winning control of the area around where Rome would be founded. Dispute over the particular hill upon which Rome should be built, the Palatine Hill or

375-530: A particular family, and that they shall not be eligible to the office of the nine archons but their descendants shall be. And the Plataeans shall be distributed among the demes and the tribes; and after they have been so distributed, it shall no longer be lawful for any Plataean to become an Athenian, unless he wins the gift from the people of Athens. If this is a true representation of the decree (and its wording has been challenged in modern times ), it would seem that

450-447: A personal bodyguard of 300 of the strongest and fittest among the nobles were also established: the latter, the celeres , were so-named either for their quickness, or, according to Valerius Antias , for their commander. A separation of power and measures to increase manpower were also instituted, as were Rome's religious customs and practices, and a variety of legal measures praised by Dionysius. Again, Dionysius thoroughly describes

525-471: A promotion of paideia within education, from true knowledge of classical sources , endured for centuries in a form integral to the identity of the Greek elite. He was a Halicarnassian . At some time after the end of the civil wars he moved to Rome , and spent twenty-two years studying Latin and literature and preparing materials for his history. During this period, he gave lessons in rhetoric , and enjoyed

600-617: A series of incursions into Boeotia to ravage the Theban countryside. After several years of this, the Thebans, sometimes with Athenian help, began to get the upper hand in these encounters. In 375 BC Sparta was too busy with other campaigns to send forces to the area and Thebes took the opportunity to compel these cities back into the Boeotian Federation .  Though not under assault, the Plataeans had lost their independence once more. Over

675-462: A share of the spoils of Marathon; but according to Plutarch it was with the 80 talents out of the spoils of Plataea, as mentioned above. The temple was adorned with pictures by Polygnotus and Onatas , and with a statue of the goddess by the Athenian sculptor Pheidias . Of the temple of Demeter Eleusinia we have no details, but it was probably erected in consequence of the battle having been fought near

750-413: A sign of the approval of the gods. He prayed and witnessed an auspicious lightning bolt, after which he declared that no king shall take the throne without receiving approval from the gods. Dionysus then provided a detailed account of the 'Romulus' constitution, most probably based on the work of Terentius Varro . Romulus supposedly divides Rome into 3 tribes , each with a Tribune in charge. Each tribe

825-452: A source for their material. The works of Appian , Plutarch and Livy all describe similar people and events of Early Rome as Dionysius. In the preamble to Book I, Dionysius states that the Greek people lack basic information on Roman history, a deficiency he hopes to fix with the present work. Because his prime objective was to reconcile the Greeks to Roman rule, Dionysius focused on

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900-616: A source text by an earlier author. It shows marked similarities with Quintilian 's view of imitation, and both may derive from a common source. Dionysius' concept marked a significant departure from the concept of mimesis formulated by Aristotle in the 4th century BC, which was only concerned with "imitation of nature" and not "imitation of other authors." Latin orators and rhetoricians adopted Dionysius' method of imitatio and discarded Aristotle's mimesis . Dionysius carried out extensive research for his Roman history, selecting among authorities, and preserving (for example) details of

975-445: A temple of Demeter Eleusinia at Argiopius. The temple of Zeus Eleutherius seems to have been reduced in the time of Pausanias to an altar and a statue. It was situated outside the city. Plataea is featured in the 2nd-century AD Latin novel Metamorphoses (often called The Golden Ass ) by Apuleius, in which it is depicted as hosting gladiatorial combat and an array of wild beasts. Plataea's walls were restored by Justinian in

1050-566: Is adjacent to its ruins. Plataea was settled during the Bronze Age . (It was mentioned in Homer in the Iliad as among the other Boeotian cities ).  Local tradition, as related by the geographer Pausanias , was that its people were "sprung from the soil" (autochthonous, or indigenous).  Its name is that of the daughter of an ancient king, Asopus , for whom the nearby river is named. According to

1125-468: Is bringing the case against Neaera in order to exact revenge against her partner Stephanos for his previous attacks on Apollodoros. The enmity between Apollodoros and Stephanos began, according to Theomnestos, when Apollodoros proposed the reallocation of the Theoric fund for military use in 349 BC in preparation for war against Macedon. Stephanos took Apollodoros to court, claiming that the law which he proposed

1200-608: Is disgraceful for men who have fought one battle by sea to become Plataeans straightway and masters instead of slaves". A scholiast to this passage appended this: " Hellanicus says that the slaves who joined in the sea battle were given their freedom and were enrolled as joint-citizens ( sympoliteysasthai ) with the Athenians on the same terms as the Plataeans". Perhaps the fullest explanation of their status came from Demosthenes in Against Neaera .  During this oration, he had

1275-403: Is in fact Theomnestos' case. Douglas MacDowell suggests that originally Apollodoros intended to bring the case himself. Apollodoros mainly focuses on attacking Neaera and her daughter Phano, possibly because he cannot produce good evidence for his allegations. He spends most of the speech going over Neaera's life as a hetaera, from her purchase by Nikarete to her going to live with Stephanos, and

1350-414: Is often grouped with the rest of the speeches concerning Apollodoros as being the work of a single Pseudo-Demosthenes . This author has been identified as Apollodoros himself by various scholars, including Kapparis in his commentary on the speech. The case against Neaera was brought by Theomnestos, the brother-in-law and son-in-law of Apollodoros. In his introduction to the speech, Theomnestos says that he

1425-508: Is widely accepted that Josephus ' Antiquities of the Jews was influenced by Dionysius' Roman Antiquities . In recent years, this view has been contested by several scholars. Plataea Plataea ( / p l ə ˈ t iː ə / ; Ancient Greek : Πλάταια , Plátaia ) was an ancient Greek city-state situated in Boeotia near the frontier with Attica at the foot of Mt. Cithaeron, between

1500-468: The Aventine Hill for its strategic advantages saw the brothers fall out and Remus killed. When the time came to actually construct the city of Rome, the two brothers disputed over the particular hill upon which Rome should be built, Romulus favoring the Palatine Hill and Remus favoring what later came to be known as Remoria (possibly the Aventine Hill ). Eventually, the two deferred their decision to

1575-532: The Servian Census . His first two books present a unified account of the supposed Greek origin for Rome, merging a variety of sources into a firm narrative: his success, however, was at the expense of concealing the primitive Roman actuality (as revealed by archaeology). Along with Livy , Dionysius is thus one of the primary sources for the accounts of the Roman foundation myth, and that of Romulus and Remus , and

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1650-408: The 6th century AD. The modern village of Plataies is adjacent to the ancient ruins.  Foundation stones for several of its buildings are still extant.  More information can be found at https://eternalgreece.com/ancient-plataea/ There are several references to a special relationship between Plataeans and Athenians, though the exact nature of it is disputed by scholars. Thucydides had

1725-560: The Persian king Dareios sent an armada to invade Attica in 490 BC, Plataea sent 1,000 men to join Athens at the Battle of Marathon , and shared in the glories of that victory. A decade later, they also served in the Athenian fleet at the sea battle at Artemisium , though they had no ships of their own.  They missed the later Battle of Salamis , in order to remove their families and property from

1800-420: The Plataeans were finally free. After its restoration by Philip, Plataea continued to be inhabited for several centuries. It was visited by Pausanias in the 2nd century AD, who mentioned three temples, one of Hera , another of Athena Areia , and a third of Demeter Eleusinia. He wrote of only one temple of Hera, which he described as situated within the city and worthy of admiration because of its magnitude and

1875-456: The Thebans expelled the Plataeans rather than killing them - sending them once again to Athens, after which they razed the city. They next did the same to neighboring Thespiae. (The wrongs done to the Plataeans by Thebes were set forth in a speech of Isocrates, entitled Plataicus , which was probably delivered at this time by a Plataean speaker before the Assembly at Athens. At any rate, it

1950-468: The Thebans say in a speech: "It was in defense against us, say you, that you became allies and citizens ( politai ) of Athens." Diodorus Siculus, in describing a later event, says: "The Plataeans with their wives and children, having fled to Athens, received equality of civic rights ( isopoliteia ) as a mark of favour from the Athenian people". Aristophanes , in his Frogs (693-4) has the Chorus opine, "For it

2025-477: The ancient Thebans, who claimed authority over the city, Plataea was founded by them. In 520 BC Plataea, unwilling to submit to the supremacy of Thebes, and unable to resist this powerful neighbour with its own resources, sought the protection of Sparta .  Sparta, however, demurred, saying: We live too far away, and our help would be cold comfort to you. You could be enslaved many times over before any of us heard about it. We advise you to put yourselves under

2100-612: The besieged succeeded in scaling the walls of circumvallation during the night and safely made it to Athens. In the course of the following summer (427), those remaining in Plataea were obliged, through failure of provisions, to surrender to the Peloponnesians.  After a "trial" by the Spartans, in which their arguments against the unwarranted assault on the city were shunted aside, they were put to death and all private buildings were razed to

2175-469: The capture of Plataea by Sparta during the Peloponnesian war . Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( Ancient Greek : Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς , Dionúsios Alexándrou Halikarnasseús , ''Dionysios (son of Alexandros) of Halikarnassos''; c.   60 BC – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric , who flourished during

2250-554: The city at the approach of the Persian army. Upon the arrival of the Persians shortly afterwards their city was burned to the ground. In the following year (479 BC), their territory was the scene of the Battle of Plataea , which delivered Greece from the Persian invaders. In this engagement, a combined Greek force met those of the Persian general Mardonius on the plain next to the Asopus River.  As this victory had been gained on

2325-514: The city neutral or maintain their alliance with Athens, the Plataeans secured a truce, during which they sent their old men, women, and children to Athens together with the envoys who were to see what Athens had to say.  In the end, they determined to continue the alliance, which set the stage for the assault that came next.  The remaining garrison of the city consisted of only 400 citizens and 80 Athenians, and 110 women who were there to manage household affairs.  Yet this small force defied

Against Neaera - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-437: The classical world. Accordingly, it is today frequently used in teaching about Athenian law and society, though due to the focus on prostitution, it was "not deemed appropriate for undergraduates of earlier generations" and so has only recently been the subject of much scholarly attention. Since 1990, Against Neaera has been the subject of much attention by classicists, including two editions with translation and commentary, and

2475-415: The clerk read out a previously enacted degree regarding the Plataeans that had been passed during their exile in 429 BC: On motion of Hippocrates it is decreed that the Plataeans shall be Athenians from this day, and shall have full rights as citizens, and that they shall share in all the privileges in which the Athenians share, both civil and religious, save any priesthood or religious office which belongs to

2550-506: The daughter of King Latinus of the Original Latin tribes , thus linking Rome to Trojans and Latins both. Dionysius lays out the different accounts of her pregnancy and the twins' conception, but declines to choose one over the others. Citing Fabius , Cincius , Porcius Cato , and Piso , Dionysius recounts the most common tale, whereby the twins are to be tossed into the Tiber ; are left at

2625-480: The deliverance of the Greeks from the Persian yoke. The festival was sacred to Zeus Eleutherius , to whom a temple was erected at Plataea. In return for these services the assembled Greeks swore to guarantee the independence and inviolability of the city and its territory. Plataea was rebuilt and its inhabitants were unmolested until the commencement of the Peloponnesian War . In the spring of 431 BC, before war

2700-516: The end of the festival, Romulus and the young men seized all the virgins at the festival and planned to marry them according to their customs. In his narrative, however, the cities of Caecina , Crustumerium , and Antemnae petition for Tatius , king of the Sabines to lead them to war; and it is only after the famous intervention of the Sabine women that the nations agreed to become a single kingdom under

2775-506: The failure of Phano's two marriages. He demonstrates that Neaera was not an Athenian citizen, though he "failed to establish conclusively" that Neaera was married to Stephanos, or that she passed her children off as Athenian citizens. The style of the speech differs noticeably from that of authentically Demosthenic orations. The style is considered "sometimes[...] rough" by Kapparis, with "endless, sometimes clumsy sentences". The oration makes frequent use of quoted speech, which Kapparis argues

2850-475: The famous abducting of the Sabine women and suggesting thereby that the abduction was a pretext for alliance with the Sabines . Romulus wished to cement relations with neighboring cities through intermarriage, but none of them found the fledgling city of Rome worthy of their daughters. To overcome this, Romulus arranged a festival in honor of Neptune (the Consualia ) and invited the surrounding cities to attend. At

2925-414: The focus of the speech on prostitution was considered to be inappropriate. Against Neaera is preserved as Demosthenes' fifty-ninth speech, though it has been thought inauthentic since antiquity. Dionysius of Halicarnassus , for instance, questioned its authorship. Modern scholars from the nineteenth century to the present have generally accepted that the speech was not written by Demosthenes, and today it

3000-407: The gods at the advice of their grandfather. Using the birds as omens , the two brothers decided "he to whom the more favourable birds first appeared should rule the colony and be its leader." Since Remus saw nine vultures first, he claimed that the gods chose him and Romulus claimed that since he saw a greater (the "more favorable") number of vultures, the gods chose him. Unable to reach a conclusion,

3075-526: The good qualities of their conquerors, and also argued that – based on sources ancient in his own time – the Romans were genuine descendants of the older Greeks. According to him, history is philosophy teaching by examples, and this idea he has carried out from the point of view of a Greek rhetorician. But he carefully consulted the best authorities, and his work and that of Livy are the only connected and detailed extant accounts of early Roman history. Dionysius

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3150-479: The ground by the Thebans.  In time, the latter used the remnants to erected an inn and a chapel for the local precinct of Hera.  The land was allocated to those Plataeans who had supported Thebes in the lead-up to the attack. In 423 BC, Athens and Sparta negotiated a one-year truce in the midst of the Pelopennesian War.  One of the terms was that no new conquests or revolts were to take place once

3225-459: The joint rule of Romulus and Tatius, both declared Quirites . After the death of Tatius, however, Romulus became more dictatorial, until he met his end, either through actions divine or earthly. One tale tells of a "darkness" that took Romulus from his war camp to his father in heaven. Another source claims that Romulus was killed by his Roman countrymen after releasing hostages, showing favoritism, and excessive cruelty in his punishments. It

3300-543: The latter. Wives could inherit upon their husband's death. A wife's adultery was a serious crime, however, drunkenness could be a mitigating factor in determining the appropriate punishment. Because of Romulus' laws, Dionysius claims that not a single Roman couple divorced over the following five centuries. Romulus' laws governing parental rights, in particular, those that allow fathers to maintain power over their adult children were also considered an improvement over those of others; while Dionysius further approved of how, under

3375-446: The laws of Romulus, native-born free Romans were limited to two forms of employment: farming and the army. All other occupations were filled by slaves or non-Roman labor. Romulus used the trappings of his office to encourage compliance with the law. His court was imposing and filled with loyal soldiers and he was always accompanied by the 12 lictors appointed to be his attendants. Following his institutional account, Dionysus described

3450-416: The laws of other nations before contrasting the approach of Romulus and lauding his work. The Roman law governing marriage is, according to his Antiquities , an elegant yet simple improvement over that of other nations, most of which he harshly derides. By declaring that wives would share equally in the possessions and conduct of their husband, Romulus promoted virtue in the former and deterred mistreatment by

3525-416: The motives were in fact political, and that Apollodoros brought the case against Stephanos due to Stephanos' opposition to the anti-Macedonian policies of Eubolos and Demosthenes. She concludes that the case was ultimately to discredit Stephanos in preparation for a new proposal to redirect the money in the Theoric fund for military purposes. Carey suggests in fact it was an attempt to test public opinion to

3600-599: The mountain and the river Asopus , which divided its territory from that of Thebes . Its inhabitants were known as the Plataeans ( Πλαταιαί ; Plataiaí , Latin : Plataeae ). It was the location of the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, in which an alliance of Greek city-states defeated the Persians . Plataea was destroyed and rebuilt several times during the Classical period of ancient Greece. The modern Greek town of Plataies

3675-541: The mythical period to the beginning of the First Punic War in twenty books, of which the first nine remain extant while the remaining books only exist as fragments, in the excerpts of the Roman emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus and an epitome discovered by Angelo Mai in a Milan manuscript. Dionysius is the first major historian of early Roman history whose work is now extant. Several other ancient historians who wrote of this period, almost certainly used Dionysius as

3750-415: The next couple of years, the Plataeans increasingly resented Thebes' heavy hand. At some point – the year is reported variously as 373, 372, and 371 BC by ancient sources – they reached out to Athens in an attempt to restore the long-standing alliance between the two cities. This, of course, incensed the Thebans and they attacked the Plataea before Athens could respond. Unlike the attack in 427 BC, this time

3825-414: The offerings with which it was adorned. This was possibly the temple built by the Thebans after the destruction of Plataea. It is probable that the old temple of Hera mentioned by Herodotus, and which he described as outside the city, was no longer repaired after the erection of the new one, and had disappeared before Pausanias' visit. The temple of Athena Areia was built, according to Pausanias, out of

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3900-409: The populace. He assembled the people and gave them the choice as to what type of government they wanted - monarchy, democracy, or oligarchy - for its constitution. After his address, which extolled bravery in war abroad and moderation at home, and in which Romulus denied any need to remain in power, the people decided to remain a kingdom and asked him to remain its king. Before accepting he looked for

3975-559: The power of Thebes, took advantage of it to restore the Plataeans to their native city. But the Plataeans did not long retain possession of their city. With Thebes ever a threat to their independence, Sparta kept a garrison there to protect it, and at the Boeotian cities of Thespiae and Orchomenus as well.  In the 370s, Athens and Thebes went to war against Sparta, and the Lacedaemonians used Thespiae and Plataea as staging areas for

4050-474: The protection of the Athenians, since they are your neighbours and not bad men at giving help. Herodotos , the source of this statement, went on to say that the Spartans had an ulterior motive in this: that they wished to cause trouble between Athens and Thebes.  In the end, Plataea did form a close alliance with Athens, to which its people remained faithful during the whole of its subsequent history. When

4125-408: The region. During this time, the Plataeans remained in exile at Athens. In 338 BC the simmering war between Athens and Macedon came to a head when Philip brought his army into southern Greece.  At the last minute Thebes, which had been in league with Macedon for years, switched sides and fought with Athens against him and his son Alexander at Chaeroneia , in northern Boeotia.  The result

4200-403: The reign of Emperor Augustus . His literary style was atticistic – imitating Classical Attic Greek in its prime. He is known for his work Rhōmaikē Archaiologia (Roman Antiquities), which describes the history of Rome from its beginnings until the outbreak of the First Punic War in 264 BCE. Out of twenty books, only the first nine have survived. Dionysius' opinion of the necessity of

4275-507: The site of the ficus Ruminalis ; and rescued by a she-wolf who nurses them in front of her lair (the Lupercal ) before being adopted by Faustulus . Dionysius relates an alternate, "non-fantastical" version of Romulus and Remus' birth, survival and youth. In this version, Numitor managed to switch the twins at birth with two other infants. The twins were delivered by their grandfather to Faustulus to be fostered by him and his wife, Laurentia,

4350-574: The slaughter, nevertheless sent a garrison to protect the city from further attack.  This event proved to be the spark that ignited the war between Athens and Sparta. In the third year of the war (429 BC) the Peloponnesian army under the command of Spartan king Archidamus laid siege to Plataea , claiming that it had violated the protections guaranteed it after the Persian War by continuing its alliance with Athens. Before deciding whether to declare

4425-409: The society of many distinguished men. The date of his death is unknown. In the 19th century, it was commonly supposed that he was the ancestor of Aelius Dionysius of Halicarnassus . His major work, entitled Roman Antiquities ( Ancient Greek : Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἀρχαιολογία , Rhōmaikē Archaiologia ), frequently abbreviated Ant. Rom. ( Latin : Antiquitates Romanae ), narrates the history of Rome from

4500-487: The soil of Plataea, its citizens received special honour and rewards from the confederated Greeks. Not only was the large sum of 80 talents granted to them, which they employed in erecting a temple to Athena, but they were charged with the duty of tendering religious honours every year to the tombs of the warriors who had fallen in the battle, and of celebrating every four years the festival of the Eleutheria in commemoration of

4575-522: The truce was signed.  The people of Scione , in the Chalcidice , had revolted about this time, and while Sparta claimed it was before the truce, Athens had intelligence that it took place afterward.  The Athenian assembly then passed a decree "to reduce and put to death the Scionaeans".  The next year they besieged the city, finally subduing it and carrying out the decree in 420.  Once this

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4650-435: The two brothers and their followers fought, ultimately resulting in the death of Remus. After his brother's death, a saddened Romulus buried Remus at the site of Remoria, giving the location its namesake. Before the actual construction of the city began, Romulus made sacrifices and received good omens, and he then ordered the populace to ritually atone for their guilt. The city's fortifications were first and then housing for

4725-401: The weak case for his position, Apollodoros may have been able to persuade the jury to his side by playing on their prejudices and fears. The speech Against Neaera is significant as the fullest extant narrative of the life of a woman in the classical period. It is the most extensive surviving source on Greek prostitution, and is also valuable for what it says about women and gender relations in

4800-416: The whole army of the Peloponnesians, which, after many fruitless attempts to take the city, gave up the assault and converted the siege into a blockade.  They raised a circumvallation round the city consisting of two parallel walls, 16 feet apart, with a ditch on either side.  Then, leaving a small force to guard the city, the invading army went home. In the second year of the blockade (428), 212 of

4875-447: Was a deliberate device to make vivid the events Apollodoros describes. Apollodorus' speech, following Theomnestus' introduction, begins with a long narrative from §18 to §84; this is unusual in Greek legal speeches but typical of Apollodorus' style. The outcome of the speech is unknown, though modern commentators have criticised the evidence that Apollodoros put forward as failing to prove his case. Kapparis suggests, however, that despite

4950-410: Was a resounding victory for Macedon.  Among the settlements later imposed by Philip on the Greek cities, the Plataeans were restored to their city once more. In 335 BC, Thebes revolted against Alexander, who had succeeded his father the previous year.  In response, Alexander destroyed the city, sending the Theban survivors into slavery.  With their would-be overlords out of the picture,

5025-413: Was able to successfully defend himself, and the suit failed. Following this suit, Theomnestos brought the case against Neaera from which this speech comes, on behalf of his father-in-law. The case was a graphe xenias – the charge that Neaera had illegitimately claimed the rights of Athenian citizenship. Specifically, the case against Neaera claimed that she was living with Stephanos as his wife, when it

5100-435: Was also the author of several rhetorical treatises, in which he shows that he had thoroughly studied the best Attic models: The last two treatises are supplemented by letters to Gn. Pompeius and Ammaeus (two, one of which is about Thucydides). Dionysian imitatio is the literary method of imitation as formulated by Dionysius, who conceived it as the rhetorical practice of emulating, adapting, reworking, and enriching

5175-496: Was divided into 10 Curia , and each of those into smaller units. He divided the kingdom's land holdings between them, and Dionysus alone among our authorities insists that this was done in equal lots. The Patrician class was separated from the Plebeian class; while each curiae was responsible for providing soldiers in the event of war. A system of patronage ( clientela ), a senate (attributed by Dionysius to Greek influence) and

5250-578: Was done, they gave the town to those Plataeans then living at Athens to be their new home. At the close of the Peloponnesian War, Athens was compelled to evacuate Scione, and the Plataeans again found a hospitable welcome at Athens. The exiled Plataeans continued to live at Athens until the imposition Peace of Antalcidas by the Great King of Persia (387 BC), which guaranteed the autonomy of all Greek cities. The Spartans, who were now anxious to humble

5325-432: Was formally declared, a party of 300 Thebans attempted to take over Plataea. They were admitted within the walls during the night by members of a faction partial to Thebes, but the Plataeans soon discovered the attack and engaged the invaders.  During the night they killed many and captured 180. Few escaped. Word was sent to Athens of the attempted coup, and then the captives were executed.  The Athenians, dismayed at

5400-450: Was illegal for non-Athenians to marry Athenian citizens. The case was brought between 343 and 340 BC; Kapparis argues that an earlier date is more plausible. The fact that the rivalry between Apollodoros and Stephanos began in 349 BC, though, raises the question of why Apollodoros and Theomnestos waited for such a long time to bring the matter of Neaera to court if their sole motivation was revenge on Stephanos. Grace Macurdy suggested that

5475-410: Was illegal. The fine which Stephanos proposed was according to Theomnestos large enough that Apollodoros would have been unable to pay it, and so would have been disenfranchised . The court in fact imposed a smaller fine, which Apollodoros was able to pay. Having failed in his attempt to have Apollodoros ruined and disenfranchised, Stephanos then had Apollodoros charged with murder. This time, Apollodoros

5550-499: Was later published and preserved among Isocrates works.) As a result of these actions, Athens backed out of its alliance with Thebes and sought peace with Sparta. In 371 BC, Sparta lost a major battle to Thebes at Leuktra , in Boeotia.  For the next two decades Thebes reigned supreme in Greece, until the rise of Macedon and the campaign of Philip II to extend its hegemony throughout

5625-503: Was relied on in the later publications of Plutarch , for example. He writes extensively on the myth, sometimes attributing direct quotations to its figures. The myth spans the first 2 volumes of his Roman Antiquities , beginning with Book I chapter 73 and concluding in Book II chapter 56. Dionysius claims that the twins, Romulus and Remus, were born to a vestal named Ilia Silvia (sometimes called Rea), descended from Aeneas of Troy and

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