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89-398: Historically, abdications have occurred both by force (where the regnant was dethroned , thus forced to abdicate on pain of death or other severe consequences) and voluntarily. Some rulers are deemed to have abdicated in absentia , vacating the physical throne and thus their position of power, although these judgements were generally pronounced by successors with vested interests in seeing

178-531: A marquessate . Katherine Swynford's son from her first marriage, Thomas, was another loyal companion. Thomas Swynford was Constable of Pontefract Castle , where Richard II is said to have died. Henry experienced a more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had. First cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together as knights of the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in

267-596: A Jain monk in the last years of his life. The chaos of Germany 's defeat in the First World War forced German Emperor ( Kaiser ) Wilhelm II to abdicate his throne as German Emperor and consequentially, his throne as King of Prussia . The following Treaty of Versailles resulted in the abolition of both monarchies, leading to the other German kings, dukes, princes and other nobility to abdicate and renounce their royalty titles. Hussein bin Ali , Sharif of Mecca abdicated

356-492: A Jain monk in the last years of his life. The chaos of Germany 's defeat in the First World War forced German Emperor ( Kaiser ) Wilhelm II to abdicate his throne as German Emperor and consequentially, his throne as King of Prussia . The following Treaty of Versailles resulted in the abolition of both monarchies, leading to the other German kings, dukes, princes and other nobility to abdicate and renounce their royalty titles. Hussein bin Ali , Sharif of Mecca abdicated

445-519: A decade by then. Henry's second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the financial benefits to the Order of these guest crusaders . His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, at a total cost to the Lancastrian purse of £4,360. Despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook

534-517: A failed coup. According to Holinshed , it was predicted that Henry would die in Jerusalem, and Shakespeare's play repeats this prophecy. Henry took this to mean that he would die on crusade . In reality, he died in the Jerusalem Chamber in the abbot's house of Westminster Abbey, on 20 March 1413 during a convocation of Parliament . His executor , Thomas Langley , was at his side. Despite

623-640: A few years, citing his age; an abdication within the Imperial Family had not occurred since Emperor Kōkaku abdicated in 1817. However, senior officials within the Imperial Household Agency denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate. A potential abdication by the Emperor required an amendment to the Imperial Household Law , which at that time had no provisions for such

712-401: A few years, citing his age; an abdication within the Imperial Family had not occurred since Emperor Kōkaku abdicated in 1817. However, senior officials within the Imperial Household Agency denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate. A potential abdication by the Emperor required an amendment to the Imperial Household Law , which at that time had no provisions for such

801-624: A grave illness in June 1405; April 1406; June 1408; during the winter of 1408–09; December 1412; and finally a fatal bout in March 1413. In 1410, Henry had provided his royal surgeon Thomas Morstede with an annuity of £40 p.a. which was confirmed by Henry V immediately after his succession. This was so that Morstede would "not be retained by anyone else". Medical historians have long debated the nature of this affliction or afflictions. The skin disease might have been leprosy (which did not necessarily mean precisely

890-538: A military campaign, confiscating land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire . Henry initially announced that he intended to reclaim his rights as Duke of Lancaster , though he quickly gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV, imprison Richard (who died in prison, most probably forcibly starved to death, ) and bypass Richard's heir-presumptive , Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March . Henry's 13 October 1399 coronation at Westminster Abbey may have been

979-524: A move. On 8 August 2016, the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health; this address was interpreted as an implication of his intention to abdicate. On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the Japanese government 's cabinet. On 8 June 2017, the National Diet passed a one-off bill allowing Akihito to abdicate, and for

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1068-415: A move. On 8 August 2016, the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health; this address was interpreted as an implication of his intention to abdicate. On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the Japanese government 's cabinet. On 8 June 2017, the National Diet passed a one-off bill allowing Akihito to abdicate, and for

1157-535: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem , where he made offerings at the Holy Sepulchre and at the Mount of Olives . Later he vowed to lead a crusade to "free Jerusalem from the infidel", but he died before this could be accomplished. The relationship between Henry and Richard had a second crisis. In 1398, a remark about Richard's rule by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk , was interpreted as treason by Henry, who reported it to

1246-546: A position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his own nephew, King Richard II . Henry's elder sisters were Philippa, Queen of Portugal , and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter . His younger half-sister Katherine, Queen of Castile , was Gaunt's daughter with his second wife, Constance of Castile . Henry also had four half-siblings born of Katherine Swynford , originally his sisters' governess, then his father's longstanding mistress and later third wife. These illegitimate (although later legitimized) children were given

1335-425: A walking child; and a dynast who had passed his toddler years was regarded as suitable and old enough; reaching the age of legal majority was not a requirement. Thus, many Japanese emperors have acceded as children, some only 6 or 8 years old. Childhood apparently helped the monarch to endure tedious duties and to tolerate subjugation to political power brokers, as well as sometimes to cloak the truly powerful members of

1424-425: A walking child; and a dynast who had passed his toddler years was regarded as suitable and old enough; reaching the age of legal majority was not a requirement. Thus, many Japanese emperors have acceded as children, some only 6 or 8 years old. Childhood apparently helped the monarch to endure tedious duties and to tolerate subjugation to political power brokers, as well as sometimes to cloak the truly powerful members of

1513-517: Is highly likely that Henry deliberately associated himself with the martyr saint for reasons of political expediency, namely, the legitimisation of his dynasty after seizing the throne from Richard II . Significantly, at his coronation, he was anointed with holy oil that had reportedly been given to Becket by the Virgin Mary shortly before his death in 1170; this oil was placed inside a distinct eagle-shaped container of gold. According to one version of

1602-472: Is open about some disputed resignations in the early Middle Ages: the last three popes to resign were Celestine V in 1294, Gregory XII in 1415, to end the Western Schism , and Benedict XVI in 2013, who was succeeded by the current pope, Francis . Benedict's resignation, which occurred 598 years after the last time a pope did so, and 719 years after the last one who renounced entirely on his own volition,

1691-416: Is open about some disputed resignations in the early Middle Ages: the last three popes to resign were Celestine V in 1294, Gregory XII in 1415, to end the Western Schism , and Benedict XVI in 2013, who was succeeded by the current pope, Francis . Benedict's resignation, which occurred 598 years after the last time a pope did so, and 719 years after the last one who renounced entirely on his own volition,

1780-465: Is preserved at the National Archives . The accepted date of the ceremony is 5 February 1381, at Mary's family home of Rochford Hall , Essex. The near-contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart reports a rumour that Mary's sister Eleanor de Bohun kidnapped Mary from Pleshey Castle and held her at Arundel Castle , where she was kept as a novice nun; Eleanor's intention was to control Mary's half of

1869-415: Is the act of renouncing and resigning from any formal office, but it is applied especially to the supreme office of state. In Roman law the term was also applied to the disowning of a family member, such as disinheriting a son. Today the term is commonly only used for monarchs. An elected or appointed official is said to resign rather than to abdicate . A notable exception is the voluntary relinquishing of

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1958-415: Is the act of renouncing and resigning from any formal office, but it is applied especially to the supreme office of state. In Roman law the term was also applied to the disowning of a family member, such as disinheriting a son. Today the term is commonly only used for monarchs. An elected or appointed official is said to resign rather than to abdicate . A notable exception is the voluntary relinquishing of

2047-608: The Act of Settlement 1701 , a royal abdication can be effected only by an act of Parliament ; under the terms of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , such an act must be agreed by the parliaments of all extant signatories of the Statute. To give legal effect to the abdication of King Edward VIII, His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 was passed. In Japanese history , abdication was used very often, and in fact occurred more often than death on

2136-464: The Act of Settlement 1701 , a royal abdication can be effected only by an act of Parliament ; under the terms of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , such an act must be agreed by the parliaments of all extant signatories of the Statute. To give legal effect to the abdication of King Edward VIII, His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 was passed. In Japanese history , abdication was used very often, and in fact occurred more often than death on

2225-741: The Lords Appellants ' rebellion against the king in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the other rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford . Henry spent all of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius (capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) by Teutonic Knights with 70 to 80 household knights. During this campaign, he bought captured Lithuanian women and children and took them back to Königsberg to be converted, even though Lithuanians had already been baptised by Polish priests for

2314-487: The Ottoman Empire . In 1406, English pirates captured the future James I of Scotland , aged eleven, off the coast of Flamborough Head as he was sailing to France. James was delivered to Henry IV and remained a prisoner until after the death of Henry's son, Henry V. The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious health problems. He had a disfiguring skin disease and, more seriously, suffered acute attacks of

2403-912: The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). Henry was the first English ruler whose mother tongue was English (rather than French) since the Norman Conquest , over three hundred years before. As king, he faced a number of rebellions, most seriously those of Owain Glyndŵr , the last Welsh Prince of Wales, and the English knight Henry Percy (Hotspur) , who was killed in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403. Henry IV had six children from his first marriage to Mary de Bohun , while his second marriage to Joan of Navarre produced no surviving children. Henry and Mary's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , assumed

2492-405: The 1388 revolt of Lords Appellant against Richard II , his first cousin, but he was not punished. However, he was exiled from court in 1398. After Henry's father died in 1399, Richard blocked Henry's inheritance of his father's lands. That year, Henry rallied a group of supporters, overthrew and imprisoned Richard II, and usurped the throne; these actions later contributed to dynastic disputes in

2581-586: The Bohun inheritance (or to allow her husband, Thomas, Duke of Gloucester , to control it). There Mary was persuaded to marry Henry. They had six children: Henry had four sons from his first marriage, which was undoubtedly a clinching factor in his acceptability for the throne. By contrast, Richard II had no children and Richard's heir-presumptive Edmund Mortimer was only seven years old. The only two of Henry's six children who produced legitimate children to survive to adulthood were Henry V and Blanche, whose son, Rupert,

2670-461: The Emperor to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur insisted that Emperor Hirohito remain on the throne. MacArthur saw the emperor as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. On 13 July 2016, national broadcaster NHK reported that Emperor Akihito intended to abdicate in favour of his eldest son Crown Prince Naruhito within

2759-410: The Emperor to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur insisted that Emperor Hirohito remain on the throne. MacArthur saw the emperor as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. On 13 July 2016, national broadcaster NHK reported that Emperor Akihito intended to abdicate in favour of his eldest son Crown Prince Naruhito within

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2848-571: The Lollards. On this advice, Henry obtained from Parliament the enactment of De heretico comburendo in 1401, which prescribed the burning of heretics , an act done mainly to suppress the Lollard movement. In 1404 and 1410, Parliament suggested confiscating church land, in which both attempts failed to gain support. Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions, and assassination attempts. Henry's first major problem as monarch

2937-532: The body discreetly buried in the Dominican Priory at Kings Langley , Hertfordshire, where he remained until King Henry V brought the body back to London and buried it in the tomb that Richard had commissioned for himself in Westminster Abbey . Rebellions continued throughout the first 10 years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and

3026-434: The death of his first wife, Henry married Joan, the daughter of Charles II of Navarre , at Winchester . She was the widow of John IV, Duke of Brittany (known in traditional English sources as John V), with whom she had 9 children; however, her marriage to King Henry produced no surviving children. In 1403, Joan of Navarre gave birth to stillborn twins fathered by King Henry IV, which was the last pregnancy of her life. Joan

3115-522: The defeat of Japan in World War II , many members of the Imperial Family , such as Princes Chichibu , Takamatsu and Higashikuni , pressured then-Emperor Hirohito to abdicate so that one of the princes could serve as regent until Crown Prince Akihito came of age. On 27 February 1946, the Emperor's youngest brother, Prince Mikasa (Takahito), even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged

3204-410: The defeat of Japan in World War II , many members of the Imperial Family , such as Princes Chichibu , Takamatsu and Higashikuni , pressured then-Emperor Hirohito to abdicate so that one of the princes could serve as regent until Crown Prince Akihito came of age. On 27 February 1946, the Emperor's youngest brother, Prince Mikasa (Takahito), even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged

3293-439: The deposed king's body as early as 17 February, there is no reason to believe that he did not die on 14 February, as several chronicles stated. It can be positively said that he did not suffer a violent death, for his skeleton, upon examination, bore no signs of violence; whether he did indeed starve himself or whether that starvation was forced upon him are matters for lively historical speculation. After his death, Richard's body

3382-437: The difference changed to a label of five points per pale ermine and France . Dukes (except Aquitaine ) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns.   † =Killed in action;   [REDACTED] =Executed See also Family tree of English monarchs Henry married Mary de Bohun (died 1394) at an unknown date, but her marriage licence, purchased by Henry's father John of Gaunt in June 1380,

3471-521: The emperor is usually described or depicted as an adolescent. Before the Meiji Restoration , Japan had eleven reigning empresses. Over half of Japanese empresses abdicated once a suitable male descendant was considered to be old enough to rule. There is also no provision for abdication in the Imperial Household Law , the Meiji Constitution , or the current 1947 Constitution of Japan . After

3560-402: The emperor is usually described or depicted as an adolescent. Before the Meiji Restoration , Japan had eleven reigning empresses. Over half of Japanese empresses abdicated once a suitable male descendant was considered to be old enough to rule. There is also no provision for abdication in the Imperial Household Law , the Meiji Constitution , or the current 1947 Constitution of Japan . After

3649-591: The example set by most of his recent predecessors, Henry and his second wife, Joan , were not buried at Westminster Abbey but at Canterbury Cathedral , on the north side of Trinity Chapel and directly adjacent to the shrine of St Thomas Becket . Becket's cult was then still thriving, as evidenced in the monastic accounts and in literary works such as The Canterbury Tales , and Henry seemed particularly devoted to it, or at least keen to be associated with it. The reasons for his interment in Canterbury are debatable, but it

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3738-412: The first Scandinavian monarch to abdicate since queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden in 1720. Attribution Henry Bolingbroke Henry IV ( c.  April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry Bolingbroke , was King of England from 1399 to 1413. Henry was the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (a son of King Edward III ), and Blanche of Lancaster . Henry was involved in

3827-441: The first Scandinavian monarch to abdicate since queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden in 1720. Attribution Dethronement Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority. Abdications have played various roles in the succession procedures of monarchies. While some cultures have viewed abdication as an extreme abandonment of duty, in other societies (such as pre- Meiji Restoration Japan ), abdication

3916-527: The first time since the Norman Conquest that the monarch made an address in English. In January 1400, Henry quashed the Epiphany Rising , a rebellion by Richard's supporters who plotted to assassinate him. Henry was forewarned and raised an army in London, at which the conspirators fled. They were apprehended and executed without trial. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with

4005-463: The fundamental laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby vacant." The Scottish Parliament pronounced a decree of forfeiture and deposition . In Scotland , Mary, Queen of Scots , was forced to abdicate in 1567 in favour of her one-year-old son, James VI . Today, because the title to the Crown depends upon statute, particularly

4094-415: The fundamental laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby vacant." The Scottish Parliament pronounced a decree of forfeiture and deposition . In Scotland , Mary, Queen of Scots , was forced to abdicate in 1567 in favour of her one-year-old son, James VI . Today, because the title to the Crown depends upon statute, particularly

4183-557: The government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to Crown Prince Naruhito. On 1 December 2017, following a meeting of the Imperial Household Council , Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced that the abdication would occur at the end of 30 April 2019 . According to Jain sources written almost 800 years after his reign, Chandragupta , the first emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty abdicated and became

4272-428: The government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to Crown Prince Naruhito. On 1 December 2017, following a meeting of the Imperial Household Council , Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced that the abdication would occur at the end of 30 April 2019 . According to Jain sources written almost 800 years after his reign, Chandragupta , the first emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty abdicated and became

4361-495: The heir sooner. In June 2014, Juan Carlos I of Spain abdicated in favour of his son, Felipe VI . On 31 December 2023, Margrethe II of Denmark announced her abdication during her annual New Year's address, to be scheduled for 14 January 2024, the 52nd anniversary of her accession to the Danish throne. She was the first Danish monarch to abdicate since king Erik III Lamb in 1146 and

4450-399: The heir sooner. In June 2014, Juan Carlos I of Spain abdicated in favour of his son, Felipe VI . On 31 December 2023, Margrethe II of Denmark announced her abdication during her annual New Year's address, to be scheduled for 14 January 2024, the 52nd anniversary of her accession to the Danish throne. She was the first Danish monarch to abdicate since king Erik III Lamb in 1146 and

4539-418: The imperial dynasty. Almost all Japanese empresses and dozens of emperors abdicated and lived the rest of their lives in pampered retirement, wielding influence behind the scenes, often with more power than they had had while on the throne (see Cloistered rule ). Several emperors abdicated while still in their teens. These traditions show in Japanese folklore, theatre, literature and other forms of culture, where

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4628-418: The imperial dynasty. Almost all Japanese empresses and dozens of emperors abdicated and lived the rest of their lives in pampered retirement, wielding influence behind the scenes, often with more power than they had had while on the throne (see Cloistered rule ). Several emperors abdicated while still in their teens. These traditions show in Japanese folklore, theatre, literature and other forms of culture, where

4717-477: The insurrection. Ultimately, the rebellion came to nought. Lyvet was released and Clark thrown into the Tower of London . Early in his reign, Henry hosted the visit of Manuel II Palaiologos , the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, from December 1400 to February 1401 at Eltham Palace , with a joust being given in his honour. Henry also sent monetary support with Manuel upon his departure to aid him against

4806-579: The king. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honour (called by Richard) at Gosford Green near Caludon Castle , Mowbray's home in Coventry . Yet before the duel could take place, Richard decided to banish Henry from the kingdom (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt), although it is unknown where he spent his exile, to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray was exiled for life. John of Gaunt died in February 1399. Without explanation, Richard cancelled

4895-572: The legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask Richard for the lands. After some hesitation, Henry met the exiled Thomas Arundel , former archbishop of Canterbury , who had lost his position because of his involvement with the Lords Appellant . Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began

4984-542: The members, especially over ecclesiastical matters. In January 1401, Arundel convened a convocation at St. Paul's cathedral to address Lollardy . Henry dispatched a group to implore the clergy to address the heresies that were causing turmoil in England and confusion among Christians, and to impose penalties on those responsible. A short time later the convocation along with the House of Commons petitioned Henry to take action against

5073-507: The military forced Farouk I to abdicate in favour of his infant son Fuad II during the Egyptian revolution of 1952 . Farouk was exiled to Italy. Fuad himself was shortly thereafter deposed and a republic declared . In recent decades, the monarchs of the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , Qatar , Cambodia and Bhutan have abdicated either as a result of old age or to pass the throne to

5162-403: The military forced Farouk I to abdicate in favour of his infant son Fuad II during the Egyptian revolution of 1952 . Farouk was exiled to Italy. Fuad himself was shortly thereafter deposed and a republic declared . In recent decades, the monarchs of the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , Qatar , Cambodia and Bhutan have abdicated either as a result of old age or to pass the throne to

5251-835: The objections of the royal family , the British establishment, the governments of the Commonwealth and the Church of England . Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1399 after power was seized by his paternal first cousin Henry Bolingbroke while Richard was abroad. During the Glorious Revolution in 1688, James II and VII fled to France, dropping the Great Seal of the Realm into the Thames, and

5340-414: The objections of the royal family , the British establishment, the governments of the Commonwealth and the Church of England . Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1399 after power was seized by his paternal first cousin Henry Bolingbroke while Richard was abroad. During the Glorious Revolution in 1688, James II and VII fled to France, dropping the Great Seal of the Realm into the Thames, and

5429-466: The office of Bishop of Rome (and thus sovereign of the Vatican City State ) by the pope, called papal resignation or papal renunciation . In certain cultures, the abdication of a monarch was seen as a profound and shocking abandonment of royal duty. As a result, abdications usually only occurred in the most extreme circumstances of political turmoil or violence. For other cultures, abdication

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5518-406: The office of Bishop of Rome (and thus sovereign of the Vatican City State ) by the pope, called papal resignation or papal renunciation . In certain cultures, the abdication of a monarch was seen as a profound and shocking abandonment of royal duty. As a result, abdications usually only occurred in the most extreme circumstances of political turmoil or violence. For other cultures, abdication

5607-525: The office of pope (head of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of the Papal States from 754 to 1870 and of Vatican City since 1929), a papal abdication involves both the spiritual and the secular sphere. Technically, the correct term for a reigning pope voluntarily stepping down as bishop of Rome is renunciation or resignation, as regulated in Canon 332 §2 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law . The debate

5696-423: The office of pope (head of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of the Papal States from 754 to 1870 and of Vatican City since 1929), a papal abdication involves both the spiritual and the secular sphere. Technically, the correct term for a reigning pope voluntarily stepping down as bishop of Rome is renunciation or resignation, as regulated in Canon 332 §2 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law . The debate

5785-543: The question was discussed in Parliament whether he had forfeited the throne or had abdicated. The latter designation was agreed upon in spite of James's protest, and in a full assembly of the Lords and Commons it was resolved "that King James II having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contract between king and people, and, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, having violated

5874-442: The question was discussed in Parliament whether he had forfeited the throne or had abdicated. The latter designation was agreed upon in spite of James's protest, and in a full assembly of the Lords and Commons it was resolved "that King James II having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contract between king and people, and, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, having violated

5963-408: The rebellions led by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland , from 1403. The first Percy rebellion ended in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 with the death of the earl's son Henry , a renowned military figure known as "Hotspur" for his speed in advance and readiness to attack. Also in this battle, Henry IV's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , later King Henry V, was wounded by an arrow in his face. He

6052-505: The reins of government in 1410 as the king's health worsened. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son succeeded him as Henry V . Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle , in Lincolnshire , to John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster . His epithet "Bolingbroke" was derived from his birthplace. Gaunt was the third son of King Edward III . Blanche was the daughter of the wealthy royal politician and nobleman Henry, Duke of Lancaster . Gaunt enjoyed

6141-422: The same thing in the 15th century as it does to modern medicine), perhaps psoriasis , or a different disease. The acute attacks have been given a wide range of explanations, from epilepsy to a form of cardiovascular disease. Some medieval writers felt that he was struck with leprosy as a punishment for his treatment of Richard le Scrope , Archbishop of York , who was executed in June 1405 on Henry's orders after

6230-769: The surname Beaufort from their birthplace at the Château de Beaufort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes , France. Henry's relationship with his stepmother Katherine Swynford was amicable, but his relationship with the Beauforts varied. In his youth, he seems to have been close to all of them, but rivalries with Henry and Thomas Beaufort caused trouble after 1406. Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville , married Henry's half-sister Joan Beaufort . Neville remained one of his strongest supporters, and so did his eldest half-brother John Beaufort , even though Henry revoked Richard II's grant to John of

6319-450: The tale, the oil had then passed to Henry's maternal grandfather, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster. Proof of Henry's deliberate connection to Becket lies partially in the structure of the tomb itself. The wooden panel at the western end of his tomb bears a painting of the martyrdom of Becket, and the tester, or wooden canopy, above the tomb is painted with Henry's personal motto, 'Soverayne', alternated by crowned golden eagles. Likewise,

6408-401: The three large coats of arms that dominate the tester painting are surrounded by collars of SS, a golden eagle enclosed in each tiret. The presence of such eagle motifs points directly to Henry's coronation oil and his ideological association with Becket. Sometime after Henry's death, an imposing tomb was built for him and his queen, probably commissioned and paid for by Queen Joan herself. Atop

6497-551: The throne abdicated, and often without or despite the direct input of the abdicating monarch. Recently, due to the largely ceremonial nature of the regnant in many constitutional monarchies , many monarchs have abdicated due to old age, such as the monarchs of Belgium , Denmark , Cambodia , the Netherlands and Japan . The word abdication is derived from the Latin abdicatio meaning to disown or renounce ( ab , away from, and dicare , to proclaim). In its broadest sense abdication

6586-503: The throne abdicated, and often without or despite the direct input of the abdicating monarch. Recently, due to the largely ceremonial nature of the regnant in many constitutional monarchies , many monarchs have abdicated due to old age, such as the monarchs of Belgium , Denmark , Cambodia , the Netherlands and Japan . The word abdication is derived from the Latin abdicatio meaning to disown or renounce ( ab , away from, and dicare , to proclaim). In its broadest sense abdication

6675-647: The throne of the Kingdom of Hejaz in October 1924. When Germany invaded Belgium in 1940, Leopold III , instead of fleeing to London like his Dutch and Norwegian counterparts in a similar predicament, surrendered to the invaders. This made him unpopular both at home and abroad, and after the war, in July 1951, the Belgian government ordered Leopold III to abdicate . After mass protests against King Farouk of Egypt began on 23 July 1952,

6764-450: The throne of the Kingdom of Hejaz in October 1924. When Germany invaded Belgium in 1940, Leopold III , instead of fleeing to London like his Dutch and Norwegian counterparts in a similar predicament, surrendered to the invaders. This made him unpopular both at home and abroad, and after the war, in July 1951, the Belgian government ordered Leopold III to abdicate . After mass protests against King Farouk of Egypt began on 23 July 1952,

6853-471: The throne. In those days, most executive authority resided in the hands of regents (see Sesshō and Kampaku ), and the emperor 's chief task was priestly, containing so many repetitive rituals that it was deemed the incumbent emperor deserved pampered retirement as an honoured retired emperor after a service of around ten years. A tradition developed that an emperor should accede to the throne relatively young. The high-priestly duties were deemed possible for

6942-470: The throne. In those days, most executive authority resided in the hands of regents (see Sesshō and Kampaku ), and the emperor 's chief task was priestly, containing so many repetitive rituals that it was deemed the incumbent emperor deserved pampered retirement as an honoured retired emperor after a service of around ten years. A tradition developed that an emperor should accede to the throne relatively young. The high-priestly duties were deemed possible for

7031-451: The tomb chest lie detailed alabaster effigies of Henry and Joan, crowned and dressed in their ceremonial robes. Henry's body was evidently well embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established, allowing historians to state with reasonable certainty that the effigies do represent accurate portraiture. Before his father's death in 1399, Henry bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of five points ermine . After his father's death,

7120-591: The villages of England, in the last year of Henry's reign, declaring that Richard was residing at the Scottish Court, awaiting only a signal from his friends to repair to London and recover his throne." A suitable-looking impostor was found and King Richard's old groom circulated word in the city that his master was alive in Scotland. "Southwark was incited to insurrection" by Sir Elias Lyvet ( Levett ) and his associate Thomas Clark, who promised Scottish aid in carrying out

7209-555: Was a much more routine element of succession , often employed to smooth the transition process between monarchs. Among the most notable abdications of antiquity are those of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus , the Roman dictator , in 458 and 439 BC; Lucius Cornelius Sulla , the Roman dictator, in 79 BC; Emperor Diocletian in AD 305; and Emperor Romulus Augustulus in AD 476. Due to the complex nature of

7298-415: Was a much more routine element of succession , often employed to smooth the transition process between monarchs. Among the most notable abdications of antiquity are those of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus , the Roman dictator , in 458 and 439 BC; Lucius Cornelius Sulla , the Roman dictator, in 79 BC; Emperor Diocletian in AD 305; and Emperor Romulus Augustulus in AD 476. Due to the complex nature of

7387-479: Was a regular event and helped maintain stability during political succession. Historically, abdications have occurred both by force (where the regnant was dethroned , thus forced to abdicate on pain of death or other severe consequences) and voluntarily. Some rulers are deemed to have abdicated in absentia , vacating the physical throne and thus their position of power, although these judgements were generally pronounced by successors with vested interests in seeing

7476-576: Was an event unheard of for more than half a millennium, as well as being the first papal resignation since the Reformation and Counter-Reformation , and was met with a great deal of surprise worldwide. One of the most well-known abdications in recent history is that of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom and the Dominions . In 1936 Edward abdicated to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson , over

7565-416: Was an event unheard of for more than half a millennium, as well as being the first papal resignation since the Reformation and Counter-Reformation , and was met with a great deal of surprise worldwide. One of the most well-known abdications in recent history is that of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom and the Dominions . In 1936 Edward abdicated to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson , over

7654-471: Was cared for by royal physician John Bradmore . Despite this, the Battle of Shrewsbury was a royalist victory. Monmouth's military ability contributed to the king's victory (though Monmouth seized much effective power from his father in 1410). In the last year of Henry's reign, the rebellions picked up speed. "The old fable of a living Richard was revived", notes one account, "and emissaries from Scotland traversed

7743-471: Was put on public display in the Old St Paul's Cathedral , both to prove to his supporters that he was truly dead and also to prove that he had not suffered a violent death. This did not stop rumours from circulating for years after that he was still alive and waiting to take back his throne, and that the body displayed was that of Richard's chaplain, a priest named Maudelain, who greatly resembled him. Henry had

7832-700: Was the heir to the Electorate of the Palatinate until his death at 20. All three of his other sons produced illegitimate children. Henry IV's male Lancaster line ended in 1471 during the War of the Roses , between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, with the deaths of his grandson Henry VI and Henry VI's son Edward, Prince of Wales . Mary de Bohun died giving birth to her daughter Philippa in 1394. On 7 February 1403, nine years after

7921-470: Was what to do with the deposed Richard. After the early assassination plot was foiled in January 1400, Richard died in prison aged 33, probably of starvation on Henry's order. Some chroniclers claimed that the despondent Richard had starved himself, which would not have been out of place with what is known of Richard's character. Though council records indicate that provisions were made for the transportation of

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