118-423: Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as alc/vol or ABV ) is a standard measure of the volume of alcohol contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage , expressed as a volume percent . It is defined as the number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of solution at 20 °C (68 °F). The number of millilitres of pure ethanol
236-720: A percentage of total mass . The alc/vol value of a beverage is always higher than the ABW. Because ABW measures the proportion of the drink's mass which is alcohol, while alc/vol is the proportion of the drink's volume which is alcohol, the two values are in the same proportion as the drink's density is with the density of alcohol. Therefore, one can use the following equation to convert between ABV and ABW: ABV = ABW × density of beverage density of alcohol {\displaystyle {\text{ABV}}={\text{ABW}}\times {\frac {\text{density of beverage}}{\text{density of alcohol}}}} At relatively low alc/vol,
354-441: A sourdough starter is used, flour and water are added instead of sugar; this is referred to as proofing the sponge . When yeast is used for making bread, it is mixed with flour , salt, and warm water or milk. The dough is kneaded until it is smooth, and then left to rise, sometimes until it has doubled in size. The dough is then shaped into loaves. Some bread doughs are knocked back after one rising and left to rise again (this
472-565: A 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" defined according to the above criteria also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met the criteria. An inference drawn from this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases. The therapeutic index for ethanol
590-495: A 2022 study, recreational heavy drinking and intoxication have become increasingly prevalent among Nigerian youth in Benin City. Traditionally, alcohol use was more accepted for men, while youth drinking was often taboo. Today, many young people engage in heavy drinking for pleasure and excitement. Peer networks encourage this behavior through rituals that promote intoxication and provide care for inebriated friends. The findings suggest
708-479: A 2024 WHO report indicates that these harmful consequences of alcohol use result in approximately 2.6 million deaths annually, accounting for 4.7% of all global deaths. In 2023, the WHO declared that 'there is no safe amount of alcohol consumption' and that 'the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage.' This new global health policy aligns with the scientific consensus regarding
826-471: A 50% v/v ethanol solution, 50 mL of ethanol and 50 mL of water could be mixed but the resulting volume of solution will measure less than 100 mL due to the change of volume on mixing, and will contain a higher concentration of ethanol. The difference is not large, with the maximum difference being less than 2.5%, and less than 0.5% difference for concentrations under 20%. Some drinks have requirements of alcoholic content in order to be certified as
944-410: A bad flavor and must be removed regularly during fermentation. Yeasts are very common in the environment, and are often isolated from sugar-rich materials. Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples, or peaches ), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti). Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects. Yeasts from
1062-412: A certain alcohol brand or label. Low-alcohol beers (<0.5) are considered in some countries such as Iran as permitted (or "halal" under Muslim vocabulary) despite alcohol being banned. However, the level of alcohol-free beers is typically the lowest commercially sold 0.05. It is near impossible for a healthy person to become intoxicated drinking low-alcohol drinks. The low concentration severely limits
1180-718: A decline in quality of life and a shortened lifespan by 3–6 years. Alcohol-based sugar-sweetened beverages , are closely linked to episodic drinking in adolescents. Sugar-infused alcoholic beverages include alcopops , and liqueurs . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines binge drinking as a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above. This typically occurs when men consume five or more US standard drinks , or women consume four or more drinks, within about two hours. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) defines binge drinking slightly differently, focusing on
1298-462: A deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome , which is associated with serious brain damage. Christian views on alcohol encompass a range of perspectives regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages, with significant emphasis on moderation rather than total abstinence. The moderationist position is held by Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox , and within Protestantism, it
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#17328520839111416-652: A figure of 6.93 kilocalories (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per ml) for calculating food energy. For distilled spirits , a standard serving in the United States is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80 proof ), would be 14 grams and 98 calories. However, alcoholic drinks are considered empty calorie foods because other than food energy they contribute no essential nutrients . Alcohol increases insulin response to glucose promoting fat storage and hindering carb/fat burning oxidation. This excess processing in
1534-513: A foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top-cropping yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae , sometimes called an "ale yeast". Bottom-cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager -type beers, though they can also produce ale -type beers. These yeasts ferment well at low temperatures. An example of bottom-cropping yeast is Saccharomyces pastorianus , formerly known as S. carlsbergensis . Decades ago, taxonomists reclassified S. carlsbergensis (uvarum) as
1652-411: A glass a day can be good for the heart. But there's more to the story. No research has proved a cause-and-effect link between drinking alcohol and better heart health." In folk medicine , consuming a nightcap is for the purpose of inducing sleep . However, alcohol is not recommended by many doctors as a sleep aid because it interferes with sleep quality . " Hair of the dog ", short for "hair of
1770-455: A halt as the alcohol produced becomes too concentrated for the yeast to tolerate, defining an upper limit of alc/vol for non-distilled alcoholic drinks. The typical tolerance for beer yeasts is at 8–12%, while wine yeasts typically range from 14–18%, with speciality ones reaching 20% alc/vol. Any higher would require distillation, producing liquor . Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in
1888-445: A higher demand for alcohol compared to those who drink solely for recreation or self-medication. This finding raises concerns, as this group may be more likely to develop alcohol use disorder and experience negative consequences related to their drinking. A significant proportion of patients attending mental health services for conditions including anxiety disorders such as panic disorder or social phobia have developed these conditions as
2006-489: A long association of military use, and has been called "liquid courage" for its role in preparing troops for battle, anaesthetize injured soldiers, and celebrate military victories . It has also served as a coping mechanism for combat stress reactions and a means of decompression from combat to everyday life. However, this reliance on alcohol can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing
2124-406: A major global public health issue and includes alcoholism , abuse , alcohol withdrawal , fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), liver disease , hepatitis , cardiovascular disease (e.g., cardiomyopathy ), polyneuropathy , alcoholic hallucinosis , long-term impact on the brain (e.g., brain damage , dementia , and Marchiafava–Bignami disease ), and cancers . For roughly two decades,
2242-412: A member of S. cerevisiae , noting that the only distinct difference between the two is metabolic. Lager strains of S. cerevisiae secrete an enzyme called melibiase, allowing them to hydrolyse melibiose , a disaccharide , into more fermentable monosaccharides . Top- and bottom-cropping and cold- and warm-fermenting distinctions are largely generalizations used by laypersons to communicate to
2360-663: A model for all eukaryotes, including humans, for the study of fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle , DNA replication , recombination , cell division , and metabolism. Also, yeasts are easily manipulated and cultured in the laboratory, which has allowed for the development of powerful standard techniques, such as yeast two-hybrid , synthetic genetic array analysis, and tetrad analysis . Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologues in yeast; these proteins include cell cycle proteins , signaling proteins , and protein-processing enzymes . On 24 April 1996, S. cerevisiae
2478-436: A more competitively priced alternative to gasoline fuels. A number of sweet carbonated beverages can be produced by the same methods as beer, except the fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, leaving a significant amount of residual sugar in the drink. Yeast is used as an ingredient in foods for its umami flavor, in much of the same way that monosodium glutamate (MSG)
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#17328520839112596-421: A more than doubling of risk. Yeast Ascomycota p. p. Basidiomycota p. p. Yeasts are eukaryotic , single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom . The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species. Some yeast species have
2714-640: A much broader range of health benefits, and was censured as misleading by the Federal Trade Commission . The fad for yeast cakes lasted until the late 1930s. Some probiotic supplements use the yeast S. boulardii to maintain and restore the natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract . S. boulardii has been shown to reduce the symptoms of acute diarrhea , reduce the chance of infection by Clostridium difficile (often identified simply as C. difficile or C. diff), reduce bowel movements in diarrhea-predominant IBS patients, and reduce
2832-440: A need to reconsider cultural prohibitions on youth drinking and advocate for public health interventions promoting low-risk drinking practices. Heavy alcohol use is defined differently by various health organizations. The CDC defines "Current heavier drinker" as consuming more than 7 drinks per week for women and more than 14 drinks per week for men. Additionally, "Heavy drinking day (also referred to as episodic heavy drinking"
2950-465: A neutral or slightly acidic pH environment. Yeasts vary in regard to the temperature range in which they grow best. For example, Leucosporidium frigidum grows at −2 to 20 °C (28 to 68 °F), Saccharomyces telluris at 5 to 35 °C (41 to 95 °F), and Candida slooffi at 28 to 45 °C (82 to 113 °F). The cells can survive freezing under certain conditions, with viability decreasing over time. In general, yeasts are grown in
3068-407: A pure yeast culture is usually added to the must; this yeast quickly dominates the fermentation. The wild yeasts are repressed, which ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation. Most added wine yeasts are strains of S. cerevisiae , though not all strains of the species are suitable. Different S. cerevisiae yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore
3186-550: A result of recreational alcohol or sedative use. Self-medication or mental disorders may make people not decline their drinking despite negative consequences. This can create a cycle of dependence that is difficult to break without addressing the underlying mental health issue. The American Heart Association warn that "We've all seen the headlines about studies associating light or moderate drinking with health benefits and reduced mortality. Some researchers have suggested there are health benefits from wine, especially red wine, and that
3304-412: A slight increase in total volume, whereas the mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume changes due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called " partial molar volume ". Water and ethanol are both polar solvents. When water is added to ethanol, the smaller water molecules are attracted to the ethanol's hydroxyl group, and each molecule alters the polarity field of
3422-583: A source of energy and do not require sunlight to grow. Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose , or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose . Some species can metabolize pentose sugars such as ribose, alcohols, and organic acids . Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration ( obligate aerobes ) or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production ( facultative anaerobes ). Unlike bacteria , no known yeast species grow only anaerobically ( obligate anaerobes ). Most yeasts grow best in
3540-545: A source of protein and vitamins as well as other minerals and cofactors required for growth. Many brands of nutritional yeast and yeast extract spreads, though not all, are fortified with vitamin B 12 , which is produced separately by bacteria . In 1920, the Fleischmann Yeast Company began to promote yeast cakes in a "Yeast for Health" campaign. They initially emphasized yeast as a source of vitamins, good for skin and digestion. Their later advertising claimed
3658-408: A spontaneous abortion, is the death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive independently. Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for miscarriage. Drinking of alcohol by parents is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). One study found a positive correlation between the two during New Years celebrations and weekends. Another found that alcohol use disorder was linked to
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3776-426: A square "cake". This form perishes quickly, so must be used soon after production. A weak solution of water and sugar can be used to determine whether yeast is expired. In the solution, active yeast will foam and bubble as it ferments the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some recipes refer to this as proofing the yeast, as it "proves" (tests) the viability of the yeast before the other ingredients are added. When
3894-526: A technique that was used until the first World War. In the United States, naturally occurring airborne yeasts were used almost exclusively until commercial yeast was marketed at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia, where Charles L. Fleischmann exhibited the product and a process to use it, as well as serving the resultant baked bread. The mechanical refrigerator (first patented in
4012-776: A variety of haploid spores , which can go on to mate (conjugate), reforming the diploid. The haploid fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a facultative sexual microorganism that can undergo mating when nutrients are limited. Exposure of S. pombe to hydrogen peroxide, an agent that causes oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage, strongly induces mating and the formation of meiotic spores. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduces by mitosis as diploid cells when nutrients are abundant, but when starved, this yeast undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. Haploid cells may then reproduce asexually by mitosis. Katz Ezov et al. presented evidence that in natural S. cerevisiae populations clonal reproduction and selfing (in
4130-440: A waste product; however, this evaporates during baking. It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt . Researchers speculate a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than
4248-440: Is 1.05 times that of water, it has a specific gravity of 1.05. In UK brewing usage, it is customary to regard the reference value for water to be 1000, so the specific gravity of the same example beer would be quoted as 1050. The formulas here assume that the former definition is used for specific gravity. During ethanol fermentation the yeast converts one mole of sugar into two moles of alcohol. A general formula for calculating
4366-405: Is 10%. Alcohol can have analgesic (pain-relieving) effects, which is why some people with chronic pain turn to alcohol to self-medicate and try to alleviate their physical discomfort. People with social anxiety disorder commonly self-medicate with alcohol to overcome their highly set inhibitions. However, self-medicating excessively for prolonged periods of time with alcohol often makes
4484-452: Is a medical term for ethanol solutions with 95% ABV . When taken by mouth or injected into a vein ethanol is used to treat methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity when fomepizole is not available. Ethanol, when used to treat or prevent methanol and/or ethylene glycol toxicity, competes with other alcohols for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing
4602-484: Is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry. Researchers from the University of British Columbia , Canada, have found a new strain of yeast that has reduced amines . The amines in red wine and Chardonnay produce off-flavors and cause headaches and hypertension in some people. About 30% of people are sensitive to biogenic amines, such as histamines . Yeast, most commonly S. cerevisiae ,
4720-631: Is accepted by Anglicans , Lutherans and many Reformed churches . Moderationism is also accepted by Jehovah's Witnesses . Spiritual use of moderate alcohol consumption is also found in some religions and schools with esoteric influences, including the Hindu tantra sect Aghori , in the Sufi Bektashi Order and Alevi Jem ceremonies, in the Rarámuri religion, in the Japanese religion Shinto , by
4838-400: Is almost always produced by fermentation – the metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of yeasts under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions. Beverages such as mead, wine, beer, or distilled spirits all use yeast at some stage of their production. A distilled beverage is a beverage containing ethanol that has been purified by distillation . Carbohydrate-containing plant material
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4956-610: Is also used as a recreational drug , for example by college students , for self-medication , and in warfare . It is also frequently involved in alcohol-related crimes such as drunk driving , public intoxication , and underage drinking . Short-term effects from moderate consumption include relaxation , decreased social inhibition , and euphoria , while binge drinking may result in cognitive impairment , blackout , and hangover . Excessive alcohol intake causes alcohol poisoning , characterized by unconsciousness or, in severe cases, death. Long-term effects are considered to be
5074-426: Is being investigated for its potential as a heavy metal biosorbent . Saccharomyces cerevisiae has potential to bioremediate toxic pollutants like arsenic from industrial effluent. Bronze statues are known to be degraded by certain species of yeast. Different yeasts from Brazilian gold mines bioaccumulate free and complexed silver ions. The ability of yeast to convert sugar into ethanol has been harnessed by
5192-537: Is called dough proofing ) and then baked. A longer rising time gives a better flavor, but the yeast can fail to raise the bread in the final stages if it is left for too long initially. Some yeasts can find potential application in the field of bioremediation . One such yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica , is known to degrade palm oil mill effluent , TNT (an explosive material), and other hydrocarbons , such as alkanes , fatty acids , fats and oils. It can also tolerate high concentrations of salt and heavy metals , and
5310-412: Is characterized as having 4 or more drinks on a single occasion for women and 5 or more for men, in the past year. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) provides gender-specific guidelines for heavy drinking. According to NIAAA, men who consume five or more US standard drinks in a single day or 15 or more drinks within a week are considered heavy drinkers. For women, the threshold
5428-787: Is classified as a teratogen —a substance known to cause birth defects; according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), alcohol consumption by women who are not using birth control increases the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). This group of conditions encompasses fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy, and alcohol-related birth defects. The CDC currently recommends complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages for women of child-bearing age who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or are sexually active and not using birth control. In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%. Miscarriage , also known in medical terms as
5546-426: Is considered to be an anaphrodisiac . Albeit not a valid intoxication defense , weakening the inhibitions by drunkenness is occasionally used as a tool to commit planned offenses such as property crimes including theft and robbery, and violent crimes including assault, murder, or rape – which sometimes but not always occurs in alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults where the victim is also drugged. Alcohol has
5664-541: Is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions vary considerably. Binge drinking is a style of drinking that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups. Drinking games involve consuming alcohol as part of the gameplay. They can be risky because they can encourage people to drink more than they intended to. Recent studies link binge drinking habits to
5782-576: Is fermented by yeast, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process. Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. Components other than ethanol are collected in the condensate, including water, esters , and other alcohols, which (in addition to that provided by the oak in which it may be aged) account for the flavour of the beverage. Brewing yeasts may be classed as "top-cropping" (or "top-fermenting") and "bottom-cropping" (or "bottom-fermenting"). Top-cropping yeasts are so called because they form
5900-517: Is found in fermented beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirit – in particular, rectified spirit , and serves various purposes; Certain religions integrate alcohol into their spiritual practices. For example, the Catholic Church requires alcoholic sacramental wine in the Eucharist , and permits moderate consumption of alcohol in daily life as a means of experiencing joy. Alcohol
6018-555: Is lower, with four or more drinks in a day or eight or more drinks per week classified as heavy drinking. In contrast, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) takes a different approach to defining heavy alcohol use. SAMHSA considers heavy alcohol use to be engaging in binge drinking behaviors on five or more days within a month. This definition focuses more on the frequency of excessive drinking episodes rather than specific drink counts. Despite this risk,
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#17328520839116136-593: Is often referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac (after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac ), although there is a slight difference since the Gay-Lussac convention uses the International Standard Atmosphere value for temperature, 15 °C (59 °F). Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume. Mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes
6254-476: Is often used as "liquid courage" in the hookup culture , for them to make a sexual advance in the first place. However, a recent trend called "dry dating" is gaining popularity to replace "liquid courage", which involves going on dates without consuming alcohol. Consuming alcohol prior to visiting female sex workers is a common practice among some men. Sex workers often resort to using drugs and alcohol to cope with stress. Alcohol when consumed in high doses
6372-426: Is sometimes added to yeast growth media to inhibit the growth of Saccharomyces yeasts and select for wild/indigenous yeast species. This will change the yeast process. The appearance of a white, thready yeast, commonly known as kahm yeast, is often a byproduct of the lactofermentation (or pickling) of certain vegetables. It is usually the result of exposure to air. Although harmless, it can give pickled vegetables
6490-635: Is sugar by weight and SG is relative density. SG can be measured using an hydrometer and Brix can be calculated from SG. One of the accurate formulas for calculating Brix from SG is: By substituting Brix in the SBV formula above, we get a formula for calculating SBV from SG only: The general calculation steps involves calculation of SBV at the start and the end of fermentation: Advanced formula derived from Carl Balling empirical formulas. The formula compensates for changes in SG with changes in alcohol concentration and for
6608-453: Is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C (68 °F), which is 0.78945 g/mL (0.82353 oz/US fl oz; 0.79122 oz/imp fl oz; 0.45633 oz/cu in). The alc/vol standard is used worldwide. The International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, e.g. France , alcohol by volume
6726-522: Is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production, brewer's yeast in beer fermentation , and yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production. So-called red rice yeast is actually a mold , Monascus purpureus . Yeasts include some of the most widely used model organisms for genetics and cell biology . Alcoholic beverages are defined as beverages that contain ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH). This ethanol
6844-1222: Is the specific gravity when fermentation ends, Plato start is the sugar by weight when fermentation begins, Plato final is the sugar by weight when fermentation ends. Brix can be used insted of Plato as they are nearly identical. The simplest method for wine has been described by English author Cyril Berry : ABV ≈ 136 × ( Starting SG − Final SG ) {\displaystyle {\text{ABV}}\approx 136\times \left({\text{Starting SG}}-{\text{Final SG}}\right)} One calculation for beer is: ABV ≈ 131 × ( Starting SG − Final SG ) {\displaystyle {\text{ABV}}\approx 131\times \left({\text{Starting SG}}-{\text{Final SG}}\right)} For higher ABV above 6% many brewers use this formula: alc/vol ≈ 105 0.79 × ( Starting SG − Final SG Final SG ) {\displaystyle {\text{alc/vol}}\approx {\frac {105}{0.79}}\times \left({\frac {{\text{Starting SG}}-{\text{Final SG}}}{\text{Final SG}}}\right)} Another way of specifying
6962-482: Is used and, like MSG, yeast often contains free glutamic acid . Examples include: Both types of yeast foods above are rich in B-complex vitamins (besides vitamin B 12 unless fortified), making them an attractive nutritional supplement to vegans. The same vitamins are also found in some yeast-fermented products mentioned above, such as kvass . Nutritional yeast in particular is naturally low in fat and sodium and
7080-403: Is used in baking as a leavening agent , converting the fermentable sugars present in dough into carbon dioxide . This causes the dough to expand or rise as gas forms pockets or bubbles. When the dough is baked, the yeast dies and the air pockets "set", giving the baked product a soft and spongy texture. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs , or sugar in a bread dough accelerates
7198-399: Is used to measure the change in specific gravity (SG) of the solution before and after fermentation. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated. There are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. Specific gravity is the density of a liquid relative to that of water, i.e., if the density of the liquid
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#17328520839117316-567: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the WHO has classified alcohol as a Group 1 Carcinogen . Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALY in 2016. According to WHO's Global status report on alcohol and health 2018, more than 200 health issues are associated with harmful alcohol consumption, ranging from liver diseases, road injuries and violence, to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, suicides, tuberculosis , and HIV/AIDS . Moreover,
7434-650: The United Kingdom , proof is 1.75 times the number (expressed as a percentage). For example, 40% alc/vol is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcohol proof in the UK has been replaced by alc/vol as a measure of alcohol content, avoiding confusion between the UK and US proof standards. In the United States, Arkansas , Kansas , Mississippi , South Carolina , and Tennessee regulate and tax alcoholic beverages according to alcohol by weight ( ABW ), expressed as
7552-511: The biofuel industry. Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term "yeast" is often taken as a synonym for Saccharomyces cerevisiae , but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla : the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota . The budding yeasts or "true yeasts" are classified in the order Saccharomycetales , within
7670-452: The gut flora of mammals and some insects and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts. An Indian study of seven bee species and nine plant species found 45 species from 16 genera colonize the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the genus Candida ; the most common species in honey stomachs was Dekkera intermedia and in flower nectaries, Candida blankii . Yeast colonising nectaries of
7788-412: The stinking hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds . A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants , their mutualistic fungus , a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite. The yeast has a negative effect on
7906-452: The water footprint of bioethanol. Yeasts, like all fungi, may have asexual and sexual reproductive cycles. The most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast is asexual reproduction by budding , where a small bud (also known as a bleb or daughter cell) is formed on the parent cell. The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell. The bud then continues to grow until it separates from
8024-562: The 1850s in Europe) liberated brewers and winemakers from seasonal constraints for the first time and allowed them to exit cellars and other earthen environments. For John Molson , who made his livelihood in Montreal prior to the development of the fridge, the brewing season lasted from September through to May. The same seasonal restrictions formerly governed the distiller 's art. Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs , as they use organic compounds as
8142-559: The Dutch for bread-making since 1780; while, around 1800, the Germans started producing S. cerevisiae in the form of cream. In 1825, a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks. The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the filter press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a manufacturing process to create granulated yeast from beetroot molasses ,
8260-470: The ability to develop multicellular characteristics by forming strings of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae or false hyphae , or quickly evolve into a multicellular cluster with specialised cell organelles function. Yeast sizes vary greatly, depending on species and environment, typically measuring 3–4 μm in diameter , although some yeasts can grow to 40 μm in size. Most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis , and many do so by
8378-678: The actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine. Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines. The growth of some yeasts, such as Zygosaccharomyces and Brettanomyces , in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage. Brettanomyces produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds. Together, these compounds are often referred to as " Brettanomyces character", and are often described as " antiseptic " or "barnyard" type aromas. Brettanomyces
8496-399: The alcohol percentage by weight is about 4/5 of the alc/vol (e.g., 3.2% ABW is about 4% alc/vol). However, because of the miscibility of alcohol and water, the conversion factor is not constant but rather depends upon the concentration of alcohol. Alcohol (drug) Alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl 'the kohl '), sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol , is
8614-524: The amount of alcohol content is alcohol proof , which in the United States is twice the alcohol-by-volume (alc/vol) number. This may lead to confusion over similar products bought in varying regions that have different names on country-specific labels. For example, Stroh rum that is 80% ABV is advertised and labeled as Stroh 80 when sold in Europe, but is named Stroh 160 when sold in the United States. In
8732-403: The anamorph and teleomorph states. Over the past decade, Brettanomyces spp. have seen an increasing use in the craft-brewing sector of the industry, with a handful of breweries having produced beers that were primarily fermented with pure cultures of Brettanomyces spp. This has occurred out of experimentation, as very little information exists regarding pure culture fermentative capabilities and
8850-401: The aromatic compounds produced by various strains. Dekkera / Brettanomyces spp. have been the subjects of numerous studies conducted over the past century, although a majority of the recent research has focused on enhancing the knowledge of the wine industry. Recent research on eight Brettanomyces strains available in the brewing industry focused on strain-specific fermentations and identified
8968-538: The articles about them. (most juices do not have alcohol but orange or grape [the highest here] may have some from early fermentation) Under 2.5% in Finland, and 2.25% in Sweden, however. During the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to a sugary solution. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol. The density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer
9086-476: The asymmetric division process known as budding . With their single-celled growth habit, yeasts can be contrasted with molds , which grow hyphae . Fungal species that can take both forms (depending on temperature or other conditions) are called dimorphic fungi . The yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols through the process of fermentation . The products of this reaction have been used in baking and
9204-445: The bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite, so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread. Certain strains of some species of yeasts produce proteins called yeast killer toxins that allow them to eliminate competing strains. (See main article on killer yeast .) This can cause problems for winemaking but could potentially also be used to advantage by using killer toxin-producing strains to make
9322-403: The biotechnology industry to produce ethanol fuel . The process starts by milling a feedstock, such as sugar cane , field corn , or other cereal grains , and then adding dilute sulfuric acid , or fungal alpha amylase enzymes, to break down the starches into complex sugars. A glucoamylase is then added to break the complex sugars down into simple sugars. After this, yeasts are added to convert
9440-623: The co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder . Military personnel who show symptoms of PTSD, major depressive disorder , alcohol use disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder show higher levels of suicidal ideation . Alcohol consumption in the US Military is higher than any other profession, according to CDC data from 2013–2017. The Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Active Duty Military Personnel published that 47% of active duty members engage in binge drinking, with another 20% engaging in heavy drinking in
9558-841: The dog that bit you", is a colloquial expression in the English language predominantly used to refer to alcohol that is consumed as a hangover remedy (with the aim of lessening the effects of a hangover ). Many other languages have their own phrase to describe the same concept. The idea may have some basis in science in the difference between ethanol and methanol metabolism. Instead of alcohol, rehydration before going to bed or during hangover may relieve dehydration -associated symptoms such as thirst, dizziness, dry mouth, and headache. Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical immunosuppression . Dutch courage , also known as pot-valiance or liquid courage, refers to courage gained from intoxication with alcohol. Alcohol use among college students
9676-526: The drinking habits of 541 students over two football seasons. It revealed that high-profile game days ranked among the heaviest drinking occasions, similar to New Year's Eve. Male students increased their consumption for all games, while socially active female students drank heavily during away games. Lighter drinkers also showed a higher likelihood of risky behaviors during away games as their intoxication increased. This research highlights specific drinking patterns linked to collegiate sports events. According to
9794-498: The fact that it increases the blood alcohol content (BAC). However, alcohol is a significant source of food energy for individuals with alcoholism and those who engage in binge drinking; For example, individuals with drunkorexia , engage in the combination of self-imposed malnutrition and binge drinking to avoid weight gain from alcohol, to save money for purchasing alcohol, and to facilitate alcohol intoxication. Also, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol,
9912-584: The fact that not all sugar is converted into alcohol. All values are measured at 20 degree C. A B V = − 118772 × SG final × ( Plato start − Plato final ) ( Plato start − 193.765 ) × ( Plato start + 1220 ) {\displaystyle ABV={\frac {-118772\times {\text{SG final}}\times ({\text{Plato start}}-{\text{Plato final}})}{({\text{Plato start}}-193.765)\times ({\text{Plato start}}+1220)}}} where SG final
10030-544: The form of intratetrad mating) predominate. In nature, the mating of haploid cells to form diploid cells is most often between members of the same clonal population and out-crossing is uncommon. Analysis of the ancestry of natural S. cerevisiae strains led to the conclusion that out-crossing occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. These observations suggest that the possible long-term benefits of outcrossing (e.g. generation of diversity) are likely to be insufficient for generally maintaining sex from one generation to
10148-563: The genera of Dekkera/Brettanomyces . Those are the anamorphs Brettanomyces bruxellensis , Brettanomyces anomalus , Brettanomyces custersianus , Brettanomyces naardenensis , and Brettanomyces nanus , with teleomorphs existing for the first two species, Dekkera bruxellensis and Dekkera anomala . The distinction between Dekkera and Brettanomyces is arguable, with Oelofse et al. (2008) citing Loureiro and Malfeito-Ferreira from 2006 when they affirmed that current molecular DNA detection techniques have uncovered no variance between
10266-514: The general public. The most common top-cropping brewer's yeast, S. cerevisiae , is the same species as the common baking yeast. Brewer's yeast is also very rich in essential minerals and the B vitamins (except B 12 ), a feature exploited in food products made from leftover ( by-product ) yeast from brewing. However, baking and brewing yeasts typically belong to different strains, cultivated to favour different characteristics: baking yeast strains are more aggressive, to carbonate dough in
10384-456: The genus Brettanomyces has been debated since its early discovery and has seen many reclassifications over the years. Early classification was based on a few species that reproduced asexually (anamorph form) through multipolar budding. Shortly after, the formation of ascospores was observed and the genus Dekkera , which reproduces sexually (teleomorph form), was introduced as part of the taxonomy. The current taxonomy includes five species within
10502-427: The growth of yeast. Most yeasts used in baking are of the same species common in alcoholic fermentation. In addition, Saccharomyces exiguus (also known as S. minor ), a wild yeast found on plants, fruits, and grains, is occasionally used for baking. In breadmaking, the yeast initially respires aerobically, producing carbon dioxide and water. When the oxygen is depleted, fermentation begins, producing ethanol as
10620-566: The incidence of antibiotic -, traveler's -, and HIV/AIDS -associated diarrheas. Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to nourish plants in planted aquaria . CO 2 levels from yeast are more difficult to regulate than those from pressurized CO 2 systems. However, the low cost of yeast makes it a widely used alternative. Several yeasts, in particular S. cerevisiae and S. pombe , have been widely used in genetics and cell biology, largely because they are simple eukaryotic cells, serving as
10738-496: The indispensability of seawater for obligate marine yeasts. It has been reported that marine yeasts are able to produce many bioactive substances, such as amino acids, glucans, glutathione, toxins, enzymes, phytase, and vitamins with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries as well as for marine culture and environmental protection. Marine yeast was successfully used to produce bioethanol using seawater-based media which will potentially reduce
10856-464: The laboratory on solid growth media or in liquid broths . Common media used for the cultivation of yeasts include potato dextrose agar or potato dextrose broth , Wallerstein Laboratories nutrient agar , yeast peptone dextrose agar, and yeast mould agar or broth. Home brewers who cultivate yeast frequently use dried malt extract and agar as a solid growth medium. The fungicide cycloheximide
10974-417: The liver acetyl CoA can lead to fatty liver disease and eventually alcoholic liver disease . This progression can lead to further complications, alcohol-related liver disease may cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency , the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. The use of alcohol as a staple food source is considered inconvenient due to
11092-456: The major compounds produced during pure culture anaerobic fermentation in wort. Yeast is used in winemaking , where it converts the sugars present ( glucose and fructose ) in grape juice ( must ) into ethanol. Yeast is normally already present on grape skins. Fermentation can be done with this endogenous "wild yeast", but this procedure gives unpredictable results, which depend upon the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason,
11210-490: The millennia, providing the first direct biological evidence of yeast use in early cultures. In 1680, Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms , but rather globular structures as researchers were doubtful whether yeasts were algae or fungi. Theodor Schwann recognized them as fungi in 1837. In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into
11328-401: The more serious toxic effects of the glycols when crystallized in the kidneys . Drinking culture is the set of traditions and social behaviors that surround the consumption of alcoholic beverages as a recreational drug and social lubricant . Although alcoholic beverages and social attitudes toward drinking vary around the world, nearly every civilization has independently discovered
11446-561: The new religious movement Thelema , in Vajrayana Buddhism , and in Vodou faith of Haiti. In the US, alcohol is subject to the FDA drug labeling Pregnancy Category X ( Contraindicated in pregnancy ). Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have laws that allow the state to involuntarily commit pregnant women to treatment if they abuse alcohol during pregnancy. Ethanol
11564-441: The next. Rather, a short-term benefit, such as recombinational repair during meiosis, may be the key to the maintenance of sex in S. cerevisiae . Some pucciniomycete yeasts, in particular species of Sporidiobolus and Sporobolomyces , produce aerially dispersed, asexual ballistoconidia . The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology . Fermentation of sugars by yeast
11682-464: The normal flat, hard cake. Today, there are several retailers of baker's yeast; one of the earlier developments in North America is Fleischmann's Yeast , in 1868. During World War II, Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast which did not require refrigeration, had a longer shelf life than fresh yeast, and rose twice as fast. Baker's yeast is also sold as a fresh yeast compressed into
11800-492: The number of drinks consumed on a single occasion. According to SAMHSA, binge drinking is consuming five or more drinks for men, or four or more drinks for women, on the same occasion on at least one day in the past month. Light drinking, moderate drinking, responsible drinking, and social drinking are often used interchangeably, but with slightly different connotations: A 2007 study at the University of Texas at Austin monitored
11918-556: The other. The attraction allows closer spacing between molecules than is usually found in non-polar mixtures. Thus, alc/vol is not the same as volume fraction expressed as a percentage. Volume fraction, which is widely used in chemistry (commonly denoted as v/v), is defined as the volume of a particular component divided by the sum of all components in the mixture when they are measured separately. For example, to make 100 mL of 50% alc/vol ethanol solution, water would be added to 50 mL of ethanol to make up exactly 100 mL. Whereas to make
12036-523: The parent cell, forming a new cell. The daughter cell produced during the budding process is generally smaller than the mother cell. Some yeasts, including Schizosaccharomyces pombe , reproduce by fission instead of budding, and thereby creating two identically sized daughter cells. In general, under high-stress conditions such as nutrient starvation, haploid cells will die; under the same conditions, however, diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction ( meiosis ) and producing
12154-486: The past 30 days. Reports from the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and since suggested that Russian soldiers are drinking significant amount of alcohol (as well as consuming harder drugs), which increases their losses. Some reports suggest that on occasion, alcohol and drugs have been provided to the lower quality troops by their commanders, in order to facilitate their use as expendable cannon fodder . The USDA uses
12272-825: The phylum Ascomycota. The word "yeast" comes from Old English gist , gyst , and from the Indo-European root yes- , meaning "boil", "foam", or "bubble". Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms. Archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeast-raised bread, as well as drawings of 4,000-year-old bakeries and breweries . Vessels studied from several archaeological sites in Israel (dating to around 5,000, 3,000 and 2,500 years ago), which were believed to have contained alcoholic beverages ( beer and mead ), were found to contain yeast colonies that had survived over
12390-687: The processes of brewing beer, fermenting wine and distilling spirits . Common drinking styles include moderate drinking, social drinking, and binge drinking . In today's society, there is a growing awareness of this, reflected in the variety of approaches to alcohol use, each emphasizing responsible choices. Sober curious describes a mindset or approach where someone is consciously choosing to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, not drinking and driving, being aware of your surroundings, not pressuring others to drink, and being able to quit anytime. However, they are not necessarily committed to complete sobriety. Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking,
12508-588: The production of alcoholic beverages for thousands of years. S. cerevisiae is also an important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly studied eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have cultured it in order to understand the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology in great detail. Other species of yeasts, such as Candida albicans , are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells and to produce ethanol for
12626-436: The rate of intake, which is easily dispatched by human metabolism. Quickly drinking 1.5 L of 0.4% alc/vol beer in an hour resulted in a maximum of 0.0056% BAC in a study of German volunteers. Healthy human kidneys can only excrete 0.8–1.0 L of water per hour, making water intoxication likely to set in before any alcoholic intoxication. The process of ethanol fermentation will slow down and eventually come to
12744-423: The resulting alcohol concentration by volume can be written: where SBV fermented is sugar by volume (g/dL) converted to alcohol during fermentation and GECF is the glucose-ethanol conversion factor: where 46.069 is the molar mass of ethanol and 180.156 is the molar mass of glucose and fructose . Sugar by volume is calculated at the beginning (start) and at the end (final) of the fermentation: where Brix
12862-470: The risks of alcohol consumption for pregnant women, particularly due to FASDs , as well as for individuals under the legal drinking age . Additionally, this social change also reflects the temperance movement 's opposition to alcohol consumption and is supported by national public health agencies, which increasingly recommend abstinence in their alcohol consumption recommendations while noting that any alcohol intake raises risk levels. Spiritus fortis
12980-436: The second most consumed psychoactive drug globally behind caffeine , and alcohol use disorders are the most prevalent of all substance use disorders worldwide. Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant , decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies alcohol as a toxic , psychoactive, dependence -producing, and carcinogenic substance. Alcohol
13098-421: The shortest amount of time possible; brewing yeast strains act more slowly but tend to produce fewer off-flavours and tolerate higher alcohol concentrations (with some strains, up to 22%). Dekkera/Brettanomyces is a genus of yeast known for its important role in the production of ' lambic ' and specialty sour ales , along with the secondary conditioning of a particular Belgian Trappist beer . The taxonomy of
13216-439: The simple sugars to ethanol, which is then distilled off to obtain ethanol up to 96% in purity. Saccharomyces yeasts have been genetically engineered to ferment xylose , one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomasses , such as agriculture residues, paper wastes, and wood chips. Such a development means ethanol can be efficiently produced from more inexpensive feedstocks, making cellulosic ethanol fuel
13334-456: The soil and from the skins of fruits and berries have been shown to dominate fungal succession during fruit decay. The ecological function and biodiversity of yeasts are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms . Yeasts, including Candida albicans , Rhodotorula rubra , Torulopsis and Trichosporon cutaneum , have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora . Yeasts are also present in
13452-589: The symptoms of anxiety or depression worse. This is believed to occur as a result of the changes in brain chemistry from long-term use. A 2023 systematic review highlights the non-addictive use of alcohol for managing developmental issues , personality traits, and psychiatric symptoms , emphasizing the need for informed, harm-controlled approaches to alcohol consumption within a personalized health policy framework. A 2023 study suggests that people who drink for both recreational enjoyment and therapeutic reasons, like relieving pain and anxiety/depression/stress, have
13570-600: The wine. Yeast killer toxins may also have medical applications in treating yeast infections (see "Pathogenic yeasts" section below). Marine yeasts, defined as the yeasts that are isolated from marine environments, are able to grow better on a medium prepared using seawater rather than freshwater. The first marine yeasts were isolated by Bernhard Fischer in 1894 from the Atlantic Ocean , and those were identified as Torula sp. and Mycoderma sp. Following this discovery, various other marine yeasts have been isolated from around
13688-441: The world from different sources, including seawater, seaweeds, marine fish and mammals. Among these isolates, some marine yeasts originated from terrestrial habitats (grouped as facultative marine yeast), which were brought to and survived in marine environments. The other marine yeasts were grouped as obligate or indigenous marine yeasts, which are confined to marine habitats. However, no sufficient evidence has been found to explain
13806-540: The yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but fermentation was inhibited – an observation later called the " Pasteur effect ". In the paper " Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique, " Pasteur proved that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst. By the late 18th century two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (top-fermenting yeast) and S. pastorianus (bottom-fermenting yeast). S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by
13924-474: Was announced to be the first eukaryote to have its genome , consisting of 12 million base pairs , fully sequenced as part of the Genome Project . At the time, it was the most complex organism to have its full genome sequenced, and the work of seven years and the involvement of more than 100 laboratories to accomplish. The second yeast species to have its genome sequenced was Schizosaccharomyces pombe , which
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