Adam4Adam is an online dating website designed for men to meet other men "for friendship, romance, or a hot hookup ".
78-521: A4A may refer to: Adam4Adam , a gay dating service Airlines for America , an industry association in the United States Apps4Africa , an African innovation accelerator [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
156-560: A Washington, D.C. police officer from that police force's Gay & Lesbian Liaison Unit said "We've definitely seen an increase in online dating crimes in the past five years" and added that victims of internet dating crimes are "overwhelmingly men cruising for sex ." The same police officer also noted that these criminals are often technologically savvy and create profiles using fake information and other people's photos from cyber cafés or public libraries, making them difficult to trace. A high-profile April 2010 murder investigation in
234-541: A hypodermic needle , and it was further hypothesized that this might potentially be able to cure opium addiction. However, many people did become addicted to morphine. In particular, addiction to opium became widespread among soldiers fighting in the Civil War, who very often required painkillers and thus were very often prescribed morphine. Women were also very frequently prescribed opiates, and opiates were advertised as being able to relieve "female troubles". Many soldiers in
312-464: A mental and behavioural disorder . Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ), substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction, and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome. It was described accordingly: "When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of
390-640: A "Health Resource" page as well as a page devoted to "Online Safety Tips". The site encourages health organizations to create "Health Counselor" accounts. All these measures encourage good health practices such as safe sex , getting tested for sexually transmitted infections and avoiding methamphetamine addiction . The counselors also discourage the party and play phenomenon. The site also maintains an interactive blog. Posts are organized into several categories, ranging from sex to lifestyle to news. In October 2006, New York City -area media including The New York Times and WCBS-TV reported that Adam4Adam
468-638: A "plan-a-trip feature" to locate potential friends or dates where one is headed. It also has a specific way of posting party invitations. Although Adam4Adam has members of all ethnic groups, the percentage of non- White men represented in member profiles is higher than the percentage of non-White people in the United States population, though the degree to which this is true varies by city/region. For instance, research into demographic representation in Atlanta, San Francisco, and New York City profiles evidences
546-613: A 1998 federal law designed to keep pornography away from children on the Internet, a federal judge ruled Thursday in striking down the measure on free-speech grounds. Senior U.S. District Judge Lowell Reed Jr. also said the Child Online Protection Act fails to address threats that have emerged since the law was written, including online predators on social-networking sites like MySpace, because it targets only commercial Web publishers. "Even defendant's own study shows that all but
624-454: A chronic, relapsing disease, addiction may require continued treatments to increase the intervals between relapses and diminish their intensity. While some with substance issues recover and lead fulfilling lives, others require ongoing additional support. The ultimate goal of addiction treatment is to enable an individual to manage their substance misuse; for some this may mean abstinence. Immediate goals are often to reduce substance abuse, improve
702-412: A first offense with a maximum of five years, [and] a secondary offense [with] a minimum of two years. It’s just insane. Further, not only the company but the website's members could be responsible under these same regulations. The same lawyer remarked that if he had a profile on Adam4Adam this would mean: I would have to have a photocopy of my own ID and a list in my home ready for federal inspection,
780-416: A government sponsored study, illegal to use for any purpose, illegal to sell, or even illegal to merely possess. Most countries have legislation which brings various drugs and drug-like substances under the control of licensing systems. Typically this legislation covers any or all of the opiates, amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, anesthetics, hallucinogenics, derivatives and
858-466: A great impact on outcomes. However, these programs proved to be more effective and influential on persons who did not reach levels of serious dependence. The phenomenon of drug addiction has occurred to some degree throughout recorded history (see Opium ). Modern agricultural practices, improvements in access to drugs, advancements in biochemistry , and dramatic increases in the recommendation of drug usage by clinical practitioners have exacerbated
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#1732852838433936-433: A higher substance dependence rate than females. However, the difference in the rates are not apparent until after age 17. Alcohol dependence or abuse rates were shown to have no correspondence with any person's education level when populations were surveyed in varying degrees of education from ages 26 and older. However, when it came to illicit drug use there was a correlation, in which those that graduated from college had
1014-543: A medical standard of treatment for opioid addiction for many years. Treatments and attitudes toward addiction vary widely among different countries. In the US and developing countries, the goal of commissioners of treatment for drug dependence is generally total abstinence from all drugs. Other countries, particularly in Europe, argue the aims of treatment for drug dependence are more complex, with treatment aims including reduction in use to
1092-515: A nonclinical support-group and spiritual-based approach to treating addiction. Therapy typically involves the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy , an approach that looks at the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviors, addressing the root cause of maladaptive behavior. Cognitive-behavioral therapy treats addiction as a behavior rather than a disease, and so is subsequently curable, or rather, unlearnable. Cognitive-behavioral therapy programs recognize that, for some individuals, controlled use
1170-404: A number of factors, including: personality, drugs of choice, concept of spirituality or religion, mental or physical illness, and local availability and affordability of programs. Many different ideas circulate regarding what is considered a successful outcome in the recovery from addiction. Programs that emphasize controlled drinking exist for alcohol addiction. Opiate replacement therapy has been
1248-512: A paper with my legal name, or any name I have ever used under any circumstances [...] the form of ID I provided to myself, the serial number of that ID and [would have to have it] signed under penalty of perjury . If I don’t have that document or a photo of my ID available 20 hours a week for federal inspection, I’ve committed a felony. An article in The New York Sun entitled "Morbid Web Site Makes Amusement of Online Profiles Left Behind by
1326-401: A permanent injunction. The law would have criminalized Web sites that allow children to access material deemed "harmful to minors" by "contemporary community standards." The sites would have been expected to require a credit card number or other proof of age. Gay & Lesbian News reports that Adam4Adam and similar sites may soon come under an expanded interpretation of 18 U.S.C. 2257 ,
1404-416: A role in dependence. Koob and Kreek have hypothesized that during drug use, CRF activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) and other stress systems in the extended amygdala . This activation influences the dysregulated emotional state associated with psychological dependence. They found that as drug use escalates, so does the presence of CRF in human cerebrospinal fluid . In rat models,
1482-406: A scale from zero to three for physical dependence, psychological dependence, and pleasure to create a mean score for dependence. Selected results can be seen in the chart below. Capture rates enumerate the percentage of users who reported that they had become dependent to their respective drug at some point. Two factors have been identified as playing pivotal roles in psychological dependence :
1560-760: A slow taper of benzodiazepines or a taper of phenobarbital , sometimes including another antiepileptic agent such as gabapentin , pregabalin , or valproate , for withdrawal from barbiturates or benzodiazepines; using drugs such as baclofen to reduce cravings and propensity for relapse amongst addicts to any drug, especially effective in stimulant users, and alcoholics (in which it is nearly as effective as benzodiazepines in preventing complications); using clonidine , an alpha-agonist , and loperamide for opioid detoxification, for first-time users or those who wish to attempt an abstinence-based recovery (90% of opioid users relapse to active addiction within eight months or are multiple relapse patients); or replacing an opioid that
1638-545: A trend of higher representations of men of color among younger age cohorts, with decreasing diversity in profiles as age increase. This is also true of Adam4Adam membership in the United Kingdom. Unlike Manhunt and some other sites, Adam4Adam does not prohibit escort ads, however such ads are placed in a category separated from the mainstream personal ads. As with most sites of this type, members are allowed to post nude photos and many choose to do so. Adam4Adam provides
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#17328528384331716-420: A variety of more modern synthetic drugs. Unlicensed production, supply or possession is a criminal offence . Although the legislation may be justifiable on moral or public health grounds, it can make addiction or dependency a much more serious issue for the individual: reliable supplies of a drug become difficult to secure, and the individual becomes vulnerable to both criminal abuse and legal punishment. It
1794-469: A violation of the “ Don’t ask, don’t tell ” policy, and that in some cases online profiles were being used as evidence in outing service members to military command. According to the Gay and Lesbian Times : In many cases it’s either a jilted ex-lover, a roommate or friend who is upset about something who knows that the service member has the online ad or profile and they then print out that profile and give it to
1872-428: Is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug. A drug addiction , a distinct concept from substance dependence,
1950-423: Is a more realistic possibility. One of many recovery methods are 12-step recovery programs , with prominent examples including Alcoholics Anonymous , Narcotics Anonymous , and Pills Anonymous . They are commonly known and used for a variety of addictions for the individual addicted and the family of the individual. Substance-abuse rehabilitation (rehab) centers offer a residential treatment program for some of
2028-514: Is attenuated by NMDA receptor antagonists, which is associated with blunted withdrawal in adult rats, but not neonatal rats While acute administration of opioids decreases AMPA receptor expression and depresses both NMDA and non-NMDA excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the NAC, withdrawal involves a lowered threshold for LTP and an increase in spontaneous firing in the NAc. "Substance dependence", as defined in
2106-443: Is defined as compulsive , out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing . ΔFosB , a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions, but not dependence. The International Classification of Diseases classifies substance dependence as
2184-441: Is happening in the brain of an addicted person. Cognitive psychologists should zoom in to neural functions of the brain and understand that drugs have been manipulating the dopamine reward center of the brain. From this particular state of thinking, cognitive psychologists need to find ways to change the thought process of the addicted person. There are two routes typically applied to a cognitive approach to substance abuse: tracking
2262-399: Is interfering with or destructive to a user's life, such as illicitly-obtained heroin , dilaudid , or oxycodone , with an opioid that can be administered legally, reduces or eliminates drug cravings, and does not produce a high, such as methadone or buprenorphine – opioid replacement therapy – which is the gold standard for treatment of opioid dependence in developed countries, reducing
2340-568: Is one of the techniques that psychologists use to solve addiction problems. In psychodynamic therapy, psychologists need to understand the conflicts and the needs of the addicted person, and also need to locate the defects of their ego and defense mechanisms. Using this approach alone has proven to be ineffective in solving addiction problems. Cognitive and behavioral techniques should be integrated with psychodynamic approaches to achieve effective treatment for substance related disorders. Cognitive treatment requires psychologists to think deeply about what
2418-437: Is unclear whether laws against illegal drug use do anything to stem usage and dependency. In jurisdictions where addictive drugs are illegal, they are generally supplied by drug dealers , who are often involved with organized crime . Even though the cost of producing most illegal addictive substances is very low, their illegality combined with the addict's need permits the seller to command a premium price, often hundreds of times
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2496-563: The Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act and wrote: anyone with a sexually explicit picture on a site like Adam4Adam.com could be considered a secondary producer if the new regulations go into effect, and would be subject to the same type of requirements that the adult Web sites would be under. If successfully applied, these regulations would mean that Adam4Adam and similar companies would have to keep records proving that individuals appearing in photographs or videos are over
2574-526: The DSM-IV , can be diagnosed with physiological dependence , evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence. DSM-IV substance dependencies include: Addiction is a complex but treatable condition. It is characterized by compulsive drug craving , seeking , and use that persists even if the user is aware of severe adverse consequences. For some people, addiction becomes chronic, with periodic relapses even after long periods of abstinence. As
2652-560: The neuropeptide " corticotropin-releasing factor " (CRF) and the gene transcription factor " cAMP response element binding protein " (CREB). The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is one brain structure that has been implicated in the psychological component of drug dependence . In the NAcc, CREB is activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immediately after a high and triggers changes in gene expression that affect proteins such as dynorphin ; dynorphin peptides reduce dopamine release into
2730-531: The "Addiction Belief Scale" (a scale measuring adherence to the disease model or the free-will model of addiction). Behavioral programming is considered critical in helping those with addictions achieve abstinence. From the applied behavior analysis literature and the behavioral psychology literature, several evidence based intervention programs have emerged: (1) behavioral marital therapy ; (2) community reinforcement approach ; (3) cue exposure therapy; and (4) contingency management strategies. In addition,
2808-539: The Dead" discusses a site that highlights the user profiles on various social networking websites. Adam4Adam is mentioned several times and it is noted that Willi Ninja 's profile remained posted on Adam4Adam months after his September 2006 death received widespread press attention. In this article, an Adam4Adam spokesperson is quoted as saying "We deactivate them as soon as we get notified." Substance dependence Substance dependence , also known as drug dependence ,
2886-461: The Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) mid-20th century in response to the nation's growing substance abuse issue. These strict punishments for drug offenses shined light on the fact that drug abuse was a multi-faceted problem. The President's Advisory Commission on Narcotics and Drug Abuse of 1963 addressed the need for a medical solution to drug abuse. However, drug abuse continued to be enforced by
2964-420: The NAcc by temporarily inhibiting the reward pathway . A sustained activation of CREB thus forces a larger dose to be taken to reach the same effect. In addition, it leaves the user feeling generally depressed and dissatisfied, and unable to find pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, often leading to a return to the drug for another dose. In addition to CREB, it is hypothesized that stress mechanisms play
3042-597: The National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, Rational Recovery Systems and the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, measuring the treatment provider's responses on the "Spiritual Belief Scale" (a scale measuring belief in the four spiritual characteristics of AA identified by Ernest Kurtz); the scores were found to explain 41% of the variance in the treatment provider's responses on
3120-399: The U.S. When surveying populations based on race and ethnicity in those ages 12 and older, it was observed that American Indian/Alaskan Natives were among the highest rates and Asians were among the lowest rates in comparison to other racial/ethnic groups. Pacific Islander Alaskan Native When surveying populations based on gender in those ages 12 and older, it was observed that males had
3198-467: The U.S. While their findings for most demographic categories were similar to the national findings by NSDUH, they had different results for racial/ethnic groups which varied by sub-regions. Overall, Whites were the demographic with the largest admission rate (83%), while Alaskan Native, American Indian, Pacific Islander, and Asian populations had the lowest admissions (1.8%). Depending on the jurisdiction , addictive drugs may be legal, legal only as part of
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3276-436: The US because the criteria for measuring success are functional rather than abstinence-based. The supporters of programs with total abstinence from drugs as a goal believe that enabling further drug use means prolonged drug use and risks an increase in addiction and complications from addiction. Residential drug treatment can be broadly divided into two camps: 12-step programs and therapeutic communities. 12-step programs are
3354-421: The US become much more common and popular. Morphine was isolated in the early 19th century, and came to be prescribed commonly by doctors, both as a painkiller and as an intended cure for opium addiction. At the time, the prevailing medical opinion was that the addiction process occurred in the stomach, and thus it was hypothesized that patients would not become addicted to morphine if it was injected into them via
3432-479: The Vietnam War were introduced to heroin and developed a dependency on the substance which survived even when they returned to the US. Technological advances in travel meant that this increased demand for heroin in the US could now be met. Furthermore, as technology advanced, more drugs were synthesized and discovered, opening up new avenues to substance dependency. Internationally, the U.S. and Eastern Europe contain
3510-876: The Washington, D.C., area revealed that the victim, a high school principal, met his assailants through adam4adam.com. In reporting on the murder of a 39-year-old San Diego man by a 19-year-old U.S. Marine , an editorial in the Gay and Lesbian Times said that the victim: was an avid user of adam4adam.com, a popular gay chat and hook-up Web site. Instincts told us that the victim may have met his killer online and invited him into his Little Italy apartment, where he ultimately met his fate. Adam4Adam has also been used to " out " people who have otherwise kept their sexual orientation somewhat secret. The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network warned United States military personnel in 2004 that online profiles on Adam4Adam and similar sites were
3588-470: The age of 18. They would also have to "categorize those documents in a meticulous manner", with failure to comply resulting in possible felony charges and prison time. An attorney for the Free Speech Coalition noted: It’s just a series of land mines designed to trap the unwary [...] if you file it wrong, if you put it in [the] wrong alphabetical order [...] you’re facing federal prosecution on
3666-724: The command. Adam4Adam has also been mentioned by sources such as the New York Daily News in reference to the outing of an American Idol contestant who previously had said that he was heterosexual . New York Daily News also reported that the Adam4Adam dating profile of artist Ross Bleckner was printed in the Coagula Art Journal . In the Coagula Art Journal article, Bleckner's "age, 33-inch waistline and youthful photo" were questioned, but ultimately accepted by
3744-498: The countries with the highest substance abuse disorder occurrence (5-6%). Africa, Asia, and the Middle East contain countries with the lowest worldwide occurrence (1-2%). Across the globe, those that tended to have a higher prevalence of substance dependence were in their twenties, unemployed, and men. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) reports on substance dependence/abuse rates in various population demographics across
3822-681: The drug is used to escape or avoid re-entering the associated withdrawal state. The withdrawal state may include physical-somatic symptoms ( physical dependence ), emotional-motivational symptoms ( psychological dependence ), or both. Chemical and hormonal imbalances may arise if the substance is not re-introduced. Psychological stress may also result if the substance is not re-introduced. Infants also experience substance withdrawal, known as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), which can have severe and life-threatening effects. Addiction to drugs such as alcohol in expectant mothers not only causes NAS, but also an array of other issues which can continually affect
3900-410: The efficacy of alternative therapies. In addition, new research surrounding the effects of psilocybin on smokers revealed that 80% of smokers quit for six months following the treatment, and 60% remained smoking free for 5 years following the treatment. Medical professionals need to apply many techniques and approaches to help patients with substance related disorders. Using a psychodynamic approach
3978-454: The establishment of needle exchanges. Florida, Iowa, Missouri and Arizona all introduced bills to allow for the establishment of needle exchanges in 2019. These bills have grown in popularity across party lines since needle exchanges were first introduced in Amsterdam in 1983. In addition, AB-186 Controlled substances: overdose prevention program was introduced to operate safe injection sites in
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#17328528384334056-487: The expression of stress hormones . Increased expression of AMPA receptors in nucleus accumbens MSNs is a potential mechanism of aversion produced by drug withdrawal. Upregulation of the cAMP signal transduction pathway in the locus coeruleus by CREB has been implicated as the mechanism responsible for certain aspects of opioid-induced physical dependence . The temporal course of withdrawal correlates with LC firing, and administration of α 2 agonists into
4134-548: The federal government through agencies such as the DEA and further legislations such as The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) , the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 , and Anti-Drug Abuse Acts. In the past decade, there have been growing efforts through state and local legislations to shift from criminalizing drug abuse to treating it as a health condition requiring medical intervention. 28 states currently allow for
4212-909: The functions of the drugs in the brain. Similarly, one can also substitute the misused substance with a weaker, safer version to slowly taper the patient off of their dependence. Such is the case with Suboxone in the context of opioid dependence. These approaches are aimed at the process of detoxification. Medical professionals weigh the consequences of withdrawal symptoms against the risk of staying dependent on these substances. These withdrawal symptoms can be very difficult and painful at times for patients. Most will have steps in place to handle severe withdrawal symptoms, either through behavioral therapy or other medications. Biological intervention should be combined with behavioral therapy approaches and other non-pharmacological techniques. Group therapies including anonymity, teamwork and sharing concerns of daily life among people who also have substance dependence issues can have
4290-470: The infant throughout their lifetime. The dependence potential or dependence liability of a drug varies from substance to substance, and from individual to individual. Dose, frequency, pharmacokinetics of a particular substance, route of administration, and time are critical factors for developing a drug dependence. An article in The Lancet compared the harm and dependence liability of 20 drugs, using
4368-447: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A4A&oldid=932668451 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Adam4Adam As of September 2005, San Jose Mercury News ranked Adam4Adam as
4446-554: The locus coeruleus leads to a decrease in LC firing and norepinephrine release during withdrawal. A possible mechanism involves upregulation of NMDA receptors, which is supported by the attenuation of withdraw by NMDA receptor antagonists. Physical dependence on opioids has been observed to produce an elevation of extracellular glutamate, an increase in NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2A, phosphorylated CaMKII, and c-fos. Expression of CaMKII and c-fos
4524-569: The lowest rates. Furthermore, dependence rates were greater in unemployed populations ages 18 and older and in metropolitan-residing populations ages 12 and older. The National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago reported an analysis on disparities within admissions for substance abuse treatment in the Appalachian region, which comprises 13 states and 410 counties in the Eastern part of
4602-477: The magazine as true since "overall (for Internet personals), he's a pretty honest, bland dude. Like his art." Bleckner laughed off the incident, saying "For them, that's high praise!" While Adam4Adam and other social networking venues are often dismissed as "sex sites", there is evidence to the contrary. For example, the Washington Blade featured an article about the evolution of online dating in which it
4680-411: The manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of products, like medications. The United States' approach to substance abuse has shifted over the last decade, and is continuing to change. The federal government was minimally involved in the 19th century. The federal government transitioned from using taxation of drugs in the early 20th century to criminalizing drug abuse with legislations and agencies like
4758-760: The more seriously addicted, in order to isolate the patient from drugs and interactions with other users and dealers. Outpatient clinics usually offer a combination of individual counseling and group counseling. Frequently, a physician or psychiatrist will prescribe medications in order to help patients cope with the side effects of their addiction. Medications can help immensely with anxiety and insomnia, can treat underlying mental disorders (cf. self-medication hypothesis, Khantzian 1997) such as depression, and can help reduce or eliminate withdrawal symptomology when withdrawing from physiologically addictive drugs. Some examples are using benzodiazepines for alcohol detoxification, which prevents delirium tremens and complications; using
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#17328528384334836-515: The new "Restricted To Adults" label in the metatags of its pages. The RTA label is free to use, voluntary, and universally available to any website that wishes to clearly and effectively label itself as being inappropriate for viewing by minors. The Free Speech Coalition recently endorsed the RTA website label. Maryclaire Dale, Associated Press Writer, March 22, 2007, writes: Federal judge blocks 1998 online porn law. Software filters work much better than
4914-436: The patient's ability to function, and minimize the medical and social complications of substance abuse and their addiction; this is called " harm reduction ". Treatments for addiction vary widely according to the types of drugs involved, amount of drugs used, duration of the drug addiction, medical complications and the social needs of the individual. Determining the best type of recovery program for an addicted person depends on
4992-556: The point that drug use no longer interferes with normal activities such as work and family commitments; shifting the addict away from more dangerous routes of drug administration such as injecting to safer routes such as oral administration; reduction in crime committed by drug addicts; and treatment of other comorbid conditions such as AIDS , hepatitis and mental health disorders . These kinds of outcomes can be achieved without eliminating drug use completely. Drug treatment programs in Europe often report more favorable outcomes than those in
5070-454: The problem significantly in the 20th century. Improved means of active biological agent manufacture and the introduction of synthetic compounds, such as fentanyl and methamphetamine , are also factors contributing to drug addiction. For the entirety of US history, drugs have been used by some members of the population. In the country's early years, most drug use by the settlers was of alcohol or tobacco. The 19th century saw opium usage in
5148-437: The production cost. As a result, addicts sometimes turn to crime to support their habit. In the United States, drug policy is primarily controlled by the federal government. The Department of Justice's Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) enforces controlled substances laws and regulations. The Department of Health and Human Services' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) serve to protect and promote public health by controlling
5226-413: The risk and cost to both user and society more effectively than any other treatment modality (for opioid dependence), and shows the best short-term and long-term gains for the user, with the greatest longevity, least risk of fatality, greatest quality of life, and lowest risk of relapse and legal issues including arrest and incarceration. In a survey of treatment providers from three separate institutions,
5304-551: The same author suggests that social skills training adjunctive to inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence is probably efficacious. Community reinforcement has both efficacy and effectiveness data. In addition, behavioral treatment such as community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT) have helped family members to get their loved ones into treatment. Motivational intervention has also shown to be an effective treatment for substance dependence. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture , are used by some practitioners to alleviate
5382-795: The second most popular online gay personals site in the United States (being ranked behind Gay.com ). As of March 2007, Hitwise ranked it number one (the number two and three position being occupied by Manhunt and Gay.com ). Adam4Adam was launched in 2003 by a company called "Convergent Ideas, LLC" and is now operated by "A4A Network Inc.". Adam4Adam's members are mostly in the United States. Unlike similar competitors, Adam4Adam does not charge members to use its full range of services. Instead, Adam4Adam receives revenue from advertising , particularly from pay-per-view pornographic websites and companies offering erection enhancement drugs like sildenafil , vardenafil , tadalafil and their generic drug equivalents through mail order . The site offers
5460-479: The separate use of CRF inhibitors and CRF receptor antagonists both decreased self-administration of the drug of study. Other studies in this review showed dysregulation of other neuropeptides that affect the HPA axis, including enkephalin which is an endogenous opioid peptide that regulates pain. It also appears that μ-opioid receptors , which enkephalin acts upon, is influential in the reward system and can regulate
5538-471: The substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders." In the DSM-5 (released in 2013), substance abuse and substance dependence were eliminated and replaced with the category of substance use disorders . This
5616-561: The symptoms of drug addiction. In 1997, the American Medical Association (AMA) adopted, as policy, the following statement after a report on a number of alternative therapies including acupuncture: There is little evidence to confirm the safety or efficacy of most alternative therapies. Much of the information currently known about these therapies makes it clear that many have not been shown to be efficacious. Well-designed, stringently controlled research should be done to evaluate
5694-406: The thought of alcohol use. Psychologists tend to use an integration of all these approaches to produce reliable and effective treatment. With the advanced clinical use of medications, biological treatment is now considered to be one of the most efficient interventions that psychologists may use as treatment for those with substance dependence. Another approach is to use medicines that interfere with
5772-623: The thoughts that pull patients to addiction and tracking the thoughts that prevent them if so from relapsing. Behavioral techniques have the widest application in treating substance related disorders. Behavioral psychologists can use the techniques of "aversion therapy", based on the findings of Pavlov's classical conditioning . It uses the principle of pairing abused substances with unpleasant stimuli or conditions; for example, pairing pain, electrical shock, or nausea with alcohol consumption. The use of medications may also be used in this approach, such as using disulfiram to pair unpleasant effects with
5850-469: The worst performing (software) filters are far more effective than COPA would be at protecting children from sexually explicit material on the Web," said Reed, who presided over a monthlong trial in the fall. The never-enforced law was Congress' second attempt to protect children from online porn. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld in 2004 a temporary injunction blocking the law from taking effect; Reed on Thursday issued
5928-531: Was done because "the tolerance and withdrawal that previously defined dependence are actually very normal responses to prescribed medications that affect the central nervous system and do not necessarily indicate the presence of an addiction." Withdrawal is the body's reaction to abstaining from a substance upon which a person has developed a dependence syndrome. When dependence has developed, cessation of substance-use produces an unpleasant state, which promotes continued drug use through negative reinforcement ; i.e.,
6006-403: Was reported that: an increasing number of gay and lesbian youth have taken their first steps into the “gay community” by passing through an online chat room door. Gay male social networking sites like Manhunt, [Silverdaddies,] Adam4Adam and the recently launched DList, for "edgy gay men," provide just as easy an opportunity for men to find a coffee date as easy as a gangbang . Adam4Adam uses
6084-552: Was the focus of a conspiracy to find gay men online to rob. A number of men in New York City used the site to lure a Brooklyn man to a remote area where he was robbed and murdered. The men were found when one user was identified via his screenname . Many news sources reported similar occurrences in the Washington Metropolitan Area . In discussing the case of a perpetrator of multiple robberies in that region,
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