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71-670: Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary ( ADS ) is a marine protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the east coast of Gulf St Vincent in and adjoining the north-western part of Adelaide , covering the estuary of the Port River around Port Adelaide and northwards past St Kilda . It was established in 2005 for the protection of a resident population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus ). The dolphins are keenly watched by dolphin enthusiasts, as well as being

142-747: A cetacean sanctuary in the Ligurian Sea named the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals . This sanctuary includes both national and international waters. Both the CBD and IUCN recommended a variety of management systems for use in a protected area system. They advocated that MPAs be seen as one of many "nodes" in a network of protected areas. The following are the most common management systems: Seasonal and temporary management —Activities, most critically fishing, are restricted seasonally or temporarily, e.g., to protect spawning/nursing grounds or to let

213-462: A further 10 coming and going from Gulf St Vincent waters. Dolphins that inhabit or visit the sanctuary face a range of threats, including boat strikes, fishing line entanglement and shark attacks. They also face viruses and pollution, including heavy metals and other substances that bio-accumulate. Calf mortality is also high. Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary researcher Marianna Boorman reported in August 2021 that

284-455: A marine wildlife rescue organisation based in Port Adelaide, said that bureaucratic processes contributed to the death of Star as he was not given authority to use his equipment and expertise in a timely manner. In October 2020, a male dolphin called Marianna died from blunt force trauma , most likely after collision with a boat. In 2021, a series of deaths and disappearances of dolphins from

355-465: A network of protected areas by 2010 within the jurisdiction of regional environmental protocols .It recommended establishing protected areas for 20 to 30% of the world's oceans by the goal date of 2012. The Convention on Biological Diversity considered these recommendations and recommended requiring countries to set up marine parks controlled by a central organization before merging them. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to

426-506: A number of global examples of large marine conservation areas. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , is situated in the central Pacific Ocean, around Hawaii , occupying an area of 1.5 million square kilometers. The area is rich in wild life, including the green turtle and the Hawaiian monkfish, alongside 7,000 other species, and 14 million seabirds. In 2017 the Cook Islands passed

497-564: A preventive measure or to avoid direct disturbance to individual species. The degree to which environmental regulations affect shipping varies according to whether MPAs are located in territorial waters , exclusive economic zones , or the high seas . The law of the sea regulates these limits. Most MPAs have been located in territorial waters, where the appropriate government can enforce them. However, MPAs have been established in exclusive economic zones and in international waters . For example, Italy, France and Monaco in 1999 jointly established

568-403: A range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve. At the 2004 Convention on Biological Diversity , the agency agreed to use " network " on a global level, while adopting system for national and regional levels. The network is a mechanism to establish regional and local systems, but carries no authority or mandate, leaving all activity within

639-566: A rapidly reducing species recover. Multiple-use MPAs —These are the most common and arguably the most effective. These areas employ two or more protections. The most important sections get the highest protection, such as a no take zone and are surrounded with areas of lesser protections. Multiple-use MPAs can make use of very diverse fisheries regulations to balance fisheries extraction with nature protection. Community involvement and related approaches —Community-managed MPAs empower local communities to operate partially or completely independent of

710-412: A tourist attraction, touted as the only city in the world with wild dolphins living in it. Dolphin expert Mike Bossley AM lobbied for the sanctuary from the mid-1990s, becoming interested after reading about a dolphin that swam along next to racehorses being exercised in the water off West Beach , further down the coast. The dolphins in the area are Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins. The sanctuary

781-648: Is a 100% no take zone. Related terms include; specially protected area (SPA), Special Area of Conservation (SAC), the United Kingdom's marine conservation zones (MCZs), or area of special conservation (ASC) etc. which each provide specific restrictions. Stressors that affect oceans include the impact of extractive industries , marine pollution , and changes to the ocean's chemistry ( ocean acidification ) resulting from elevated carbon dioxide levels, due to our greenhouse gas emissions (see also effects of climate change on oceans ). MPAs have been cited as

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852-688: Is also found in Sustainable Development Goal 14 (which is part of the Convention on Biological Diversity ) and which sets this 10% goal to a later date (2020). In 2017, the UN held the United Nations Ocean Conference aiming to find ways and urge for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. In that 2017 conference, it was clear that just between 3.6 and 5.7% of the world's oceans were protected, meaning another 6.4 to 4.3% of

923-595: Is no defined long-term goal for conservation and ecological recovery and extraction of marine resources occurs, a region is not a marine protected area. "Marine protected area (MPA)" is a term for protected areas that include marine environment and biodiversity . Other definitions by the IUCN include (2010): Any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of

994-471: Is to be maintained and improved; (b) the key habitat features in the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet that are necessary to sustain the dolphin population are to be maintained, protected and restored; (c) water quality within the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet should be improved to a level that sustains the ecological processes, environmental values and productive capacity of

1065-494: Is very energy-consuming. A 2018 study by Mike Rossley et al. suggested: Social learning is the most likely mechanism for the introduction and spread of this unusual behaviour, which has no known adaptive function. These observations demonstrate the potential strength of the capacity for spontaneous imitation in bottlenose dolphins, and help explain the origin and spread of foraging specializations observed in multiple populations of this genus. Marine protected area There are

1136-652: The Adelaide metropolitan area about 17 kilometres (11 miles) north-northwest of the state capital of Adelaide and about 3.9 kilometres (2.4 miles) north-northeast of Port Adelaide . The conservation park consists of land in Allotments 300 and 304 in Deposited Plan 90964, and sections 464 and 467 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Port Adelaide . This consists of all of Torrens Island down to low water with exception to

1207-581: The Red Sea , Gulf of Aden and Mexico. To be truly representative of the ocean and its range of marine resources, marine conservation parks should encompass the great variety of ocean geological and geographical terrains, as these, in turn, influence the biosphere around them. As time progresses it would be strategically advantageous to develop parks that include oceanic features such as ocean ridges , ocean trenches , island arc systems, ocean seamounts , ocean plateaus , and abyssal plains , which occupy half

1278-767: The Ross Sea . Other large MPAs are in the Indian , Pacific , and Atlantic Oceans , in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France , the United Kingdom and the United States , with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea , Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument , Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and

1349-656: The Torrens Island National Park Reserve under the National Parks Act 1966 in respect to section 467 in the Hundred of Port Adelaide. On 27 April 1972, it was reconstituted as Torrens Island Conservation Park upon the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 . On 23 January 2014, the following land in the Hundred of Port Adelaide was added to the conservation park all subject to

1420-444: The " system ". No take zones (NTZs), are areas designated in a number of the world's MPAs, where all forms of exploitation are prohibited and severely limits human activities. These no take zones can cover an entire MPA, or specific portions. For example, the 1,150,000 square kilometres (440,000 sq mi) Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , the world's largest MPA (and largest protected area of any type, land or sea),

1491-472: The 1980s, first named Billy when she had been assumed to be male. After becoming trapped in the Patawalonga at Glenelg , she was rescued and put into placed with several captive dolphins at Marineland , a marine park which had existed at West Beach since 1969, to recuperate. There she observed the captive dolphins performing "tail-walking" – mimicking a standing posture, using her tail to run backwards along

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1562-639: The ADS) is managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia , an agency within the Department of Environment and Water . In 2015, management activity was supported by a community volunteer group known as the ADS Action Group which was created in 2012 and which had 50 registered volunteers in 2015. The sanctuary covers an area of coastline extending from Port Gawler in the north to North Haven in

1633-581: The Antarctic Treaty and CCAMLR, make up part the broader system of international agreements called the Antarctic Treaty System. Since 1982, the CCAMLR meets annually to implement binding conservations measures like the creation of 'protected areas' at the suggestion of the convention's scientific committee. In 2009, the CCAMLR created the first 'high-seas' MPA entirely within international waters over

1704-551: The Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current late of biodiversity loss at the global, regional, national, and sub-national levels and contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of sustainable development ." The UN later endorsed another decision, Decision VII/15, in 2006: Effective conservation of 10% of each of the world's ecological regions by 2010. – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Decision VII/15 The 10% conservation goal

1775-517: The Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Cook Islands who have individual EEZ areas of between 1.9 and 3.5 million km . The national EEZ's are the ones where governance is easier, and agreements to create marine parks are within national jurisdictions, such as is the case with Marae Moana and the Cook Islands. One alternative to imposing MPAs on an indigenous population is through

1846-524: The Great Lakes of North America. The form of marine protected areas trace the origins to the World Congress on National Parks in 1962. In 1976, a process was delivered to the excessive rights to every sovereign state to establish marine protected areas at over 200 nautical miles. Over the next two decades, a scientific body of evidence marked the utility in the designation of marine protected areas. In

1917-587: The Island. In 2014, it was reported as protecting ‘areas of mangrove forest, samphire shrubland and sand dune systems home to vulnerable and threatened species such as the Australasian bittern , the fairy tern and the white-bellied sea eagle ’. The conservation park is also respectively fully and partially within the boundaries of the following protected areas - the Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary and

1988-674: The Marae Moana Act designating the whole of the country's marine exclusive economic zone , which has an area of 1.9 million square kilometers as a zone with the purpose of protecting and conserving the "ecological, biodiversity and heritage values of the Cook Islands marine environment". Other large marine conservation areas include those around Antarctica, New Caledonia, Greenland, Alaska, Ascension Island, and Brazil. As areas of protected marine biodiversity expand, there has been an increase in ocean science funding, essential for preserving marine resources . In 2020, only around 7.5 to 8% of

2059-433: The Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet; (d) the interests of the community are to be taken into account by recognising indigenous and other cultural, and historical, relationships with the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet and surrounding areas, and by ensuring appropriate participation in processes associated with the management of the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet; (e) public awareness of

2130-489: The Port River for fishing and providing food for over forty species of birds. The latter include a number of rare or uncommon summer visiting waders, ie. Tringa terek (terek sandpiper), Limosa lapponica (bar-tailed godwit), Numenius minutus (whimbrel) and Pluvialis dominica (lesser golden plover) ... The park is relatively undisturbed, although rabbits, which cross from the mainlands at low tide, are very common on

2201-584: The Ross Sea after several years of failed negotiations. Establishment of the Ross Sea MPA required unanimity of the commission members and enforcement will begin in December 2017. However, due to a sunset provision inserted into the proposal, the new marine park will only be in force for 35 years. Many countries have established national targets, accompanied by action plans and implementations. The UN Council identified

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2272-764: The South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area . When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of April 2023 there are more than 16,615 MPAs, encompassing 7.2% of the world's oceans (26,146,645 km ), with less than half of that area – encompassing 2.9% of the world's oceans – assessed to be fully or highly protected according to the MPA Guide Framework. Several types of compliant MPA can be distinguished: IUCN offered seven categories of protected area , based on management objectives and four broad governance types. Related protected area categories include

2343-462: The additional regulatory requirements regarding "commercial activities" in respect to interaction with marine mammals, including all species of dolphins present in South Australia. The sanctuary is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area . The dolphins are a popular tourist attraction, with several boat tours available for viewing them play in the river, and touted as the only city in

2414-606: The aftermath of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro , an international target was established with the encompassment of ten percent of the world's marine protected areas. On 28 October 2016 in Hobart , Australia , the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in

2485-415: The dolphins of the Port River have been seen to have exhibit " tail-walking ", a highly unusual behaviour for a wild dolphin. This started in 1988 when a female named Billie was rescued after becoming trapped in a polluted marina , and spent two weeks recuperating with captive dolphins. Billie was the same dolphin which had been observed swimming and frolicking with racehorses exercising in the Port River in

2556-884: The earth's surface. Another factor that will influence the development of marine conservation areas is ownership. Who owns the world's oceans? Approximately 64% of the world's oceans are " international waters " and subject to regulations such as the Law of the Sea and the governance of UN bodies such as the International Seabed Authority . The remaining 36% of the ocean is under the governance of individual countries within their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Some individual national EEZ's cover very large areas , such as France and USA (>11 million km ), and Australia, Russia, UK, and Indonesia (>6 million km ). Some states have very small land areas but extremely large EEZ's such as Kiribati,

2627-535: The enclosed environment. United States Executive Order 13158 in May 2000 established MPAs, defining them as: Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein. The Convention on Biological Diversity defined the broader term of marine and coastal protected area (MCPA): Any defined area within or adjacent to

2698-488: The fabric of nation states. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. This definition is intended to make it more difficult to claim MPA status for regions where exploitation of marine resources occurs. If there

2769-617: The following protected areas : Barker Inlet-St Kilda Aquatic Reserve ; Port Gawler Conservation Park ; the majority of the St Kilda – Chapman Creek Aquatic Reserve ; Torrens Island Conservation Park ; and parts of the Adelaide International Bird Sanctuary National Park—Winaityinaityi Pangkara . These are located in localities and suburbs including Bolivar , Buckland Park , Dry Creek , Globe Derby Park , Port Gawler and St Kilda . To

2840-490: The following; While "area" refers to a single contiguous location, terms such as " network ", " system ", and " region " that group MPAs are not always consistently employed." System " is more often used to refer to an individual MPA, whereas " region " is defined by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre as: A collection of individual MPAs operating cooperatively, at various spatial scales and with

2911-652: The global ocean area falls under a conservation designation. This area is equivalent to 27 million square kilometres, equivalent to the land areas of Russia and Canada combined, although some argue that the effective conservation zones (ones with the strictest regulations) occupy only 5% of the ocean area (about equivalent to the land area of Russia alone). Marine conservation zones, as with their terrestrial equivalents, vary in terms of rules and regulations. Few zones rule out completely any sort of human activity within their area, as activities such as fishing, tourism, and transport of essential goods and services by ship, are part of

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2982-505: The governmental jurisdictions they occupy. Empowering communities to manage resources can lower conflict levels and enlist the support of diverse groups that rely on the resource such as subsistence and commercial fishers, scientists, recreation, tourism businesses, youths and others. Mistrust between fishermen and regulating authorities is of central importance there, and needs to be addressed. Recent evidence from regions like Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal or Canada reveals success stories based on

3053-423: The group were observed also performing the behaviour. These included Bianca, Angel, Juliette, and Oriana. In 2011, up to 12 dolphins were observed tail-walking, but only females appeared to learn the skill. In October 2021, a dolphin was observed tail-walking over a number of hours. Scientists have found the spread of this behaviour, through up to two generations, surprising, as it brings no apparent advantage, and

3124-416: The immunosuppression. Morbillivirus was being investigated as a potential cause, but it did not appear to be a likely candidate. Other possibilities are being investigated, but nothing definitive had been established by April 2022. Between late 2021 and April 2022, new calves included Saki, alternatively named Frankie (to Dinah); Piki, alternatively named Neon (to Mouse); and Ripple (to Rocket). Several of

3195-428: The importance of a healthy Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet to the economic, social and cultural prosperities of the local communities, and the community more generally, is to be promoted; (f) the principles of ecological sustainable development in relation to the use and management of the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet are to be promoted. The Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary (also referred to as

3266-418: The marine environment, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings. An apparently unique extension of the meaning is used by NOAA to refer to protected areas on

3337-518: The most of land associated with the former quarantine station and the land associated with the Quarantine and Torrens Island Power Stations , and some land exposed at low water at the eastern end of Garden Island . On 28 November 1963, land in section 467 was proclaimed as a "wild-life reserve" under the National Park and Wild Life Reserves Act 1891 . On 9 November 1967, it was proclaimed as

3408-420: The mouth of the Port River , this park preserves a salt marsh land system. The vegetation comprises a low woodland of Avicennia marina var. resinifera (white mangrove) and low-shrubland of Salicornia spp. and allied genera. Over thirty species of salt tolerant plants have been recorded for the park. The marshes breed a myriad of worms, shrimps and simple organisms on which fish feed, helping to stock

3479-425: The need for countries to collaborate with each other to establish effective regional conservation plans. Some national targets are listed in the table below Torrens Island Conservation Park Torrens Island Conservation Park (formerly Torrens Island National Park Reserve and Torrens Island Wild-life Reserve) is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on Torrens Island in

3550-543: The ocean's single greatest hope for increasing the resilience of the marine environment to such stressors. Well-designed and managed MPAs developed with input and support from interested stakeholders can conserve biodiversity and protect and restore fisheries . MPAs can help sustain local economies by supporting fisheries and tourism. For example, Apo Island in the Philippines made protected one quarter of their reef, allowing fish to recover, jump-starting their economy. This

3621-471: The perspective of resource users, intended to address both environmental and socio-economic needs, complementary ecological and social goals and designs need greater research and policy support". Filipino communities connect with one another to share information about MPAs, creating a larger network through the social communities' support. Emerging or established MPA networks can be found in Australia , Belize,

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3692-477: The pod could be completely extinct by 2026. There were 23 deaths of calves between 2017 and early 2022. Some of the names assigned by enthusiasts to the population as of 2022 included Mouse, Crystal, Mel, Bubbles, Hope and Gem, but Gem had not been seen for some time. In March 2022 it was reported that five male abnormally thin male dolphins had been found dead. Numbers in the North Arm and Angas Inlet branches of

3763-486: The pod had lost 10 young calves and eight adult females in the previous four years. In that time, only three new calves had survived. In October 2021, another dolphin named Hunter was captured and euthanised after being seen in poor physical condition, and two dolphins named Talulla and Squeak (Hunter's brother) were found dead in the second half of 2021, along with another dolphin near Semaphore Beach . In October 2021, dolphin watcher and advocate Jenni Wyrsta predicted that

3834-471: The preservation of rights under the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000 for the "construction or operation of a transmission pipeline" - Allotments 300 and 304 in Deposited Plan 90964, and Section 464. As of 2016, it covered an area of 6.35 square kilometres (2.45 sq mi). In 1980, the conservation park was described as follows: Situated at the northern end of Torrens Island, which lies near

3905-547: The region while protecting ecosystem integrity south of the Antarctic Convergence and 60 S latitude . In so doing, it also established a commission of the original signatories and acceding parties called the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to advance these aims through protection, scientific study, and rational use, such as harvesting, of those marine resources. Though separate,

3976-474: The river, around Torrens and Garden Islands , had declined most, and those found dead were all animals that never strayed far from home. Necropsies showed that the animals' immune systems had been suppressed, allowing opportunistic bacterial infections to take hold. Experts from University of Adelaide , Flinders University and the South Australian Museum were unable to detect a primary cause for

4047-405: The sanctuary raised scientific and community concern about the future of the sanctuary's dolphin population. In August, a 12-year-old dolphin called Tallulah, was found dead, and two other dolphins, Doc and Twinkle, appeared to have disappeared. Twinkle had been rescued from entanglement on four prior occasions. In August 2021, there was a population of around 20, with 10 residing in the estuary and

4118-456: The shore, from boats or kayaks and are an important tourist attraction. While dolphin deaths in the sanctuary have been recorded before (including two in 1998), a population decline became apparent between the late 2010s and early 2020s. Around 2013, it was estimated that around 40 dolphins could be easily spotted in the gulf waters, and 12 playing and feeding in the river. In 2015, a dolphin named Graze, first sighted in 1992 and since tracked,

4189-666: The south, and includes the waterways of the Port Adelaide River , the Barker Inlet and some associated channels, as well as Torrens and Garden Islands , and inlets on the Lefevre Peninsula such as Mutton Cove. The habitat protected by the sanctuary consists of “mangroves, seagrass, saltmarsh, tidal flats, tidal creeks and estuarine rivers.” As of 2014, it covered an area of 118.75 square kilometres (45.85 sq mi). The Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary shares territory with

4260-550: The south, the sanctuary adjoins the Adelaide Metropolitan Beaches Restricted Area, which extends from North Haven in the north along the Adelaide metropolitan coastline to Sellicks Beach in the south, and which is described in the National Parks and Wildlife (Protected Animals—Marine Mammals) Regulations 2010 . Both the sanctuary and the Adelaide Metropolitan Beaches Restricted Area are areas subject to

4331-613: The southern shelf of the South Orkney Islands . This area encompasses 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) and all fishing activity including transshipment, and dumping or discharge of waste is prohibited with the exception of scientific research endeavors. On 28 October 2016, the CCAMLR, composed of 24 member countries and the European Union at the time, agreed to establish the world's largest marine park encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in

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4402-477: The spillover of the marine protected area. Typical MPAs restrict fishing , oil and gas mining and/or tourism . Other restrictions may limit the use of ultrasonic devices like sonar (which may confuse the guidance system of cetaceans ), development, construction and the like. Some fishing restrictions include "no-take" zones, which means that no fishing is allowed. Less than 1% of US MPAs are no-take. Ship transit can also be restricted or banned, either as

4473-403: The terms laid out by the convention, and in 2004, its member nations committed to the following targets; "The establishment by 2010 of terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network, contribute to achieving the three objectives of

4544-448: The tested cooperation between marine scientists and fishermen in jointly managing coastal marine reserves. Marine Protected Area Networks or MPA networks have been defined as "A group of MPAs that interact with one another ecologically and/or socially form a network". These networks are intended to connect individuals and MPAs and promote education and cooperation among various administrations and user groups. "MPA networks are, from

4615-807: The use of Indigenous Protected Areas , such as those in Australia. The 17th International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) General Assembly in San Jose , California, the 19th IUCN assembly and the fourth World Parks Congress all proposed to centralise the establishment of protected areas. The World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 called for the establishment of marine protected areas consistent with international laws and based on scientific information, including representative networks by 2012. The Evian agreement, signed by G8 Nations in 2003, agreed to these terms. The Durban Action Plan, developed in 2003, called for regional action and targets to establish

4686-577: The water. To perform this movement, the dolphin "forces the majority of its body vertically out of the water and maintains the position by vigorously pumping its tail". After being returned to the Port River, she continued to perform this trick, and another dolphin, Wave, copied her. Wave, a very active tail-walker, passed on the skill to her daughters, Ripple and Tallula. Billie died young, in her mid-20s, in 2009, of kidney failure , and both of Ripple's calves died young. After Billie's death, Wave started tail-walking much more frequently, and other dolphins in

4757-703: The world with wild dolphins living in it. Two dolphin populations, resident and visiting, have been closely observed by Mike Bossley since the late 1980s. He conducts ongoing research within the Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary through the not-for-profit organisation WDC (Whale & Dolphin Conservation). The dolphins are also observed and photographed informally by volunteer members of the Official Port River Dolphin Watch Facebook group and by tourists. The wild dolphins can be seen from

4828-616: The world's oceans needed to be protected within 3 years. The 10% protection goal is described as a "baby step" as 30% is the real amount of ocean protection scientists agree on that should be implemented. On 7 April 1982, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convention) came into force after discussions began in 1975 between parties of the then-current Antarctic Treaty to limit large-scale exploitation of krill by commercial fisheries. The Convention bound contracting nations to abide by previously agreed upon Antarctic territorial claims and peaceful use of

4899-515: Was found dead. A necropsy conducted by the South Australian Museum found four shotgun pellets in her body. She was not the first dolphin from the pod to have been shot. Between 2018 and 2019, 11 of the 13 calves born had died, with many of them hit by boats. Four dolphins were killed by boat strikes in 2018. All of the calves born in the summer of 2018-19 died. In 2019, a dolphin named Star ingested fishing gear and died after having hooks in his mouth for nearly three weeks. The director of AMWRRO,

4970-437: Was proclaimed in 2005 for the purpose of achieving the following two objects: (a) to protect the dolphin population of the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet ; and (b) to protect the natural habitat of that population. The sanctuary is also required to achieve the following six objectives: (a) the protection of the dolphin population of the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet from direct physical harm

5041-571: Was shown in the film, Resources at Risk: Philippine Coral Reef . A 2016 report by the Center for Development and Strategy found that programs like the United States National Marine Sanctuary system can develop considerable economic benefits for communities through Public–private partnerships . They can be self-financed through a surrounding "conservation finance area" in which a limited number licenses are granted to benefit from

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