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109-450: An abbey with a church (known as "Abbatiale I"), it was built in 639, under the regency of Queen Nanthild , mother of Clovis II , on a ruined castrum , located in a peninsula formed by a meander of the Marne , on the territory of the future commune of Saint-Maur by a deacon of Paris named Blidegisilus. It took the name of "Saint-Pierre-du-Fossé" referring to the terrain of the place which

218-465: A building to receive visiting monks. These " hospitia " had a large common room or refectory surrounded by bed rooms. Each hospitium had its own brewhouse and bakehouse, and the building for more prestigious travellers had a kitchen and storeroom, with bedrooms for the guests' servants and stables for their horses. The monks of the Abbey lived in a house built against the north wall of the church. The whole of

327-437: A complex of buildings and land for religious activities, work, and housing of Christian monks and nuns . The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them. Religious life in an abbey may be monastic. An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. The layout of

436-459: A first abbey was established at Monte Cassino (529 AD). Between 520 and 700 AD, monasteries were built which were spacious and splendid. All the city states of Italy hosted a Benedictine convent as did the cities of England , France and Spain . By 1415 AD, the time of the Council of Constance , 15,070 Benedictine monasteries had been established. The early Benedictine monasteries, including

545-405: A large schoolroom divided in the middle by a screen or partition, and surrounded by fourteen little rooms, the "dwellings of the scholars". The abbot's home was near the school. To the north of the church and to the right of the main entrance to the Abbey, was a residence for distinguished guests. To the left of the main entrance was a building to house poor travellers and pilgrims . There was also

654-481: A lengthy period of training. In time, this form of common life superseded that of the older laurae. In the late 300s AD, Palladius visited the Egyptian monasteries. He described three hundred members of the coenobium of Panopolis . There were fifteen tailors, seven smiths, four carpenters, twelve camel-drivers and fifteen tanners. These people were divided into subgroups, each with its own " oeconomus ". A chief steward

763-470: A new Polyptych begun, that is, a general inventory of the abbey's domains. In 1275 he had a Cartulary made, a collection of charters which, together with the Polyptych, formed a 600-page work known as the "Black Book". This document is a source of information on the customs and social organization of the 13th century. At his death on 5 June 1285, Pierre de Chevry was buried in the chapel of Saint Martin, which

872-439: A square building with an apse of the cruciform domical Byzantine type, approached by a domed narthex . In front of the church stands a marble fountain (F), covered by a dome supported on columns. Opening from the western side of the cloister, but actually standing in the outer court, is the refectory (G), a large cruciform (cross shaped) building, about 100 feet (30 m) square, decorated within with frescoes of saints. At

981-586: A string of workshops for skilled artisans, is also part of this development. It is located at the base of the western part of the Coulée verte René-Dumont . Like most neighbourhoods in Paris, the 12th arrondissement offers a rich array of historically important and aesthetically appealing sites. For the 12th, these sites emerged mainly from development during the 19th century and from the late 20th century urban renewal projects. They include: The land area of this arrondissement

1090-555: A team to tear down the fortress. Recovered construction materials were subsequently sold, along with various mementos of the infamous building (keys, paper weights, etc.). The neighbourhood also played a prominent role in the Reign of Terror that followed. In the southern part of what is now the Place de la Nation, a guillotine was erected in June 1794. Of the 2,498 people guillotined in Paris during

1199-482: A three-sided apse. The church is remarkable for its extreme narrowness in proportion to its length. While the building is 257 ft (78 m) long, it is not more than 25 ft (7.6 m) wide. Premonstratensian canons did not care to have congregations nor possessions. Therefore, they built their churches in the shape of a long room. The Cistercians , a Benedictine reform group, were established at Cîteaux in 1098 AD by Robert of Molesme , Abbot of Molesme, for

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1308-426: A very different appearance when the brethren first chose them as their place of retreat. Wide swamps, deep morasses, tangled thickets, and wild, impassable forests were their prevailing features. Clara Vallis of St Bernard, now the "bright valley" was originally, the "Valley of Wormwood". It was an infamous den of robbers. 12th arrondissement of Paris The 12th arrondissement of Paris ( XII arrondissement )

1417-514: Is 16.324 km (6.303 sq mi; 4,034 acres), two-thirds of which consists of the Bois de Vincennes park. Excluding the Bois de Vincennes, its land area is 6.377 km (2.462 sq mi; 1,576 acres). The peak of population of Paris's 12th arrondissement occurred in 1962 and was followed by three decades of decline. More recently, however, the population has begun to grow again, especially since

1526-449: Is in the 12th arrondissement that some of the oldest traces of human occupation of the territory now occupied by Paris were found. During the construction of Bercy Village in the 1980s, vestiges of a Neolithic village were discovered (dating from between 4500 and 3800 BC). Subsequent excavations turned up wooden canoes (the pirogues de Bercy ), bows and arrows, pottery and bone and stone tools. Some of these objects are now exhibited in

1635-460: Is on the 11th arrondissement side and Philippe Auguste on the 12th arrondissement side. The sculpture that dominates the central part of the Place, Jules Dalou 's Le Triomphe de la République , was originally a contender, but not the winner, of a competition for a sculpture to be erected on the Place de la République . However, in 1880, responding to popular demand, the municipal council decided to order

1744-565: Is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . Situated on the right bank of the River Seine , it is the easternmost arrondissement of Paris, as well as the largest by area. In 2019, it had a population of 139,297. The 12th arrondissement comprises the Gare de Lyon and Bois de Vincennes . It borders the inner suburbs of Charenton-le-Pont and Saint-Mandé in Val-de-Marne . It

1853-606: Is one of the most important green spaces of the city. It is regularly used for festive events, including: the festival "Courts dans l'Herbe" (2005 to 2009), "Saint-Maur Médiéval" which takes place every year in May, as well as the European Heritage Days organized every year in September. Abbey An abbey is a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess . Abbeys provide

1962-436: Is partly known by a lapidary collection (three statues-columns and two twin chapiters) was explored during the surveys carried out in 1988. The eastern cemetery, located outside the enclosure built in the 14th century, was explored in 1966-1969, 1970-1972 and again in 1983, revealing burials from the 11th-13th centuries, using stone forms, some of which had cephalomorphic features. The parc de l'abbaye of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés

2071-402: Is the larger by far, contains the granaries and storehouses (K), the kitchen (H) and other offices connected with the refectory (G). Immediately adjacent to the gateway is a two-storied guest-house, entered from a cloister (C). The inner court is surrounded by a cloister (EE) from which one enters the monks' cells (II). In the centre of this court stands the katholikon or conventual church,

2180-482: Is very steep up to the river. Babolein is mentioned as early as 9 May 641 as the first abbot. Audebert, bishop of Paris , refrained from intervening in the organization of the monastery in 643. In 658, the monastery received royal immunity from Clothar III . The oldest original documents in the abbey's archives are two charters, the first from 695-701 from Childebert IV and the second from 22 April 717. The Notre-Dame des Miracles chapel, whose ruins can still be seen in

2289-704: The Abbot of Cluny . All the Cluniac houses in England and Scotland were French colonies, governed by French priors who travelled to the Abbey of Cluny to consult or be consulted (unless the abbot of Cluny chose to come to Britain, which happened rarely). The priory at Paisley was an exception. In 1245 AD it was raised to the status of an abbey, answerable only to the Pope. The Augustinian (or "Austin") canons were an order of regular clergy within

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2398-557: The Carnavalet Museum . During the Roman era, the area that is now the 12th arrondissement was a largely uninhabited wetland fed by streams originating in the surrounding hills. The area was crossed by a Roman road that linked Paris to Chelles and Meaux to the east and to Melun to the southeast. In the 11th century, the forest that would later become the bois de Vincennes was considered to be non-arable land. When Hugues Capet , King of

2507-526: The Mediterranean Basin and Europe . The earliest known Christian monasteries were groups of huts built near the residence of a famous ascetic or other holy person. Disciples wished to be close to their holy man or woman in order to study their doctrine or imitate their way of life. In the earliest times of Christian monasticism, ascetics would live in social isolation but near a village church. They would subsist whilst donating any excess produce to

2616-527: The Nile , in Upper Egypt , Saint Pachomius laid the foundations for the coenobitical life by arranging everything in an organized manner. He built several monasteries, each with about 1,600 separate cells laid out in lines. These cells formed an encampment where the monks slept and performed some of their manual tasks. There were nearby large halls such as the church, refectory, kitchen, infirmary, and guest house for

2725-578: The Opéra de la Bastille , the second largest opera house in Paris. It was inaugurated by Francois Mitterrand in 1989, on the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille . The Coulée verte René-Dumont (or Promenade plantée) was developed at the same time as the Opéra de la Bastille. It is a 4.7 km (2.9 mi) elevated linear park built on top of obsolete railway infrastructure . The Viaduc des Arts ,

2834-603: The Prince of Condé and demolished. The Notre-Dame-des-Miracles chapel was closed during the French Revolution . In 1858-1861, the owner of the site, Édouard Bourières, brought together the different parts of the site and had the side of the abbey church and the Romanesque crypt excavated. He transformed the canons' stables into a curious neo-renaissance villa which still exists. The estate, which had passed to Senator Adolphe Maujan,

2943-584: The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre . Starting in the 17th century, the Royal Mirror Manufacture was established in the Faubourg and further consolidated its reputation. This institution this would later become the multinational enterprise, Saint Gobain. The distinctive courtyards and narrow passageways that characterise the Faubourg served groups of craftsmen who lived and worked together in

3052-506: The wine warehouses of Bercy ) and Saint-Mandé . The first town hall , located to the southeast of the current town hall, was burned down by the Commune . The current town hall was built in 1876 on Avenue Daumesnil, following the plans of architect Antoine-Julien Hénard. The Bois de Vincennes was given to the City of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III in 1860, but was not officially integrated into

3161-408: The " necessarium " (latrines). On the south side of the cloister was the refectory. The kitchen, at the west end of the refectory was accessed via an anteroom and a long passage. Nearby were the bake house, brew house and the sleeping-rooms of the servants. The upper story of the refectory was called the "vestiarium" (a room where the ordinary clothes of the monks were stored). On the western side of

3270-480: The "Parc de l'Abbaye", marks, according to tradition, the location of the primitive church where Babolein was buried. At the beginning of the 9th century, the abbey was one of the first to benefit from the vast reform imposed by Louis the Pious and the church (known as "Abbatiale II"), dedicated on 7 December 829, was rebuilt by Abbot Benedict (813-839), under the aegis of Count Beggo of Toulouse . On 13 November 868, on

3379-635: The "Rabelais tower," remains today. In January 1378, Emperor Charles IV of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia, during a trip from Prague to visit his nephew Charles V, made a pilgrimage to Saint-Maur to cure his gout. He lived at the Abbey with his son and heir Wenceslaus and met the French king on 12 and 15 January. In 1430, the Armagnacs and then the English successively seized the abbey and pillaged it. In

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3488-472: The "folie Rambouillet" which built by the Protestant financier and royal counsellor, Nicolas de Rambouillet, between 1633 and 1635. The property was further developed by Madame de la Sablière (1636–1693), who received prominent non-Catholic ambassadors there prior to their formal entry into Paris. She also hosted elegant receptions and salons there and offered lodging to the poet, Jean de la Fontaine . The estate

3597-510: The 1150-1340 period. Legend has it that Louis IX , Saint Louis, administered justice under an oak tree in what is now the bois de Vincennes. The long process of turning this residence into a fortified castle, the Château de Vincennes, began in about 1337, when Philippe VI de Valois decided to build a dungeon near the Manor House. Progressive upgrades by subsequent kings led to the construction of

3706-520: The 12th arrondissement until 1926. The arrondissement benefited from numerous urban renewal and public works projects, many of them initiated during the 1980s. Two of the eight ' Grands Projets of Francois Mitterrand ' that were the hallmark of his presidency were located in the 12th arrondissement. These were the Opéra de la Bastille and the Ministry of the Economy and Finance building . Major projects in

3815-421: The 12th arrondissement; at its height, the rail network (including space for servicing it) accounted for 20% of the 12th arrondissement's land area and basically cut it in two. Haussmann was also active in this sector, creating arteries that would later take the names of boulevard Diderot (1854), rue Chaligny (1856), avenue Daumesnil (1859) and rue Crozatier (1861). Between 1855 and 1866, the Bois de Vincennes

3924-448: The 15th century, the abbot's residence in the abbey was the scene of the signing of two treaties: The abbey fell in commendam in 1493 to Raoul V du Fou, bishop of Évreux , before being secularized in 1533 by its last abbot, the cardinal and bishop of Paris, Jean du Bellay . It became a chapter of canons. It is there that the cardinal, who became the first dean, welcomed Rabelais in 1536. Accused of apostasy and irregularity, Rabelais

4033-740: The Annunciation in polychrome wood on which he had been working was finished. It is an " acheiropoietic " work known as Our Lady of Miracles "Virgo audiens"; conversions, graces and miracles have been attributed to her. It is now in a chapel in the parish church of Saint Nicholas. In 1096, the Glanfeuil Abbey was lost as a result of the intrigues of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou who wanted to take revenge on King Philip I of France who had taken his wife Bertrade of Montfort . The abbacies of Thibaud II (1107-1134) and Ascelin I (1134-1153) are marked by an intense artistic activity, manuscripts, and ornamentation of

4142-597: The Forest of Coucy in the diocese of Laon , the order spread widely. Even in Norbert's lifetime, the order had built abbeys in Aleppo , Syria , and in the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Of the Abbey of Saint Samuel, Denys Pringle wrote, "The Premonstatensian abbey of Saint Samuel was a daughter house of Prémontré itself. Its abbot had the status of a suffragan of the patriarch of Jerusalem , with

4251-456: The Franks, took up residence on the Île de la Cite, he used the bois de Vincennes as his hunting ground. The bois was then reserved for the exclusive use of the kings of France. Under Philippe Auguste it was enclosed by a 12 km wall. A hunting lodge was built by Louis VII around 1150, which was upgraded to a Manor House by Philippe Auguste , who made it a royal residence that was used over

4360-468: The Notre-Dame-des-Miracles chapel was uncovered in 1967-1968. The northern part of the nave of this building, still partially elevated, was explored in 1970-1972. The nave of the chapel was partially excavated between 1980 and 1982 following the discovery of a funerary urn, revealing the paving and the clawed bases of the columns of the 12th century Romanesque apse building. This excavation allowed

4469-615: The Revolution, 1,306 were beheaded there. Their bodies were then thrown into two mass graves in what is now the nearby Picpus Cemetery . After the Revolution, the Faubourg remained a hotbed of revolutionary activity, including during the July Revolution , the 1848 Revolution and the Paris Commune . From 1815 onwards, the neighbourhoods that would later become the 12th arrondissement were

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4578-451: The Venerable, who in 989 entrusted the task of reforming the monastery to Saint Majolus of Cluny . Bouchard's son-in-law, Thibault I of Corbeil, abbot of Cormery, became regular abbot of Saint-Maur in 1005, the year of Bouchard the Venerable's death, and "Abbatiale IV" was solemnly rededicated on 13 November 1030 under Abbot Eudes II. It is a vast Romanesque pilgrimage church with a crypt under

4687-742: The Vieux-Saint-Maur or other local archaeological associations, the Commission du Vieux-Paris, departmental archaeologists or those commissioned by the State Archaeological Service) throughout the 20th century Stéphane Ardouin, David Coxall, Sophie Benhaddou, Pascale Chardron-Picault et Philippe Huard, "L'abbaye médiévale de Saint-Mur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne), état des connaissances archéologiques," Actes du colloque de Créteil, Revue archéologique d'Île-de-France, supplément n°3 , 2015, p. 175-190 ( ISSN   2101-3608 ). The abbey church

4796-559: The abbacy of Adhelnée around 925, Saint-Maur fell into decadence like many other abbeys and was in the hands of lay abbots , the counts of Paris: Hugh the Great , Hugh Capet and Bouchard le vénérable, who was also count of Vendôme , Montoire and Lavardin, then of Corbeil and Melun. The monastery was run by a certain "abbot" Mainard who preferred to train his monks to hunt dogs and falcons rather than devote himself to religious life. The monk Adic complained about these disturbances to Count Bouchard

4905-499: The abbey are classified as historical monuments since 13 June 1988. The excavation carried out in 1861 on the initiative of the former owner Bourières is the first of a series of more or less well carried out and documented interventions on the former abbey site, in the enclosure of the current park or to the north, now occupied by a medical-educational institute and a retirement home. The archaeological explorations or chance discoveries were carried out by various people (associations of

5014-514: The action cost the lives of 98 attackers as well as most of the rather small contingent of soldiers charged with defending it. Of the 954 people who received official recognition for being 'conquerors of the Bastille', most were artisans and workers from the Faubourg Saint Antoine . The unauthorised demolition of the Bastille began the day after the Bastille was taken when an entrepreneurial business man, Pierre-François Palloy , recruited

5123-516: The architect Robert Willis (architect) (1800–1875) the Abbey's lay out is that of a town of individual houses with streets running between them. The abbey was planned in compliance with the Benedictine rule that, if possible, a monastery should be self-contained. For instance, there was a mill, a bakehouse , stables , and cattle stalls. In all, there were thirty-three separate structures; mostly one level wooden buildings. The Abbey church occupied

5232-410: The centre of a quadrangular area, about 430 feet (130 m) square. On the eastern side of the north transept of the church was the " scriptorium " or writing-room, with a library above. The church and nearby buildings ranged about the cloister , a court about which there was a covered arcade which allowed sheltered movement between the buildings. The nave of the church was on the north boundary of

5341-506: The choir and a triple nave of six bays with one or several bell towers. In 1058 Guillaume Guerlenc count of Corbeil, became the advocatus of the abbey where he retired as a monk after taking a vow. According to a medieval legend, on 10 July 1068 a certain Rumolde, a sculptor, left his workshop briefly to answer a call he thought he heard. When he returned, he found that the statue of the Virgin of

5450-415: The choir was closed from the aisles. At other abbeys of the order, such as Bolton Abbey or Kirkham Priory , there were no aisles. The nave in the northern houses of the order often had only a north aisle (this is the case at Bolton, Brinkburn Priory and Lanercost Priory ). The arrangement of the monastic buildings followed the ordinary plan. The prior's lodge was usually attached to the southwest angle of

5559-404: The church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order. Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy, refuge to the persecuted, or education to the young. Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat . There are many famous abbeys across

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5668-407: The church, the refectory, the dormitory and so on. A detached building belonging to each contained a bathroom and a kitchen. One of the miniature complexes was called the "oblati". These were the buildings for the novices. The other complex was a hospital or infirmary for the care of sick monks. This infirmary complex included a physician's residence, a physic garden , a drug store, and a chamber for

5777-401: The cloister was another two-story building with a cellar on the ground floor and the larder and store-room on the upper floor. Between this building and the church was a parlour for receiving visitors. One door of the parlour led to the cloisters and the other led to the outer part of the Abbey. Against the outer wall of the church was a school and headmaster's house. The school consisted of

5886-405: The cloister. On the east side of the cloister, on the ground floor, was the " pisalis " or " calefactory ". This was a common room, warmed by flues beneath the floor. Above the common room was the dormitory . The dormitory opened onto the cloister and also onto the south transept of the church. This enabled the monks to attend nocturnal services. A passage at the other end of the dormitory lead to

5995-429: The cloister; most of the preserved sculptures date from this period. In 1134, the abbot of Ascelin I received from Stephen of Senlis , bishop of Paris, the abbey of Saint-Eloi en la cité which was attached to Saint-Maur. On this date, the Abbey of Saint-Maur became the owner of the domain of this abbey, which included the bourg Saint-Paul around the church of Saint-Paul-des-Champs, the agricultural land that extended from

6104-546: The completion of St Peter's Basilica at Rome. The church consisted of five naves, a narthex (ante-church) which was added in 1220 AD, and several towers. Together with the conventual buildings, it covered an area of twenty-five acres. In the Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution in 1790 AD, the Abbey church was bought by the town and almost entirely destroyed. As of 2025, however, fragments of

6213-405: The critically ill. There was also a room for bloodletting and purging. The physic garden occupied the north east corner of the Abbey. In the southernmost area of the abbey was the workshop containing utilities for shoemakers , saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders, trencher -makers, tanners , curriers, fullers, smiths and goldsmiths . The tradesmen's living quarters were at

6322-488: The design of the order's churches and buildings. The defining architectural characteristic of the Cistercian abbeys was extreme simplicity and plainness. Only a single, central tower was permitted, and that was usually very low. Unnecessary pinnacles and turrets were prohibited. The triforium was omitted. The windows were usually plain and undivided, and it was forbidden to decorate them with stained glass. All needless ornament

6431-407: The discovery of a 14th century glazed tile floor working with a new flat chevet replacing the old semi-circular Romanesque apse. This floor was later raised by a stoop, then abandoned and replaced by a pavement, pierced by some burials. The abbey dwelling and part of the outbuildings were observed in 1966 during the supervision of the construction of a retirement home. The cloister, whose decoration

6540-440: The eastern portion of the place, were part of a much broader set of some 60 tax barriers surrounding Paris that were designed by the architect, Claude Ledoux . Built in 1787, tax officials were stationed there to collect revenues from people as they entered Paris with their merchandise. During the reign of Louis-Philippe (1830–1848), the statues of two French kings were placed on the tops of the two columns: Saint Louis ( Louis IX )

6649-598: The eastern section of the arrondissement include the French Ministry of Finances, Bercy Village , the Parc de Bercy and the Bercy arena , now renamed Accorhotels Arena. Much of the land these structures now occupy was formerly district of wine warehouses for wine and spirits arriving by river transport from Burgundy and the Loire. Farther to the west, the arrondissement also features

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6758-544: The first at Monte Cassino, were constructed on the plan of the Roman villa . The layout of the Roman villa was quite consistent throughout the Roman Empire and where possible, the monks reused available villas in sound repair. This was done at Monte Cassino. However, over time, changes to the common villa lay out occurred. The monks required buildings which suited their religious and day-to-day activities. No overriding specification

6867-422: The first to methodologically explore the entire stratigraphy of the site, brought to light Iron Age levels, well before the installation of the abbey, a few levels attributable to the early Middle Ages, including a Carolingian pit, and also traces of an 11th century buttressed building (partly observed in 1983-1984), the function of which is undetermined, to the north of the choir of the abbey. The primitive apse of

6976-626: The focus of far-reaching urban development projects. These include construction of: the July Column (Colonne de Juillet) on the Place de la Bastille (1830); the Halle Beauvau (the covered market on the Rue d'Aligre, 1843); the mainline Gare de Lyon (1847–1852) and the Paris-Vincennes rail line that terminated at the Gare de la Bastille (1855). The development of the railway lines had a major impact on

7085-589: The fortifications, the Saint Chapelle de Vincennes and several residences within the fortified walls that were designed to cater to royal tastes and standards of living. The last king to use the Chateau extensively as a royal residence was Louis XIV , who later abandoned it in favour of the Chateau de Versailles. In 1198, Foulques de Neuilly, preacher of the 4th crusade, built a small hermitage for reformed prostitutes in

7194-466: The furniture-making activity in the Faubourg have disappeared, though the École Boule , a famous school for furniture design founded in 1886 and located in the 12th arrondissement, continues to bear witness to this ancient artisanal tradition. The area next to the Seine that is now the 12th arrondissement was favoured by the French aristocracy as the site for their luxurious country estates. These included

7303-547: The gate was the hospitium (guest hall). The buildings are completely ruined, but the walls of the nave and the cloisters are still visible on the grounds of the Yorkshire Museum . The Abbey was surrounded by fortified walls on three sides. The River Ouse bordered the fourth side. The stone walls remain as an excellent example of English abbey walls. The Abbey of Cluny was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910 AD at Cluny , Saône-et-Loire , France . The Abbey

7412-499: The hierarchy of the Catholic church . They held a position between monks and secular canons. They were known as "Black canons" because of the colour of their habits . In 1105 AD, the first house of the order was established at St Botolph's Priory , Colchester , Essex . The canons built very long naves to accommodate large congregations. The choirs were also long. Sometimes, as at Llanthony Priory and Christchurch, Dorset (Twynham),

7521-554: The instructions of Charles the Bald , the abbey collected the relics of Saint Maurus from the Glanfeuil Abbey , near Saumur , which was threatened by the Vikings. Abbot Udon/Eudes I of Glanfeuil (died in 886), then became abbot of Saint-Maur and Glanfeuil became a priory . The "Abbatiale III" was rebuilt around 920 for the abbot Rainaud I by Count Hagano , favorite of Charles the Simple . After

7630-550: The kings of France to the Abbey and its dependents, including a dispensation from taxes for artisans working in the territory of the Abbey. Moreover, in 1471, Louis XI authorised these artisans to work freely, without being subject to the control of the guilds . Over the years, the artisans of the Faubourg developed a solid international reputation that attracted skilled craftsmen from all over Europe. Since many of these artisans were Protestants, many were killed in August 1572 during

7739-591: The marshes of what was to become the 12th arrondissement. In 1204, a Cistercian abbey, Saint Anthony of the Fields, was founded outside and to the east of the walls of Paris. The Abbaye was protected by fortified walls and a moat. . Its church was dedicated to Saint Antoine, which gave the name, Faubourg Saint Antoine (Saint Anthony's suburb), to the neighbourhood that grew up around the Abbey. The Abbey housed nuns ( moniales ) and, quite quickly, became an institution dominated by noble women with direct connections to both

7848-721: The monastery. Some were small monasteries accommodating five or ten monks. Others were no more than a single building serving as residence or a farm offices. The outlying farming establishments belonging to the monastic foundations were known as "villae" or "granges". They were usually staffed by lay-brothers , sometimes under the supervision of a monk. Many of today's cathedrals in England were originally Benedictine monasteries. These included Canterbury , Chester , Durham , Ely , Gloucester , Norwich , Peterborough , Rochester , Winchester , and Worcester . Shrewsbury Abbey in Shropshire

7957-429: The monk's common needs. An enclosure protecting all these buildings gave the settlement the appearance of a walled village. This layout, known as the laurae (lanes), became popular throughout Israel . As well as the "laurae", communities known as "caenobia" developed. These were monasteries where monks lived a common life together. The monks were not permitted to retire to the cells of a laurae before they had undergone

8066-425: The nave, on the south side of the cloister, was a refectory, with a lavatory at the door. On the eastern side, there was a dormitory, raised on a vaulted substructure and communicating with the south transept and a chapter house (meeting room). A small cloister lay to the south-east of the large cloister. Beyond that was an infirmary with a table hall and a refectory for those who were able to leave their chambers. At

8175-462: The nave. The Austin canons' house at Thornton, Lincolnshire had a large and magnificent gatehouse . The upper floors of the gatehouse formed the guest-house. The chapter-house was octagonal in shape. The Premonstratensian regular canons, or "White canons", were of an order founded in 1119 AD by Norbert of Xanten . The order was a reformed branch of the Augustinian canons . From a marshy area in

8284-545: The original Abbey still stand and archaeological excavations have intermittently been conducted over the past century, yielding a massively important and rich source of information. The first English house of the Cluniac order was built at Lewes , Sussex . It was founded by William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey in about 1077 AD. All but one of the Cluniac houses in Britain were known as priories , symbolizing their subordination to

8393-535: The poor. However, increasing religious fervor about the ascetic's ways and or persecution of them would drive them further away from their community and further into solitude. For instance, the cells and huts of anchorites (religious recluses) have been found in the deserts of Egypt . In 312 AD, Anthony the Great retired to the Thebaid region of Egypt to escape the persecution of the Emperor Maximian . Anthony

8502-468: The pope to settle this problem of dates, and to allow Rabelais to regain his freedom legally. From the 17th century, the buildings, badly maintained and badly managed, threatened to fall into ruin. In 1735 the archbishop of Paris prohibited the great pilgrimage of Saint John, then on 23 April 1749, Christophe de Beaumont , archbishop of Paris, decided to abolish the chapter and to attach it to that of Saint-Louis-du-Louvre . The buildings were sold in 1751 to

8611-495: The purpose of restoring, as far as possible, the literal observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict . La Ferté, Pontigny , Clairvaux , and Morimond were the first four abbeys to follow Cîteaux's example and others followed. The monks of Cîteaux created the well known vineyards of Clos-Vougeot and Romanée in Burgundy . The Cistercian principle of rigid self-abnegation carried over to

8720-431: The rear of the workshop. Here, there were also farm buildings, a large granary and threshing-floor, mills, and malthouse. At the south-east corner of the Abbey were hen and duck houses, a poultry-yard, and the dwelling of the keeper. Nearby was the kitchen garden which complemented the physic garden and a cemetery orchard . Every large monastery had priories . A priory was a smaller structure or entities which depended on

8829-569: The right to a cross, but not to a mitre nor a ring." It long maintained its rigid austerity, though in later years the abbey grew wealthier, and its members indulged in more frequent luxuries. Just after 1140 AD, the Premonstratensians were brought to England. Their first settlement was at Newhouse Abbey , Lincolnshire , near the Humber tidal estuary. There were as many as thirty-five Premonstratensian abbeys in England. The head abbey in England

8938-481: The royal house and other major noble families. The Abbesse was referred to as the Dame du Faubourg . Over several centuries, the Abbey benefited from the fact that these women were well integrated into the reigning economic and political power structures of Paris. The Faubourg developed a specialty in furniture making and, especially, in cabinet making. The development was due mainly to the protection and favours accorded by

9047-446: The same building. This social organisation of production gradually faded out and had disappeared entirely by the final decades of the 20th century. With the urban redevelopment of the 1980s, the plan was to use the repurposed arches under the railway viaduc of the defunct Paris-Vincennes line to house artisans' workshops. The resulting Viaduc des Arts provides workshops for a wide array of specialised crafts. Nevertheless, most traces of

9156-488: The site of the rue Saint-Antoine to the territory of the present 12th arrondissement of Paris and beyond to Charenton , and the exercise of the right of low, medium and high justice over the inhabitants. In a 1136 bull of the Pope Innocent II , mention is made for the first time of the chapel Saint-Bon of Paris belonging to the abbey of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. On 14 July 1256 Pierre de Chevry, prior of Saint-Éloi,

9265-422: The southern and western areas of the Abbey were devoted to workshops, stables and farm-buildings including stables, ox-sheds, goatstables, piggeries, and sheep-folds, as well as the servants' and labourers' quarters. In the eastern part of the Abbey there was a group of buildings representing in layout, two complete miniature monasteries. That is, each had a covered cloister surrounded by the usual buildings such as

9374-411: The statue for the Place de la Nation . Due to various delays, the finished statue in bronze was not installed on the site until 1899. From an administrative point of view, the present-day 12th arrondissement was created by law of 16 June 1859, which rearranged Paris into the 20 arrondissements known today. The law also extended the arrondissement by absorbing parts of the villages of Bercy (including

9483-460: The surrounding buildings are positioned in an awkward fashion. The church follows the plan adopted by the Austin canons in their northern abbeys, and has only one aisle to the north of the nave, while the choir is long, narrow and without an aisle. Each transept has an aisle to the east, forming three chapels. The church at Bayham Old Abbey had no aisles in the nave or the choir. The latter terminated in

9592-513: The twelfth century, the Abbey of Cluny was the head of an order consisting of 314 monasteries. The church at the Abbey was commenced in 1089 AD by Hugh of Cluny , the sixth abbot. It was finished and consecrated by Pope Innocent II around 1132 AD. The church was regarded as one of the wonders of the Middle Ages . At 555 feet (169 m) in length, it was the largest church in Christendom until

9701-613: The upper end is a semicircular recess, similar to the triclinium of the Lateran Palace in Rome , in which is placed the seat of the hegumenos or abbot. This apartment is chiefly used as a meeting place, with the monks usually taking their meals in their separate cells. Monasticism in the West began with the activities of Benedict of Nursia (born 480 AD). Near Nursia , a town in Perugia , Italy ,

9810-417: The village of Charenton and the eastern part of the 12th arrondissement. Its gardens were developed by the famous landscape architect, André le Notre . Built on a promontory overlooking the Seine, the Chateau offered broad views over formal French gardens and the river. Starting in 1804, the rapid development of the wine trade in the vicinity of the castle brought heavy river and road traffic and initiated what

9919-588: The wall is between three and four acres (12,000 and 16,000 m ). The longer side is about 500 feet (150 m) in length. There is only one entrance, which is located on the north side (A), defended by three iron doors. Near the entrance is a large tower (M), a constant feature in the monasteries of the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area). There is a small postern gate at L. The enceinte comprises two large open courts, surrounded with buildings connected with cloister galleries of wood or stone. The outer court, which

10028-448: The west entrance to the Abbey, there was a house and a small courtyard for the abbot. In 1055, St Mary's Abbey, York was built in England's north by the Order of Saint Benedict . It followed the common plan. The entrance to the abbey was through a strong gate on the northern side. Close to the entrance was a chapel. This was for visitors arriving at the Abbey to make their devotions . Near

10137-523: The workings of a coenobia in the vicinity of Antioch in Syria. The monks lived in separate huts ("kalbbia") which formed a religious hamlet on the mountainside. They were subject to an abbot, and observed a common rule. The layout of the monastic coenobium was influenced by a number of factors. These included a need for defence, economy of space, and convenience of access. The layout of buildings became compact and orderly. Larger buildings were erected and defence

10246-401: Was absolved by the pope but, by the brief of Paul III of 1536, had to commit himself to return to a Benedictine monastery of his choice and not to perform any more surgical operations. Cardinal du Bellay offered to receive him in the monastery of which he was the abbot. However, as the abbey had become a chapter of canons just before Rabelais came there, a new dispensation had to be requested from

10355-527: Was at Welbeck Abbey but the best preserved are Easby Abbey in Yorkshire , and Bayham Old Abbey in Kent . The layout of Easby Abbey is irregular due to its position on the edge of a steep river bank. The cloister is duly placed on the south side of the church, and the chief buildings occupy their usual positions around it. However, the cloister garth (quadrangle), as at Chichester , is not rectangular, and thus, all

10464-445: Was at the head of the monastery. The produce of the monastery was brought to Alexandria for sale. The moneys raised were used to purchase stores for the monastery or were given away as charity. Twice in the year, the superiors of several coenobia met at the chief monastery, under the presidency of an " archimandrite " (the "chief of the fold" from the word, "miandra" (a sheepfold)) in order to make their reports. Chrysostom recorded

10573-469: Was built in the Romanesque style. The Abbey was noted for its strict observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict . However, reforms resulted in many departures from this precedent. The Cluniac Reforms brought focus to the traditions of monastic life, encouraging art and the caring of the poor. The reforms quickly spread by the founding of new abbey complexes and by adoption of the reforms by existing abbeys. By

10682-427: Was demanded of the monks but the similarity of their needs resulted in uniformity of design of abbeys across Europe. Eventually, the buildings of a Benedictine abbey were built in a uniform lay out, modified where necessary, to accommodate local circumstances. The plan of the Abbey of Saint Gall (719 AD) in what is now Switzerland indicates the general arrangement of a Benedictine monastery of its day. According to

10791-440: Was elected abbot to replace Jean I of Auxonne (1251-1256) who had "shown himself to be detestable" and had been deposed. For 30 years, Pierre I de Chevry left a strong mark on the monastic life of Saint-Maur. He was the first of the mitred abbots of the monastery and like the bishops he wore a ring, a dalmatic and a crosier . He instituted new offices such as those of Chamberlain, Cellarer and Treasurer. In 1273 Abbot Pierre I had

10900-518: Was founded as a Benedictine monastery by the Normans in 1083. Westminster Abbey was founded in the tenth century by Saint Dunstan who established a community of Benedictine monks. The only traces of St Dunstan's monastery remaining are round arches and massive supporting columns of the undercroft and the Pyx Chamber. The cloister and buildings lie directly to the south of the church. Parallel to

11009-575: Was given to the Dominican sisters who occupied it from 1920 to 1958 before selling it to the Caisse des Dépôts . The site was finally bought by the city of Saint-Maur in 1962. Today, the abbey no longer exists and has been replaced by a square at the corner of avenue de Condé and rue de l'Abbaye. Some ruins remain, such as the Rabelais tower, the 19th century Bourières villa and the old fortifications. The remains of

11118-524: Was open to the north transept of the abbey church and which he had had rebuilt. The reconstruction work in "Gothic" style of the choir and the chevet of the church, which now reaches 86 meters in length, was completed around 1281. Around 1358, during the Hundred Years' War , the abbey sheltered the troops of the Dauphin, the future King Charles V . Fortifications were built, of which the western tower, known as

11227-495: Was particularly known for its gardens, which were left open for the public to visit. In 1719, the estate was sold to the banker John Law , who converted the gardens into leased vegetable plots. Located at about the current placement of the Gare de Lyon, the estate had been completely dismantled by 1737, as shown by a map of this area dated that year. Another major estate was the 17th and 18th century Château de Bercy , which straddled

11336-450: Was proscribed. The crosses were made of wood and the candlesticks of iron. The same principle governed the choice of site for Cistercian abbeys in that a most dismal site might be improved by the building of an abbey. The Cistercian monasteries were founded in deep, well-watered valleys, always standing at a stream's edge. The building might extend over the water as is the case at Fountains Abbey . These valleys, now rich and productive, had

11445-530: Was provided by strong outside walls. Within the walls, the buildings were arranged around one or more open courts surrounded by cloisters . The usual arrangement for monasteries of the Eastern world is exemplified in the plan of the convent of the Great Lavra at Mount Athos . With reference to the diagram, right, the convent of the Great Lavra is enclosed within a strong and lofty blank stone wall. The area within

11554-414: Was refurbished by order of Napoleon III , who wanted it to become a "vast park for the working populations of eastern Paris". La Place de la Nation received its current name on 14 July 1880. Prior to that date, it was called the place du Trône, in honour of the entry into Paris of Louis XIV and his new wife, Marie-Thérèse of Austria . Le columns and associated taxation offices that can still be seen on

11663-462: Was the best known of the anchorites of his time due to his degree of austerity, sanctity and his powers of exorcism . The deeper he withdrew into the wilderness, the more numerous his disciples became. They refused to be separated from him and built their cells close to him. This became a first true monastic community. According to August Neander , Anthony inadvertently became the founder of a new mode of living in common, Coenobitism . At Tabennae on

11772-431: Was the object of several successive interventions which allowed the excavation of Carolingian burials, burials in stone formwork of the 11th-13th centuries and the walls of the nave in 1933 and 1982, a glazed tile floor of the 13th century on the north of the choir in 1933 and 1967. The north of the choir and the nave of the abbey church were uncovered during surveys carried out in 1958-1959 and especially in 1988. The latter,

11881-408: Was to become a progressive abandonment of the property. The château itself was destroyed in 1861. The artisans and workers of the Faubourg played a key role in the French Revolution and the violent political turmoil of the 19th century. Residents of the Faubourg were instrumental in the taking of the Bastille on 14 July 1789. There were only seven prisoners left in the Bastille at that point and

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