63-497: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid , better known as AMPA , is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor , where it mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate . There are several types of glutamatergic ion channels in the central nervous system including AMPA, kainic acid and N -methyl- D -aspartic acid (NMDA) channels. In the synapse , these receptors serve very different purposes. AMPA can be used experimentally to distinguish
126-424: A chemical compound ; the concept is most readily understood when considering pure chemical substances . It follows from their being composed of fixed proportions of two or more types of atoms that chemical compounds can be converted, via chemical reaction , into compounds or substances each having fewer atoms. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute
189-431: A science . Throughout Logic, Watts revealed his high conception of logic by stressing the practical side of logic, rather than the speculative side. According to Watts, as a practical art, logic can be really useful in any inquiry, whether it is an inquiry in the arts, or inquiry in the sciences, or inquiry of an ethical kind. Watts' emphasis on logic as a practical art distinguishes his book from others. By stressing
252-419: A solid-state reaction , or the electron transfer reaction of reactive metals with reactive non-metals, such as halogen gases. Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points , and are hard and brittle . As solids they are almost always electrically insulating , but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive , because the ions are mobilized. An intermetallic compound
315-466: A ... white Powder ... with Sulphur it will compose a blood-red and volatile Cinaber. And yet out of all these exotick Compounds, we may recover the very same running Mercury. Boyle used the concept of "corpuscles"—or "atomes", as he also called them—to explain how a limited number of elements could combine into a vast number of compounds: If we assigne to the Corpuscles, whereof each Element consists,
378-530: A compound molecule, using the standard chemical symbols with numerical subscripts . Many chemical compounds have a unique CAS number identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service . Globally, more than 350,000 chemical compounds (including mixtures of chemicals) have been registered for production and use. The term "compound"—with a meaning similar to the modern—has been used at least since 1661 when Robert Boyle's The Sceptical Chymist
441-412: A continuous three-dimensional network, usually in a crystalline structure . Ionic compounds containing basic ions hydroxide (OH ) or oxide (O ) are classified as bases. Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as salts and can be formed by acid–base reactions . Ionic compounds can also be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation of their solvent , precipitation , freezing ,
504-441: A day, at 8 am, 12 noon and 4 pm. In his novel David Copperfield (1850), Charles Dickens has school master Dr. Strong quote from Watts' "Against Idleness and Mischief". In Herman Melville 's epic novel Moby-Dick (1851), a minor investor in the whaling ship Pequod is Charity Bildad, "a lean old lady of a most determined and indefatigable spirit, but withal very kindhearted" (chapter 20). Her brother,
567-509: A departure from the conception of logic of most other authors. His conception of logic is more akin to that of the later, nineteenth-century logician, C. S. Peirce . Isaac Watts' Logic became the standard text on logic at Oxford , Cambridge , Harvard and Yale , being used at Oxford for well over 100 years. Charles Sanders Peirce , the nineteenth-century logician, wrote favourably of Watts' Logic . When preparing his own textbook, titled A Critick of Arguments: How to Reason (also known as
630-524: A different chemical composition by interaction with a second chemical compound via a chemical reaction . In this process, bonds between atoms are broken in both of the interacting compounds, and then bonds are reformed so that new associations are made between atoms. Schematically, this reaction could be described as AB + CD → AD + CB , where A, B, C, and D are each unique atoms; and AB, AD, CD, and CB are each unique compounds. Isaac Watts#Logic and science Isaac Watts (17 July 1674 – 25 November 1748)
693-528: A greater interest in promoting education and scholarship than preaching for any particular sect. Watts took work as a private tutor and lived with the nonconformist Hartopp family at Fleetwood House on Church Street in Stoke Newington . Through them, he became acquainted with their immediate neighbours Sir Thomas Abney and Lady Mary . He eventually lived for a total of 36 years in the Abney household, most of
SECTION 10
#1732852600208756-593: A large staff over many years assembled the complete book of Psalms in a form appropriate for singing (by the Levites, during Temple sacrifices at the time). The practice of singing Psalms in worship was continued by Biblical command in the New Testament Church from its beginnings in Acts through the time of Watts, as documented by Prutow. The teachings of 16th-century Reformation leaders such as John Calvin , who translated
819-566: A particular chemical compound, using chemical symbols for the chemical elements, and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms involved. For example, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom: the chemical formula is H 2 O. In the case of non-stoichiometric compounds , the proportions may be reproducible with regard to their preparation, and give fixed proportions of their component elements, but proportions that are not integral [e.g., for palladium hydride , PdH x (0.02 < x < 0.58)]. Chemical compounds have
882-796: A peculiar size and shape ... such ... Corpuscles may be mingled in such various Proportions, and ... connected so many ... wayes, that an almost incredible number of ... Concretes may be compos’d of them. In his Logick , published in 1724, the English minister and logician Isaac Watts gave an early definition of chemical element, and contrasted element with chemical compound in clear, modern terms. Among Substances, some are called Simple, some are Compound ... Simple Substances ... are usually called Elements, of which all other Bodies are compounded: Elements are such Substances as cannot be resolved, or reduced, into two or more Substances of different Kinds. ... Followers of Aristotle made Fire, Air, Earth and Water to be
945-496: A positively charged cation . The nonmetal will gain the electrons from the metal, making the nonmetal a negatively charged anion . As outlined, ionic bonds occur between an electron donor, usually a metal, and an electron acceptor, which tends to be a nonmetal. Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom forms an electrostatic connection with another electronegative atom through interacting dipoles or charges. A compound can be converted to
1008-399: A practical and non-formal part of logic, Watts gave rules and directions for any kind of inquiry, including the inquiries of science and the inquiries of philosophy . These rules of inquiry were given in addition to the formal content of classical logic common to textbooks on logic from that time. Watts' conception of logic as being divided into its practical part and its speculative part marks
1071-465: A rope to say its prayers. He received corporal punishment for this, to which he cried: O father, father, pity take And I will no more verses make. Watts could not attend Oxford or Cambridge because he was a nonconformist and these universities were restricted to Anglicans—as were government positions at the time. He went to the Dissenting Academy at Stoke Newington in 1690. Much of
1134-447: A solid state dependent on how low the temperature of the environment is. A covalent bond , also known as a molecular bond, involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Primarily, this type of bond occurs between elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table of elements , yet it is observed between some metals and nonmetals. This is due to the mechanism of this type of bond. Elements that fall close to each other on
1197-506: A specifically Christian perspective. As Watts put it in the title of his 1719 metrical Psalter, the Psalms should be "imitated in the language of the New Testament." Besides writing hymns, Isaac Watts was also a theologian and logician , writing books and essays on these subjects. Isaac Watts is credited by many with introducing hymns to the English churches when his Hymns and Spiritual Songs
1260-469: A unique and defined chemical structure held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds . Chemical compounds can be molecular compounds held together by covalent bonds , salts held together by ionic bonds , intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds , or the subset of chemical complexes that are held together by coordinate covalent bonds . Pure chemical elements are generally not considered chemical compounds, failing
1323-541: Is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities ) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds . A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction , which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken and/or new bonds formed. There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how
SECTION 20
#17328526002081386-403: Is a type of metallic alloy that forms an ordered solid-state compound between two or more metallic elements. Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle, with good high-temperature mechanical properties. They can be classified as stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric intermetallic compounds. A coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called
1449-611: Is better known than Watts' original poem. The poem was also featured in the segment on the cartoon programme "Rocky and His Friends" called "Bullwinkle's Corner", in which Bullwinkle Moose recites poetry. In this case, the poem was titled "The Bee", with no author credit. A second example appears in Chapter 10 of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , the poem " 'Tis the Voice of the Lobster ", which parodies
1512-520: Is called a proposition". Watts' Logic follows the scholastic tradition and divides propositions into universal affirmative, universal negative, particular affirmative, and particular negative. In the third part, Watts discusses reasoning and argumentation , with particular emphasis on the theory of syllogism . This was considered a centrally important part of classical logic . According to Watts, and in keeping with logicians of his day, Watts defined logic as an art (see liberal arts ), as opposed to
1575-558: Is in Westminster Abbey ; this was completed shortly after his death. His much-visited chest tomb at Bunhill Fields dates from 1808, replacing the original that had been paid for and erected by Lady Mary Abney and the Hartopp family. Another early memorial may be lost: a bust to Watts commissioned on his death for the London chapel with which he was associated. The chapel was demolished in
1638-493: Is neutral overall, but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions . These can be simple ions such as the sodium (Na ) and chloride (Cl ) in sodium chloride , or polyatomic species such as the ammonium ( NH 4 ) and carbonate ( CO 3 ) ions in ammonium carbonate . Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours, so are not considered to be part of molecules, but instead part of
1701-513: The Colony of Connecticut , which nonconformists (Puritans/Congregationalists) had established. King Edward VI School, Southampton , which he attended, named one of its houses "Watts" in his honour. The Church of England and Lutheran Church remember Watts (and his ministerial service) annually in the Calendar of Saints with a commemoration on 25 November. The earliest surviving monument to Watts
1764-613: The Grand Logic ), Peirce wrote, "I shall suppose the reader to be acquainted with what is contained in Dr Watts' Logick , a book... far superior to the treatises now used in colleges, being the production of a man distinguished for good sense." Watts followed the Logic in 1741 by a supplement, The Improvement of the Mind. This also went through numerous editions and later inspired Michael Faraday . It
1827-720: The Hackney Brook , and he often sought inspiration there for the many books and hymns that he wrote. Watts lived at Abney Hall in Stoke Newington until his death in 1748; he was buried in Bunhill Fields . He left an extensive legacy of hymns, treatises, educational works, and essays. His work was influential amongst nonconformist independents and religious revivalists of the 18th century, such as Philip Doddridge , who dedicated his best-known work to Watts. Sacred music scholars Stephen Marini, Denny Prutow and Michael LeFebvre describe
1890-452: The coordination centre , and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents. Many metal-containing compounds, especially those of transition metals , are coordination complexes. A coordination complex whose centre is a metal atom is called a metal complex of d block element. Compounds are held together through a variety of different types of bonding and forces. The differences in
1953-449: The oxygen molecule (O 2 ); or it may be heteronuclear , a chemical compound composed of more than one element, as with water (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; H 2 O). A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that still carries all the physical and chemical properties of that substance. An ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding . The compound
AMPA - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-941: The Anglican Hymns Ancient and Modern , the Oxford Book of Common Praise , the United Reformed Church's Mission Praise , the Christadelphian hymnal, the Episcopal Church's Hymnal 1982 , Evangelical Lutheran Worship , the Baptist Hymnal , the Presbyterian Trinity Hymnal , and the Methodist Hymns and Psalms . Many of his texts are also used in the American hymnal, The Sacred Harp , using what
2079-459: The Earth. Other compounds regarded as chemically identical may have varying amounts of heavy or light isotopes of the constituent elements, which changes the ratio of elements by mass slightly. A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. A molecule may be homonuclear , that is, it consists of atoms of one chemical element, as with two atoms in
2142-669: The Gospel, and promised in the New Testament.” Watts wrote a textbook on logic which was particularly popular; its full title was, Logick, or The Right Use of Reason in the Enquiry After Truth With a Variety of Rules to Guard Against Error in the Affairs of Religion and Human Life, as well as in the Sciences . This was first published in 1724, and it was printed in twenty editions. Watts wrote this work for beginners of logic, and arranged
2205-557: The Isaac Watts Memorial United Reformed Church was built on the site. In 1974, the City of Southampton commemorated the tercentenary of Watts' birth by commissioning the biography Isaac Watts Remembered , written by David G. Fountain, who like Watts, was a nonconformist minister from Southampton. The clock on Southampton Civic Centre chimes the tune of the opening line of 'Our God, our help in ages past', three times
2268-424: The Psalms in the vernacular for congregational singing, followed this historic worship practice. Watts was not the first Protestant to promote the singing of hymns; however, his prolific hymn writing helped usher in a new era of English worship as many other poets followed in his path. Watts also introduced a new way of rendering the Psalms in verse for church services, proposing that they be adapted for hymns with
2331-524: The Truth ;; tho' they are not all agreed ... Compound Substances are made up of two or more simple Substances ... So a Needle is simple Body, being made only of Steel; but a Sword or a Knife is a compound because its ... Handle is made of Materials different from the Blade. Any substance consisting of two or more different types of atoms ( chemical elements ) in a fixed stoichiometric proportion can be termed
2394-596: The activity of one receptor from the other in order to understand their differing functions. AMPA generates fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP). AMPA activates AMPA receptors that are non-selective cationic channels allowing the passage of Na and K and therefore have an equilibrium potential near 0 mV. AMPA was first synthesized, along with several other ibotenic acid derivatives, by Krogsgaard-Larsen, Honoré, and others toward differentiating glutamate sensitive receptors from aspartate sensitive receptors. Chemical compound A chemical compound
2457-501: The book comes under one or more of these headings, and this methodical arrangement serves to make the exposition clear. In Watts' Logic, there are notable departures from other works of the time, and some notable innovations. The influence of British empiricism may be seen, especially that of contemporary philosopher and empiricist John Locke . Logic includes several references to Locke and his Essay Concerning Human Understanding , in which he espoused his empiricist views. Watts
2520-479: The book methodically. He divided the content of his elementary treatment of logic into four parts: perception , judgement , reasoning , and method , which he treated in this order. Each of these parts is divided into chapters, and some of these chapters are divided into sections. The content of the chapters and sections is subdivided by the following devices: divisions, distributions, notes, observations, directions, rules, illustrations, and remarks. Every contentum of
2583-567: The captain, had forbidden the sailors to sing "profane songs" such as sea shanties , so she "placed a small choice copy of Watts in each seaman’s berth" (chapter 22). One of Watts' best-known poems was an exhortation " Against Idleness and Mischief " in Divine Songs for Children . This was parodied by Lewis Carroll in the poem " How Doth the Little Crocodile ", included in Chapter 2 of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865). His parody
AMPA - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-431: The constituent atoms are bonded together. Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds ; ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds ; intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds ; coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds . Non-stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case. A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in
2709-400: The fixed ratios. Many solid chemical substances—for example many silicate minerals —are chemical substances, but do not have simple formulae reflecting chemically bonding of elements to one another in fixed ratios; even so, these crystalline substances are often called " non-stoichiometric compounds ". It may be argued that they are related to, rather than being chemical compounds, insofar as
2772-508: The four Elements, of which all earthly Things were compounded; and they suppos'd the Heavens to be a Quintessence, or fifth sort of Body, distinct from all these : But, since experimental Philosophy ... have been better understood, this Doctrine has been abundantly refuted. The Chymists make Spirit, Salt, Sulphur, Water and Earth to be their five Elements, because they can reduce all terrestrial Things to these five : This seems to come nearer
2835-496: The late 18th century: remaining parts of the memorial were rescued at the last minute by a wealthy landowner for installation in his chapel near Liverpool , but it is not known whether the bust survives. Another bust is installed at the nonconformist Dr Williams's Library , in central London. The first public statue stands at Abney Park , where Watts lived for more than 30 years at the manor house, and where he also died. The park later became Abney Park Cemetery , opened in 1840; and
2898-541: The merits of a Saviour. Where he talks of sacrificing goats and bullocks, I rather mention the sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb of God. When he attends the ark with shouting into Zion, I sing of the ascension of my Saviour into heaven, or His presence in His church on earth. Where he promises abundance of wealth, honour, and long life, I have changed some of these typical blessings for grace, glory, and life eternal, which are brought to light in
2961-516: The opening lines of " The Sluggard ": "'Tis the voice of the sluggard; I heard him complain, / 'You have waked me too soon, I must slumber again.'" The 1884 comic opera Princess Ida includes a punning reference to Watts in Act I. At Princess Ida's women's university, no males are allowed. Her father King Gama says that "She'll scarcely suffer Dr. Watts' 'hymns'". A poem often referred to as "False Greatness" by Joseph Merrick ("The Elephant Man"), which
3024-536: The periodic table tend to have similar electronegativities , which means they have a similar affinity for electrons. Since neither element has a stronger affinity to donate or gain electrons, it causes the elements to share electrons so both elements have a more stable octet . Ionic bonding occurs when valence electrons are completely transferred between elements. Opposite to covalent bonding, this chemical bond creates two oppositely charged ions. The metals in ionic bonding usually lose their valence electrons, becoming
3087-411: The remainder of his life centred on that village, which is now part of Inner London . Following his education, Watts was called as pastor of a large independent chapel in London, Mark Lane Congregational Chapel, where he helped train preachers, despite his poor health. He held religious opinions that were more nondenominational or ecumenical than was common for a nonconformist Congregationalist. He had
3150-587: The statue of Watts was erected here by public subscription in 1845. It stands in Dr Watts' Walk, in front of the Abney Park Chapel , and was designed by the leading British sculptor, Edward Hodges Baily . A scheme for a commemorative statue on this spot had been promoted in the late 1830s by George Collison , who in 1840 published an engraving as the frontispiece of his book about cemetery design in Europe and America, and at Abney Park in particular. Collison's proposal
3213-491: The time at Abney House, their second residence. (Lady Mary had inherited the manor of Stoke Newington in 1701 from her late brother Thomas Gunston.) On the death of Sir Thomas Abney in 1722, his widow Lady Mary and her unmarried daughter Elizabeth moved all her household to Abney House from Hertfordshire, and she invited Watts to continue with them. He particularly enjoyed the grounds at Abney Park , which Lady Mary planted with two elm walks leading down to an island heronry in
SECTION 50
#17328526002083276-494: The two or more atom requirement, though they often consist of molecules composed of multiple atoms (such as in the diatomic molecule H 2 , or the polyatomic molecule S 8 , etc.). Many chemical compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS): its CAS number . There is varying and sometimes inconsistent nomenclature differentiating substances, which include truly non-stoichiometric examples, from chemical compounds, which require
3339-455: The types of bonds in compounds differ based on the types of elements present in the compound. London dispersion forces are the weakest force of all intermolecular forces . They are temporary attractive forces that form when the electrons in two adjacent atoms are positioned so that they create a temporary dipole . Additionally, London dispersion forces are responsible for condensing non polar substances to liquids, and to further freeze to
3402-421: The variability in their compositions is often due to either the presence of foreign elements trapped within the crystal structure of an otherwise known true chemical compound , or due to perturbations in structure relative to the known compound that arise because of an excess of deficit of the constituent elements at places in its structure; such non-stoichiometric substances form most of the crust and mantle of
3465-560: The ways in which Watts contributed to English hymnody and the previous tradition of the Church. Watts led the change in practice by including new poetry for "original songs of Christian experience" to be used in worship, according to Marini. The older tradition was based on the poetry of the Bible: the Psalms . According to LeFebvre, Psalms had been sung by God's people from the time of King David, who with
3528-443: Was also widely used as a moral textbook in schools. In Logic , Watts gave an early definition of chemical element , and contrasted "element" with chemical "compound" in clear, modern terms. He also provided an early list of elements then recognized by chemists—five in number—as he understood it. Watts did also, however, note the lack of consensus among chemists. On his death, Isaac Watts' papers were given to Yale University in
3591-590: Was an English Congregational minister, hymn writer, theologian , and logician . He was a prolific and popular hymn writer and is credited with some 750 hymns. His works include " When I Survey the Wondrous Cross ", " Joy to the World ", and " O God, Our Help in Ages Past ". He is recognised as the "Godfather of English Hymnody"; many of his hymns remain in use today and have been translated into numerous languages. Watts
3654-556: Was born in Southampton , Hampshire , England, in 1674 and was brought up in the home of a committed religious nonconformist ; his father, also Isaac Watts, had been incarcerated twice for his views. Watts had a classical education at King Edward VI School, Southampton , learning Latin , Greek , and Hebrew . Watts displayed a propensity for rhyme from an early age. He was once asked why he had his eyes open during prayers, to which he responded: A little mouse for want of stairs ran up
3717-413: Was careful to distinguish between judgements and propositions , unlike some other logic authors. According to Watts, judgement is "to compare... ideas together, and to join them by affirmation , or disjoin then by negation , according as we find them to agree or disagree". He continues, "when mere ideas are joined in the mind without words, it is rather called a judgement; but when clothed with words it
3780-581: Was first published in 1707. They are extensively used today due to his poetic gifts, but also because he interpreted the Old Testament using knowledge of the New. This set an example for later hymn writers. Isaac Watts explained his methods as follows: “Where the Psalmist describes religion by the fear of God, I have often joined faith and love to it. Where he speaks of pardon of sin through the mercies of God, I have added
3843-614: Was never commissioned, and Baily's design was adopted instead. A later, rather similar statue was also funded by public subscription and erected in a new Victorian public park named after Watts in Southampton, the city of his birth. In the mid-nineteenth century, the Congregational Dr Watts Memorial Hall was built in Southampton and also named after him. It was lost to redevelopment after the Second World War , but
SECTION 60
#17328526002083906-409: Was published. In this book, Boyle variously used the terms "compound", "compounded body", "perfectly mixt body", and "concrete". "Perfectly mixt bodies" included for example gold, lead, mercury, and wine. While the distinction between compound and mixture is not so clear, the distinction between element and compound is a central theme. Quicksilver ... with Aqua fortis will be brought into
3969-446: Was used in writing or "signature block" by Merrick, starting "Tis true, my form is something odd/but blaming me, is blaming God..." is often (incorrectly) quoted or cited as a work by Isaac Watts. In fact only the last few sentences were penned by Watts ("False Greatness", book II-Horae lyricae 1743) starting "Mylo, forbear to call him bless'd/That only boasts a large estate..." Watts' hymns include: Many of Watts' hymns are included in
#207792