List of forms of government
38-502: The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region (Spanish: Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins , pronounced [liβeɾtaˈðoɾ xeneˈɾal βeɾˈnaɾðo oˈçiɣins] ), often shortened to O'Higgins Region (Spanish: Región de O'Higgins ), is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is subdivided into three provinces . It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme , one of Chile's founding fathers . The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region
76-542: A supergene mineral. The ore body surrounds the Braden Pipe in a continuous ring with a width of 2000 feet. The pipe is a geologic structure in the shape of an inverted cone, having a surface diameter of 4000 feet, and consisting of post-pipe breccia called the Braden Formation . The boundary of the pipe is marked by this post-pipe breccia and a pre-pipe breccia forming a belt up to 200 feet wide. "The Braden Pipe
114-504: A copper and molybdenum concentrate from El Teniente's tailings . It has been granted the right also to treat higher grade tailings from a large, abandoned tailings impoundment near the El Teniente property. The copper ore deposits are those of a typical copper porphyry and associated alteration-mineralization . These altered zones include chalcopyrite , pyrite , bornite and molybdenite as hypogene minerals and chalcocite as
152-553: A country is sometimes called the " first-level (or first-order ) administrative division" or "first administrative level". Its next subdivision might be called "second-level administrative division" or "second administrative level" and so on. An alternative terminology is provided by the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics which terms the principal division as the second level or NUTS-2. Administrative divisions are conceptually separate from dependent territories , with
190-500: A mining operation there, starting operations in 1906. Kennecott Copper Corporation , based in Utah , United States, later operated the mine through their subsidiary company. The Chilean government bought a 51% interest in the mine in 1967. Some 15,000 people lived in Sewell at its height as a company town. In 1971 Chile nationalized copper production under President Salvador Allende and formed
228-406: A number of smaller entities. Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, which may or may not be the county seat . Some of the world's larger cities culturally, if not officially, span several counties, and those crossing state or provincial boundaries have much in common culturally as well, but are rarely incorporated within the same municipal government. Many sister cities share
266-660: A particular independent sovereign state is divided. Such a unit usually has an administrative authority with the power to take administrative or policy decisions for its area. Usually, sovereign states have several levels of administrative division. Common names for the principal (largest) administrative divisions include: states (subnational states, rather than sovereign states), provinces , lands , oblasts and regions . These in turn are often subdivided into smaller administrative units known by names such as comarcas , raions or districts , which are further subdivided into municipalities , communes or communities constituting
304-427: A province, region, canton, land, governorate, oblast, emirate, or country. Administrative units that are not federated or confederated but enjoy a greater degree of autonomy or self-government than other territories within the same country can be considered autonomous regions or de facto constituent states of that country. This relationship is by some authors called a federacy or asymmetric federalism . An example
342-674: A style of life attributable to the Promaucaes or Picunches and to the Chiquillanes . During the Colonial Period (1541 CE to 1811 CE), the region became dominated, like the rest of the country, by the Spanish, and a system of ranching became predominant . The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region contains a large part of the rural population (surpassed only by the Maule Region ). Amongst
380-445: A subsidiary company of Kennecott Copper Corporation , which was based in Utah . Chileans have referred to such large-scale copper mining operations as La Gran Minería del Cobre (a major copper mine). Before nationalization, these operations generated a large proportion of the foreign currency which the country received. In 1945 there was a disaster at El Teniente mine, resulting in the deaths of 355 men and injury to 747 more. It
418-464: A water boundary, which quite often serves as a border of both cities and counties. For example, Cambridge and Boston , Massachusetts appear to the casual traveler as one large city, while locally they each are quite culturally different and occupy different counties. General terms for these incorporated places include " municipality ", " settlement ", "locality", and "populated place". El Teniente División El Teniente ("The Lieutenant")
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#1732859135444456-526: A well-known beach resort city founded by Agustin Ross Edwards in the late 19th century; and San Francisco de Mostazal (12,037). The main industrial and export activity takes place at CODELCO's El Teniente mine, which contributes 7.7% of Chile's copper production. The ore is processed at the Sewell and Colón concentrator plants, smelted and refined at Caletones , and shipped from the port of San Antonio, in
494-467: Is (by area or population), the fewer levels of administrative divisions it has. For example, Vatican City does not have any administrative subdivisions, and Monaco has only one level (both are city-states ), while such countries as France and Pakistan have five levels each. The United States is composed of states, possessions, territories , and a federal district , each with varying numbers of subdivisions. The principal administrative division of
532-438: Is a mixture of both European (including Argentine immigrants) and indigenous races and cultures, thus the region has a homogeneous culture known as Chileanidad is present and a mestizo imprint is evident. The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region was settled by Spaniards (notably Andalusians , Basques , Aragonese and Navarrese ) and other Europeans. French and Italian families established agriculture including
570-580: Is an underground copper mine located in the Chilean Andes , 2,300 m (7,500 ft) above mean sea level . It is in the commune of Machalí in Cachapoal Province , Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region , near the company town of Sewell . This was established for the workers and their families. Mining at El Teniente is reported to have started as early as 1819. In the early 20th century, two men from New York, United States set up
608-570: Is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean, to the east by the Republic of Argentina , to the north by the Valparaíso and Santiago Metropolitan Regions, and to the south by the Maule Region . It extends approximately between the parallels of 33° 51' and 35° 01' south latitude, and between the meridian of 70° 02' west longitude and the Pacific Ocean. The capital and largest city of
646-730: Is no fixed rule, for " all politics is local " as is perhaps well demonstrated by their relative lack of systemic order. In the realm of self-government, any of these can and does occur along a stretch of road—which for the most part is passing through rural, unsettled countryside. Since the terms are administrative political divisions of the local regional government, their exact relationship and definitions are subject to home rule considerations, tradition, as well as state statute law and local governmental (administrative) definition and control. In British cultural legacy, some territorial entities began with fairly expansive counties which encompass an appreciably large area, but were divided over time into
684-479: Is the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan within Uzbekistan . Due to variations in their use worldwide, consistency in the translation of terms from non-English to English is sometimes difficult to maintain. In many of the following terms originating from British cultural influence, areas of relatively low mean population density might bear a title of an entity one would expect to be either larger or smaller. There
722-421: Is the production of fruit juices and pulp , and dehydrated fruit. Over the past few years, there has been significant development in the forestry sector, especially plantations of eucalyptus and radiata pine. The region is co-governed by a presidential regional delegate, who is appointed by the president —currently independent Fabio López — and popularly-elected governor of O'Higgins, Pablo Silva Amaya , who
760-501: The state-owned copper mining company Codelco . This company still operates the mine. Workers began to live in other areas. With over 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of underground drifts, El Teniente is reportedly "the world's biggest underground copper mine", and is the largest of Codelco's operations. Typically more than 5,000 workers were involved in production. Since 2011, a structural project called New Mine Level (NML) has been underway at El Teniente. It consists of expanding
798-577: The El Teniente mine, where about 5,000 workers produce the ore. In 1983 El Teniente and two other Codelco mines closed when approximately 13,000 workers voted to strike "indefinitely" in protest of a union leader's arrest for calling for an end to military rule in Chile. In total among the three mines, at least 3,300 workers and 37 labour leaders were fired for participating in the strike. Contract workers went on strike at Codelco mines in 2008. El Teniente and two other Codelco mines were closed, El Teniente for
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#1732859135444836-661: The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region is divided into three provinces: The provinces are subdivided into 33 communes . This area is known as the "huaso province" after the name of the Chilean cowboy, the huaso . Sashes and mantas – traditional items of the huaso costume – are woven in Doñihue on heavy vertical looms. Designs imitate vine leaves, bunches of grapes , pines and copihues . Other designs of colored stripes are woven on horizontal looms. The population
874-524: The Smoke Tragedy ( Spanish : La tragedía del humo ). In 1967 the Chilean government bought a 51% stake in the mine and founded Sociedad Minería El Teniente. Under this agreement Kennecott built a new concentrator, and the mine expanded production to 63,000 t (69,000 short tons) per day. On July 11, 1971, President Salvador Allende ordered the Chilean nationalization of copper , in an effort for
912-530: The Valparaíso Region. Byproducts include molybdenum and silver. Agriculture contributes 30.1% of the region's GDP. One out of every four hectares of fruit orchards in Chile is in the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region. The main crops are apples and pears, followed by table grapes, plums, kiwis, and nectarines. Manufacturing activity in the region is mostly related to copper mining , agribusiness , and food and beverages. One particular growth area
950-497: The country to gain more benefit from the mines. Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile (known as Codelco ) was formed, and El Teniente became a state-owned operation. The Chilean government paid Kennecott $ 92.9-million for the property. The mine increased production to 100,000 t (110,000 short tons) of ore per day, and in 2006 the mine produced over 418,000 t (461,000 short tons) of copper. The Vancouver, British Columbia -based, Canadian company Amerigo produces both
988-431: The former being an integral part of the state and the other being only under some lesser form of control. However, the term "administrative division" can include dependent territories as well as accepted administrative divisions (for example, in geographical databases ). Communities united in a federation under a federal government are more specifically known as federated states . A federated state may be referred to as
1026-581: The highly populated cities, Rancagua (206,971 inhabitants) stands out for having been transformed, in recent times, into an outskirt of Santiago. It is close being located 87 km south of Santiago. It is the capital of the Cachapoal Province as well the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region. According to the census of 2002, other densely populated cities are: San Fernando (49,519 inhabitants); Rengo (30,891); Machalí (23,920); Graneros (21,616); San Vicente de Tagua Tagua (18,914); Santa Cruz (18,603); Chimbarongo (13,795); Pichilemu (12,392),
1064-512: The humans who inhabited the region moved between the coast and the valley as well as the Andes. At sites such as Pichilemu , Cáhuil and Bucalemu , they left trash deposits or shell middens bearing testimony to their raids . During the Agroalfarero Period (300 BCE – 1470 CE ), the inhabitants experienced changes in their way of life, the most important being the cultivation of vegetables and
1102-661: The important wine industry: the Wine Route is one of the main tourist attractions of the Colchagua valley . Breweries can be found as well, the legacy of German and Swiss immigration. Livestock herding was especially influenced by British , Greek and Yugoslavian settlers. Administrative division Administrative divisions (also administrative units , administrative regions , #-level subdivisions , subnational entities , or constituent states , as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which
1140-457: The manufacture of clay objects. From 600 CE onwards, they started cultivating beans, maize, squashes , pumpkins and quinoa . All of these except quinoa and some types of maize required irrigation, which prompted them to move to the banks of creeks and rivers. During this period, groups of people lived in Quincha houses with straw roofs, in the vicinity of irrigation channels and horticulture crops,
1178-513: The mine by pack animals , such as ponies and mules. It was worked until 1897, when the high-grade ore was exhausted. In 1904 William Braden (an engineer from New York City , United States) and E.W. Nash formed the Braden Copper Company . They built a road for carts and a concentrating plant, which was in operation by 1906. In June 1910, Guggenheim Exploration took control of the mine and provided financing. In 1916 Braden became
O'Higgins Region - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-456: The mine deeper into the hill at 1,880 meters above sea level. The project is being carried out without interrupting the operation of El Teniente Division. According to legend, the El Teniente mine was discovered in the 1800s by a fugitive Spanish official. Exploitation of the resource began in 1819. The best ore was mined manually in what would be called the Fortuna sector, and transported out of
1254-410: The pre-pipe breccia." Mineralization at El Teniente is thought to be indebted to its position at the intersection of two large fault systems . This favoured the rise of magma and the subsequent circulation of mineral-rich fluids. As of 2007 Codelco employed 17,000 direct-hire company employees and 28,000 contract employees across all their operations. There have been multiple labour disruptions at
1292-530: The region is Rancagua . The second major town is San Fernando . In pre- Quaternary times extensive Nothofagus forests covered much of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region. The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region is part of the very restricted range of the endangered Chilean Wine Palm , Jubaea chilensis ; in prehistoric times this Chilean endemic tree had a significantly larger range. From 9000 BCE to 300 BCE (the Archaic Period ),
1330-402: The smallest units of subdivision (the local governments ). Some administrative division names (such as departments , cantons , prefectures , counties or governorates ) can be used for principal, second-level, or third-level divisions. The levels of administrative divisions and their structure largely varies by country (and sometimes within a single country). Usually the smaller the country
1368-480: Was a center of strong mineralization and structural weakness before the pipe was formed." Copper mineralization and pipe formation occurred in the Pliocene . Ore was originally mined from the Fortuna orebody at the southwest quadrant starting in 1906. Since 1922, the larger Teniente orebody has also been mined on the east side. "The best grade of ore is found in altered andesite or in andesitic flow breccia adjacent to
1406-432: Was elected in 2021 and will serve until 2025. The administration of the region rests with the regional government which is headed by the regional governor and the regional council ( Consejo Regional de Chile ). The latter comprises twenty regional council members, who are popularly elected since 2013 (thirteen from Cachapoal , five from Colchagua , and two from Cardenal Caro ). For purposes of interior administration,
1444-405: Was the largest mining accident in Chilean and has the highest death toll in world history associated with metal extraction. Some 1,000 miners were down in the pits when the fire started in a nearby warehouse. Dense smoke spread in the underground tunnels. Most of the dead and injured suffered carbon monoxide poisoning . Emergency exits were not well marked. In Chile, this incident is known locally as
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