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32-520: In 2020 a group of geologists proposed an alternative model for the Adamastor Ocean in which it is reduced to an intracontinental rift system with only some minor oceanic crust developing in its southern part. South African geologist Chris Hartnady named the Precambrian ocean after the mythical giant Adamastor from Luís de Camões 's poem Os Lusíadas which celebrates Vasco da Gama 's discovery of

64-428: A 20th-century perspective. Adamastor is also mentioned in the opera L'Africaine (1865) about Vasco da Gama by the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer . The slave Nelusko sings a song about Adamastor while he deliberately steers the ship into a storm and it sinks. It is mentioned by Voltaire in his Essai sur la poésie épique . It also appears in the works of Victor Hugo : Les Misérables (III, Marius, chap III) and in

96-576: A poem dedicated to Lamartine ( Les Feuilles d'automne , chap IX). Alexandre Dumas, père refers the giant six times: Le Comte de Monte Cristo (chap. XXXI), Vingt ans après (chap. LXXVII), Georges (chap. I), Bontekoe, Les drames de la mer , (chap. I), Causeries (chap. IX) and Mes Mémoires (chap. CCXVIII). Gaston Leroux also mentions it in The Phantom of the Opera (chap. VI). Herman Melville mentions Adamastor and Camões in his Billy Budd , at

128-766: Is a Catholic monument and shrine dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ overlooking the city of Lisbon situated in Almada , in Portugal . It was inspired by the Christ the Redeemer statue of Rio de Janeiro , in Brazil , after the Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon visited that monument. The project was inaugurated on 17 May 1959. The giant statue was erected to express gratitude because

160-498: Is the Chapel of Our Lady of Peace ( Nossa Senhora da Paz ) with an entrance from the northern facade. This space is distinctly different with its masonry stone, the northern facade surmounted by cross and the other facades containing narrow doors. Inside two of the pillars is an elevator system with access to the terrace; the statue is 79.30 metres high, and overlooks the Tagus (192 metres above

192-527: The 28 metres (92 ft) image of Christ. Its base was designed by architect António Lino in the form of a gate, while the statue of Christ the King was designed by sculptor Francisco Franco de Sousa. The four arches of the pedestal are oriented in the directions of the compass rose . The figure of Christ, comparable to the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro , forms a cross, with its arms extended out facing

224-598: The Cape and penetrate the Indian Ocean , which was Adamastor's domain. Adamastor became the spirit of the Cape of Good Hope, a hideous phantom of unearthly pallor: Even as I spoke, an immense shape Materialised in the night air, Grotesque and enormous stature With heavy jowls, and an unkempt beard Scowling from shrunken, hollow eyes Its complexion earthy and pale, Its hair grizzled and matted with clay, Its mouth coal black, teeth yellow with decay. Vasco da Gama, ahead of

256-573: The Chapel of Our Lady of Peace was first inaugurated. A new plan was approved to recondition the grounds of the Shrine (under the direction of Luiz Cunha and Domingos Ávila Gomes) and also to build a Sanctuary , which included a rectory, a chapel, administration and meeting halls and exhibition galleries. When Pope Paul VI created the Diocese of Setúbal on 16 July 1975, by means of the Papal bull Studentes Nos ,

288-581: The Divine Heart was inaugurated, along with the Ten Commandments in bronze, which were placed on the main face of the monument. The inauguration of the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament (6 January 2009) witnessed the presentation of two paintings related to the revelations made by Margaret Mary Alacoque and another, which was placed above the tabernacle. Pope Benedict XVI over flew the shrine on

320-620: The Estação Elevatória e Reservatório do Pragal. It is accessible from Lisbon by car (over the 25 de Abril Bridge east of the crossing), by train through station in Pragal and by ferry (the Cacilheiro ) over the Tagus , through the port of Cacilhas in Almada . The monument consists of a trapezoidal pedestal of 82 metres (269 ft) height, formed by four arches and a flat platform, supporting

352-507: The King statue. The monument was erected on an isolated clifftop 133 m above the sea, overlooking the Tagus River left bank. It was constructed in the parish of Pragal , which was merged with the parishes of Almada, Cova da Piedade, Pragal e Cacilhas in 2013, into the municipality of Almada . It is the highest point in Almada, on a plateau dominated by the 25 de Abril Bridge , and close to

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384-515: The King, and unveiled on the same day. On 25 November 2005, the newly remodeled main sacristy in the monument's chapel was reopened. It features the original statue from the monument by sculptor Francisco Franco. On 17 May 2008, the Chapel of the Confidants in the Heart of Jesus, containing precious reliquaries of St Margaret Mary Alacoque , St John Eudes , St Faustina Kowalska and Blessed Mary of

416-663: The Monument of Christ the King and the Seminary of Almada remained under the control of the Patriarchate of Lisbon. In June 1999 the site passed under the authority of the Diocese of Setúbal, which immediately started to restore the monument. The municipal authority was responsible for public works, beginning in May 2001 to clean the area and reorganize the public spaces, under technical supervision of

448-564: The Portuguese expedition, confronts the creature by asking "Who are you?" , prompting Adamastor to tell his story. I am that vast, secret promontory you Portuguese call the Cape of Storms which neither Ptolemy, Pompey or Strabo, Pliny, nor any authors knew of. Here Africa ends. Here its coast Concludes in this, my vast inviolate Plateau, extending southwards towards the Pole And, by your daring, struck to my very soul. Deeply moved,

480-551: The Portuguese were spared the direct destructive effects of World War II . The construction of the Christ the King monument was approved in a Portuguese Episcopate conference, held in Fatima on 20 April 1940, as a plea to God to release Portugal from entering World War II and celebrate the 50th anniversary of the act of consecration of the world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus . However,

512-660: The Río de la Plata Craton first collided with the Congo Craton, which then collided with the Kalahari Craton, which finally collided with Río de la Plata. Adamastor Adamastor is a mythological character created by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem Os Lusíadas (first printed in 1572), as a personification of the Cape of Good Hope , symbolizing the dangers of

544-481: The Sanctuary building were inaugurated, including a dining room for 150 people and two segregated dormitories. This was followed on 17 May 2005 by the inauguration of a 150-person dining area and 80-person meeting hall, in addition to two segregated dormitories, dining room and kitchen. Improvements to the monument and sanctuary of Christ the King began in 2006. By 17 May of that year, the Chapel of Our Lady of Peace

576-625: The School of Sciences and Technology of the Nova University of Lisbon . Following the restoration projects, the monument was reopened in a solemn ceremony on 1 February 2001. Due to its national importance, the Conference of Bishops determined that funds collected throughout the country on 23 November 2003 would be used for the restoration. In order to support pilgrimage to the site, in June 2004 new spaces in

608-411: The city of Lisbon, as if to embrace the city. Due to issues of security and safety, the monument was sufficiently distanced from the cliffs on which it predominates. At the base of the statue is the observation deck, at 82 metres (269 ft), which enables panoramic views of the city of Lisbon, the Tagus River and the 25 de Abril Bridge. Under the statue, occupying a fifth of the pedestal's height

640-546: The end of Chapter VII. Adamastor is also the name of a sauropod dinosaur, Angolatitan adamastor , found in Angola, named by the paleontologist Octávio Mateus . The name Adamastor is an adaptation for the Portuguese language from the Greek word for "Untamed" or "Untameable" ( Adamastos ) (which the Portuguese did tame). Christ the King (Almada) The Sanctuary of Christ the King ( Portuguese : Santuário de Cristo Rei )

672-480: The giant eventually vanishes, dispersing the clouds and calming the sea, leaving the path towards India open. Adamastor represented the dangers Portuguese sailors faced when trying to round the Cape of Storms – Cabo das Tormentas – henceforth called the Cape of Good Hope . A popular gathering place in Lisbon is known by the name 'Adamastor' because of the large stone statue of the mythical figure which presides over

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704-549: The idea had originated earlier on a visit of the Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 1934, soon after the inauguration of the statue of Christ the Redeemer in 1931. In 1941 the land which was used to construct the monument was acquired. In 1949 the cornerstone was finally placed on the site, and managed by the Portuguese Episcopate. Construction began in 1949 and took ten years to complete, funded and supported by Apostleship of Prayer members. Yet it

736-401: The occasion of his apostolic visit to Portugal in May 2010. In summer 2023, carmaker Porsche controversially digitally removed the statue from footage of Lisbon in their advertisement, with the statue's base still visible. In response to the controversy, Porsche apologized and pulled the advertisement, later replacing it with one that retained the original footage which depicted the Christ

768-712: The ocean water was strongly stratified and thus that it must have been a closed ocean, similar to the Mediterranean, but probably covered by ice during the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations . Ocean floor adjacent to the Marmora Terrane (near the Orange River in South Africa) formed c. 740–580 Ma, dates that represent the first rifting and the first accretion respectively. The Adamastor Ocean closed in three episodes:

800-411: The river). To the south of the monument is the Sanctuary building, comprising a rectangular body of three wings, with facades covered with masonry brick. In 1987 there was a plan to construct 18 different buildings and spaces around the monument (including a restaurant, lookouts, a commercial complex, a parking area and a sanctuary), of which only a few of these structures were built. The most notable

832-565: The sculpture, are mentioned several times in José Saramago 's Nobel Prize -winning novel, The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis , and also in his historical novel Memorial do Convento (English language version: Baltasar and Blimunda ). Adamastor has figured in much poetry of the Cape . In The First Life of Adamastor , a novella by André Brink , the writer refashioned the Adamastor story from

864-553: The sea and the formidable forces of nature challenged and ultimately overcome by the Portuguese during the Age of Discovery . Adamastor manifests itself out of a storm. Camões gave his creation a backstory as one of the Giants of Greek mythology , banished to the Cape of Good Hope by sea goddess Doris for falling in love with her daughter Tethis , now appearing out of a storm cloud and threatening to ruin anyone hardy enough to attempt passing

896-609: The sea route to India. Hartnady thought it an appropriate name since the demigod was transformed into stone and personified the Cape of Storms and since Atlas and Iapetus are associated with the oceans of the northern Atlantic, the North Atlantic Ocean and the Iapetus Ocean respectively. The Adamastor Ocean was narrow in the north, perhaps similar to the Red Sea, but widened southward. Carbon isotope analyses indicate that

928-528: The space, which is officially called the Miradouro de Santa Catarina. The location offers visitors some of the most scenic views of the Tagus river, the 25 de Abril Bridge and the Cristo-Rei monument. The Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa included in his 1934 book Mensagem a number of verses dedicated to Adamastor, entitled O Mostrengo ("The Hideous Monster") Adamastor, both the mythological character and

960-616: Was inaugurated, under the supervision of architect João de Sousa Araújo. In the following year (17 May 2007), the Pope John XXIII hall was opened, containing eight oil paintings by the same architect, among them images from the encyclical Pax in Terris and a statue of the Angel of Portugal . Similarly, the old high cross from the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima was donated to the Sanctuary of Christ

992-408: Was only in 1952 that the first construction started on the site; at that time the foundations of the monument were established by Empresa de Construções OPCA . The final cost of the complex was of twenty million escudos (20 059 258$ 40). The inauguration of the complex officially began on 17 May 1959, and continued throughout the 20th century. On the 25th anniversary of the Shrine in 1984,

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1024-540: Was the construction of the visitors' centre and the Sanctuary building. The interior of the monument is divided into various spaces, among them a library, a bar, two halls and the main chapel. Two religious spaces were dedicated, one to the Chapel of Our Lady of Peace ( Portuguese : Capela de Nossa Senhora da Paz ) and the other to the Confidants of Jesus ( Portuguese : Capela dos Confidentes de Jesus ). There are relics exposed for public veneration (of Margaret Mary Alacoque, John Eudes, Faustina Kowalska and Mary of

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