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99-483: Located in Clichy are the headquarters of the L'Oréal Group , the world's largest company in cosmetics and beauty ; Bic , one of the biggest pen producers in the world; Monoprix , a major French retail chain; as well as Sony France, a large electronics and media company. The name Clichy was recorded for the first time in the 6th century as Clippiacum , later corrupted into Clichiacum , meaning "estate of Cleppius",

198-558: A Gallo-Roman landowner. In the 13th century, the plain of Clichy was used as a garenne ("warren" in English), i.e. a hunting park and game preserve for the exclusive use of the king or a lord. Clichy became known as Clichy-la-Garenne ("Clichy the Warren" or preserve). Between 1793 and 1795, during the French Revolution , Clichy-la-Garenne was renamed Clichy-la-Patriote (meaning "Clichy

297-445: A Mannich -like reaction. These steps form the core structure of many alkaloids and represent the initial committed steps in their production. Amino acids such as tryptophan , tyrosine , lysine , arginine , and ornithine serve as essential precursors. Their accumulation is facilitated by mechanisms like increased gene expression, gene duplication, or the evolution of enzymes with broader substrate specificities. The biosynthesis of

396-440: A broad range of functions. These include pheromones that act as social signaling molecules with other individuals of the same species, communication molecules that attract and activate symbiotic organisms, agents that solubilize and transport nutrients ( siderophores etc.), and competitive weapons ( repellants , venoms , toxins etc.) that are used against competitors, prey, and predators. For many other secondary metabolites,

495-486: A central role in the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing challenging synthetic targets. The term natural product has also been extended for commercial purposes to refer to cosmetics , dietary supplements , and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients. Within the field of organic chemistry, the definition of natural products is usually restricted to organic compounds isolated from natural sources that are produced by

594-583: A cofactor for enzymes, particularly transaminases, involved in amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 (cobalamins) contains a corrin ring structure, similar to porphyrin , and serves as a coenzyme in fatty acid catabolism and methionine synthesis. Other primary metabolite vitamins include retinol (vitamin A), synthesized in animals from plant-derived carotenoids via the mevalonate pathway , and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which

693-573: A hot topic in medical spaces such as dermatology, due to the increase of young girls using anti-aging cream, despite only being around 11 years old. In the United States, "Under the law, cosmetic products and ingredients do not need FDA premarket approval." The EU and other regulatory agencies around the world have more stringent regulations. The FDA does not have to approve or review cosmetics, or what goes in them, before they are sold to consumers. The FDA only regulates some colors that can be used in

792-411: A large-scale search for other environmental microorganisms that might produce anti-infective natural products. Soil and water samples were collected from all over the world, leading to the discovery of streptomycin (derived from Streptomyces griseus ), and the realization that bacteria, not just fungi, represent an important source of pharmacologically active natural products. This, in turn, led to

891-405: A lead for a series of drugs that lower cholesterol levels, cyclosporin (from Tolypocladium inflatum ), which is used to suppress the immune response after organ transplant operations, and ergometrine (from Claviceps spp.), which acts as a vasoconstrictor , and is used to prevent bleeding after childbirth. Asperlicin (from Aspergillus alliaceus ) is another example. Asperlicin

990-656: A person's face. In some cases, more extreme forms of makeup are used for performances, fashion shows , and people in costume and can change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature, or object. Techniques for changing appearance include contouring , which aims to give shape to an area of the face. Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body. Products used for haircare , such as permanent waves, hair colors , and hairsprays , are classified as cosmetic products as well. Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years, with ancient Egyptians and Sumerians using them. In Europe,

1089-596: A process involving transcription of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA serves as a template for protein assembly on ribosomes . During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids to match with mRNA codons, forming peptide bonds to create the protein chain. Peptide hormones , such as oxytocin and vasopressin , are short amino acid chains that regulate physiological processes, including social bonding and water retention. Modified peptides include antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins , characterized by their β-lactam ring structure, which

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1188-492: A result, many celebrities and influencers actively promote skincare routines or collaborate with beauty brands, making skincare and makeup more aspirational Alpha is also inspired by the "clean beauty" movement and inclusive beauty brands that champion self-expression, allowing them to feel more confident in exploring skincare and makeup." In 2023 and 2024, many people posting on social media have reported seeing girls, ranging from 10 to 12 in age in popular cosmetic stores, such as

1287-571: A source of novel chemical compounds also, for example isoprenyl glycerol ethers 1 and 2 from Thermococcus S557 and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii , respectively. Several anti-infective medications have been derived from fungi including penicillin and the cephalosporins (antibacterial drugs from Penicillium rubens and Cephalosporium acremonium , respectively) and griseofulvin (an antifungal drug from Penicillium griseofulvum ). Other medicinally useful fungal metabolites include lovastatin (from Pleurotus ostreatus ), which became

1386-610: A study concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent. Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston University study is questioned. Cosmetics products may be retailed in beauty stores , department stores and hypermarkets , drugstores , variety stores , grocery stores , beauty supply stores, and many other formats, and in similar types of online stores or the online presence of these types of physical stores. Cosmetic companies have changed their traditional methods of marketing by using social media influencers and brand ambassadors to market their products. During

1485-584: A variety of petrochemically derived agents. Inorganic compounds are processed minerals such as iron oxides , talc , and zinc oxide . The oxides of zinc and iron are classified as pigments , i.e., colorants that have no solubility in solvents. Cosmetic companies have become more transparent in the ingredients of their products because consumers are interested in the formula of their products. Handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream due to consumer concerns that certain chemicals in some skincare products may be harmful if absorbed through

1584-504: A vital role in modifying the core alkaloid structures through oxidation, contributing to their structural diversity and bioactivity. For instance, in the biosynthesis of morphine , oxidative coupling is essential for forming the complex polycyclic structures typical of these alkaloids. The biosynthetic pathways of alkaloids involve numerous enzymatic steps. For example, tropane alkaloids, derived from ornithine, undergo processes such as decarboxylation , oxidation, and cyclization. Similarly,

1683-754: A wide distribution across many phyla and often span more than one kingdom . Primary metabolites include the basic building blocks of life: carbohydrates , lipids , amino acids , and nucleic acids . Primary metabolites involved in energy production include enzymes essential for respiratory and photosynthetic processes. These enzymes are composed of amino acids and often require non-peptidic cofactors for proper function. The basic structures of cells and organisms are also built from primary metabolites, including components such as cell membranes (e.g., phospholipids ), cell walls (e.g., peptidoglycan , chitin ), and cytoskeletons (proteins). Enzymatic cofactors that are primary metabolites include several members of

1782-421: A wide range of cosmetics, including such products as lipstick , eye liner , mascara , foundation , concealer , lip balm , blush , nail polish . A 2021 study tested 231 personal care products and found organic fluorine, a hallmark of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. Substantial levels of fluorine were identified in tested brands of products as follows: 82% of the brands of waterproof mascara, 63% of

1881-539: Is a novel antagonist of cholecystokinin , a neurotransmitter thought to be involved in panic attacks , and could potentially be used to treat anxiety . Plants are a major source of complex and highly structurally diverse chemical compounds ( phytochemicals ), this structural diversity attributed in part to the natural selection of organisms producing potent compounds to deter herbivory ( feeding deterrents ). Major classes of phytochemical include phenols , polyphenols , tannins , terpenes , and alkaloids. Though

1980-538: Is a standard step in skin care routines. Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics: Hair care is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to improve the appearance of hair. Perfumes or fragrances, are liquids that can be sprayed or applied to produce a long-lasting smell. They are created by mixing different compounds together. There are different groups of perfumes which are categorised according to their concentration. The difference between Eau de parfum and Eau de toilette

2079-523: Is also an important player in the European cosmetic market. Although not as large as in other European countries , the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach €9 billion in 2007. The Italian cosmetic industry is dominated by hair and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italy, hair and body products make up approximately 30% of the cosmetic market. Makeup and facial care are

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2178-704: Is an essential part of the coenzymes NAD and NADP , necessary for electron transport in the Krebs cycle , oxidative phosphorylation , and other redox processes. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), derived from α,β-dihydroxyisovalerate (a precursor to valine ) and aspartic acid, is a component of coenzyme A , which plays a vital role in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, as well as fatty acid biosynthesis. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxol, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, originating from erythrose 4-phosphate ), functions as pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and acts as

2277-593: Is anything that is produced by life, and includes the likes of biotic materials (e.g. wood, silk), bio-based materials (e.g. bioplastics , cornstarch), bodily fluids (e.g. milk, plant exudates), and other natural materials (e.g. soil, coal). Natural products may be classified according to their biological function, biosynthetic pathway, or source. Depending on the sources, the number of known natural product molecules ranges between 300,000 and 400,000. Following Albrecht Kossel 's original proposal in 1891, natural products are often divided into two major classes,

2376-618: Is crucial for the synthesis of plastid terpenoids like carotenoids and chlorophylls . Both pathways converge at IPP and DMAPP, which combine to form longer prenyl diphosphates like geranyl (C10), farnesyl (C15), and geranylgeranyl (C20). These compounds serve as precursors for a wide range of terpenoids, including monoterpenes , sesquiterpenes , and triterpenes . The diversity of terpenoids arises from modifications such as cyclization , oxidation , and glycosylation , enabling them to play roles in plant defense, pollinator attraction, and signaling. Steroids, primarily synthesized via

2475-595: Is dangerous to human health, especially when inhaled. In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as " known to be a human carcinogen ". Natural product A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature . In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life. Natural products can also be prepared by chemical synthesis (both semisynthesis and total synthesis ) and have played

2574-709: Is essential for their antibacterial activity. These compounds undergo complex enzymatic modifications during biosynthesis. Cyanogenic glycosides are amino acid derivatives in plants that can release hydrogen cyanide when tissues are damaged, serving as a defense mechanism. Their biosynthesis involves converting amino acids into cyanohydrins, which are then glycosylated. Glucosinolates are sulfur -containing compounds in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and mustard . Their biosynthesis starts with amino acids such as methionine or tryptophan and involves adding sulfur and glucose groups. When tissues are damaged, glucosinolates break down into isothiocyanates, which contribute to

2673-463: Is known as "K-beauty," and it has been popularized by K-pop idols, actors, and social media influencers. Many of these idols have become beauty icons and have allowed many men to access beauty products and to feel comfortable using them. While there may still be some societal pressure to conform to traditional gender norms, there is also a growing acceptance of individual expression and breaking free from traditional gender roles. "The Sephora Kids are

2772-586: Is known as a "hit". Subsequent scientific and legal work is then performed to validate the hit (e.g. elucidation of mechanism of action , confirmation that there is no intellectual property conflict). This is followed by the hit to lead stage of drug discovery, where derivatives of the active compound are produced in an attempt to improve its potency and safety . In this and related ways, modern medicines can be developed directly from natural sources. Although traditional medicines and other biological material are considered an excellent source of novel compounds,

2871-454: Is more about the perfume oil concentration. Eau de parfum has a higher concentration of perfume than Eau de toilette . Various tools are used to apply cosmetics. In addition to brushes, a makeup sponge is a popular applicator. Makeup sponges can be used to apply foundation, blend concealer, and apply powder or highlighter. Loofahs , microfiber cloths, natural sponges, or brushes may be used to exfoliate skin simply by rubbing them over

2970-565: Is synthesized from glucose in the liver of animals, though not in humans. DNA and RNA , which store and transmit genetic information , are synthesized from primary metabolites, specifically nucleic acids and carbohydrates. First messengers are signaling molecules that regulate metabolism and cellular differentiation . These include hormones and growth factors composed of peptides, biogenic amines , steroid hormones , auxins , and gibberellins . These first messengers interact with cellular receptors, which are protein-based, and trigger

3069-500: Is used by the mevalonate pathway to produce steroids. In fatty acid synthesis , one molecule of acetyl-CoA (the "starter unit") and several molecules of malonyl-CoA (the "extender units") are condensed by fatty acid synthase . After each round of elongation, the keto group is reduced, the intermediate alcohol dehydrated, and resulting enoyl-CoAs are reduced to acyl-CoAs. Fatty acids are essential components of lipid bilayers that form cell membranes and serve as energy storage in

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3168-753: Is why they are of such interest to chemists. Natural sources may lead to basic research on potential bioactive components for commercial development as lead compounds in drug discovery . Although natural products have inspired numerous drugs, drug development from natural sources has received declining attention in the 21st century by pharmaceutical companies, partly due to unreliable access and supply, intellectual property, cost, and profit concerns, seasonal or environmental variability of composition, and loss of sources due to rising extinction rates. Despite this, natural products and their derivatives still accounted for about 10% of new drug approvals between 2017 and 2019. The broadest definition of natural product

3267-600: The International Organization for Standardization and regulated by national or regional regulations such as those issued by the EU or the FDA . Marketers and manufacturers of cosmetic products must be compliant to these regulations to be able to market their cosmetic products in the corresponding areas of jurisdiction . The manufacture of cosmetics is dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in

3366-507: The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine (from Galanthus spp.), used to treat Alzheimer's disease . Other plant-derived drugs, used medicinally and/or recreationally include morphine , cocaine , quinine , tubocurarine , muscarine , and nicotine . Animals also represent a source of bioactive natural products. In particular, venomous animals such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, caterpillars, bees, wasps, centipedes, ants, toads, and frogs have attracted much attention. This

3465-474: The cell walls of bacteria and plants. During photosynthesis, plants initially produce 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde , a three-carbon triose . This can be converted into glucose (a six-carbon sugar) or various pentoses (five-carbon sugars) through the Calvin cycle . In animals, three-carbon precursors like lactate or glycerol are converted into pyruvate , which can then be synthesized into carbohydrates in

3564-811: The eyebrows and eyelashes ). Makeup can also add colour to a person's face, enhance a person's features or change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature, or object. People have used cosmetics for thousands of years for skin care and appearance enhancement. Visible cosmetics for women and men have gone in and out of fashion over the centuries. Some early forms of cosmetics used harmful ingredients such as lead that caused serious health problems and sometimes resulted in death. Modern commercial cosmetics are generally tested for safety but may contain controversial ingredients, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), formaldehyde releasers , and ingredients that cause allergic reactions. The European Union and regulatory agencies around

3663-644: The glycopeptide bleomycin is used for the treatment of several cancers including Hodgkin's lymphoma , head and neck cancer , and testicular cancer . Newer trends in the field include the metabolic profiling and isolation of natural products from novel bacterial species present in underexplored environments. Examples include symbionts or endophytes from tropical environments, subterranean bacteria found deep underground via mining/drilling, and marine bacteria. Because many Archaea have adapted to life in extreme environments such as polar regions , hot springs , acidic springs, alkaline springs, salt lakes , and

3762-577: The high pressure of deep ocean water , they possess enzymes that are functional under quite unusual conditions. These enzymes are of potential use in the food , chemical , and pharmaceutical industries, where biotechnological processes frequently involve high temperatures, extremes of pH, high salt concentrations, and / or high pressure. Examples of enzymes identified to date include amylases , pullulanases , cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases , cellulases , xylanases , chitinases , proteases , alcohol dehydrogenase , and esterases . Archaea represent

3861-729: The pathways of primary or secondary metabolism . Within the field of medicinal chemistry , the definition is often further restricted to secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites (or specialized metabolites) are not essential for survival, but nevertheless provide organisms that produce them an evolutionary advantage. Many secondary metabolites are cytotoxic and have been selected and optimized through evolution for use as "chemical warfare" agents against prey, predators, and competing organisms. Secondary or specialized metabolites are often unique to specific species, whereas primary metabolites are commonly found across multiple kingdoms. Secondary metabolites are marked by chemical complexity which

3960-665: The vitamin B family. For instance, Vitamin B1 (thiamine diphosphate), synthesized from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate , serves as a coenzyme for enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase , 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase , and transketolase —all involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), derived from ribulose 5-phosphate and guanosine triphosphate , is a precursor to FMN and FAD , which are crucial for various redox reactions. Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid or niacin), synthesized from tryptophan,

4059-571: The 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly. Cosmetics are used by girls at increasingly young ages, especially in the United States. Because of the fast-decreasing age of makeup users, many companies, from drugstore brands like Rimmel to higher-end products like Estee Lauder, cater to this expanding market by introducing flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery and sparkly packaging, and marketing and advertising using young models . The social consequences of younger and younger cosmetics use have had much attention in

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4158-482: The 21st century. The wider acceptance of the use of cosmetics led some to see makeup as a tool used in the oppression and subjection of women to unfair societal standards. In 1968, at the feminist Miss America protest , protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can", with cosmetics among the items the protesters called "instruments of female torture" and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity . As of 2016 ,

4257-590: The French federation for the perfume industry). France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of €6.5 billion. Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent , Yves Rocher , and many others. The Italian cosmetic industry

4356-590: The German cosmetic industry the third largest in the world, after Japan and the United States. German exports of cosmetics reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion. The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$ 170 billion (according to Eurostaf, May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie –

4455-784: The MVA pathway, are derived from farnesyl diphosphate through intermediates like squalene and lanosterol , which are precursors to cholesterol and other steroid molecules. Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds produced by plants through complex biosynthetic pathways, starting from amino acids. The biosynthesis of alkaloids from amino acids is essential for producing many biologically active compounds in plants. These compounds range from simple cycloaliphatic amines to complex polycyclic nitrogen heterocycles . Alkaloid biosynthesis generally follows four key steps: (i) synthesis of an amine precursor, (ii) synthesis of an aldehyde precursor, (iii) formation of an iminium cation , and (iv)

4554-553: The Patriot"), perhaps because the word garenne reminded people of the feudal privileges that the new government abolished in 1789. After the Revolution, the French administration officially recorded the name of the commune only as Clichy, dropping the "la-Garenne". This is the term in use in the 21st century. But, in many instances the municipality of Clichy refers to the commune traditionally as Clichy-la-Garenne, although this has not been

4653-458: The US was developed by figures such as Elizabeth Arden , Helena Rubinstein , and Max Factor . These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all industrial societies around the world, with the cosmetics industry becoming a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the beginning of

4752-437: The United States has weakened over the years, with the number of men using makeup increasing in the 21st century. Cosmetics brands have increasingly targeted men in the sale of cosmetics, with some products targeted specifically at men . Lead has been used as a makeup product since the 18th century. It is said to be lethal to women who apply it daily to achieve a pale complexion representing nobility, as tanner skin represents

4851-516: The absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics, as well as the absence of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of various compounds on the human body for much of this time period, led to a number of negative effects upon those who used cosmetics, including deformities , blindness, and, in some cases, death. Although harmless products were used, such as berries, and beetroot , many cosmetic products available at this time were still chemically dubious and even poisonous. Examples of

4950-418: The activation of second messengers to relay the extracellular signal to intracellular targets. Second messengers often include primary metabolites such as cyclic nucleotides and diacyl glycerol . Secondary in contrast to primary metabolites are dispensable and not absolutely required for survival. Furthermore, secondary metabolites typically have a narrow species distribution. Secondary metabolites have

5049-500: The appearance and "care" cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care. Most cosmetics are also distinguished by the area of the body intended for application, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and eye area usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips. Cosmetics can also be described by the physical composition of the product. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions , powders (pressed or loose), dispersions, or anhydrous creams or sticks. Cleansing

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5148-427: The biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) — phenylalanine , tyrosine , and tryptophan . This pathway is vital as it connects primary metabolism to specialized metabolic processes, directing an estimated 20-50% of all fixed carbon through its reactions. It begins with the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), leading through several enzymatic steps to form chorismate ,

5247-478: The biosynthesis of isoquinoline alkaloids from tyrosine involves complex transformations, including the formation of (S)- reticuline , a key intermediate in the pathway. Biosynthesis of peptides, proteins, and other amino acid derivatives assembles amino acids into biologically active molecules, producing compounds like peptide hormones, modified peptides, and plant-derived substances. Peptides and proteins are synthesized through protein synthesis or translation,

5346-425: The body (on the skin, particularly the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal care, or to alter the appearance, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer's appearance; some manufacturers will distinguish only between "decorative" cosmetics intended to alter

5445-463: The brands of foundations, and 62% of liquid lipstick. PFAS compounds are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts , and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS. Formaldehyde is no longer used in cosmetics but has been replaced by formaldehyde releasers . Formaldehyde

5544-503: The building blocks for all terpenoids. The MVA pathway, discovered in the 1950s, functions in eukaryotes, some bacteria, and plants. It converts acetyl-CoA to IPP via HMG-CoA and mevalonate, and is essential for steroid biosynthesis. Statins , which lower cholesterol, work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in this pathway. The MEP pathway, found in bacteria, some parasites, and plant chloroplasts, starts with pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce IPP and DMAPP. This pathway

5643-483: The cosmetic industry came up with perfumes bearing their names. Moreover, some actors and singers (such as Celine Dion ) have their own perfume line. Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays for the product and the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by Giorgio Armani , Dolce & Gabbana , and others. Procter & Gamble , which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded

5742-432: The cosmetic product. Secondary packaging is the outer wrapping of one or several cosmetic container(s). An important difference between primary and secondary packaging is that any information that is necessary to clarify the safety of the product must appear on the primary package. Otherwise, much of the required information can appear on just the secondary packaging. Cosmetic packaging is standardized by ISO 22715 , set by

5841-593: The cosmetics and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies do not have to report any injuries from the products; they also only have voluntary recalls of products. There has been a marketing trend towards the sale of cosmetics lacking controversial ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum , sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens . Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of about 9,000 synthetic organofluorine compounds that have multiple highly toxic fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain . PFAS are used by major cosmetics industry companies in

5940-415: The development of an impressive arsenal of antibacterial and antifungal agents including amphotericin B , chloramphenicol , daptomycin and tetracycline (from Streptomyces spp. ), the polymyxins (from Paenibacillus polymyxa ), and the rifamycins (from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica ). Antiparasitic and antiviral drugs have similarly been derived from bacterial metabolites. Although most of

6039-403: The drugs derived from bacteria are employed as anti-infectives, some have found use in other fields of medicine. Botulinum toxin (from Clostridium botulinum ) and bleomycin (from Streptomyces verticillus ) are two examples. Botulinum, the neurotoxin responsible for botulism , can be injected into specific muscles (such as those controlling the eyelid) to prevent muscle spasm . Also,

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6138-449: The early 20th century, but the distribution and sales of cosmetics are spread among a wide range of businesses. The world's largest cosmetic companies are L'Oréal , Procter & Gamble , Unilever , Shiseido , and Estée Lauder . In 2005, the market volume of the cosmetics industry in the US, Europe, and Japan was about EUR 70 Billion/a year. In Germany, the cosmetic industry generated €12.6 billion of retail sales in 2008, which makes

6237-616: The extraction and isolation of these compounds can be a slow, expensive and inefficient process. For large scale manufacture therefore, attempts may be made to produce the new compound by total synthesis or semisynthesis. Because natural products are generally secondary metabolites with complex chemical structures , their total/semisynthesis is not always commercially viable. In these cases, efforts can be made to design simpler analogues with comparable potency and safety that are amenable to total/semisynthesis. The serendipitous discovery and subsequent clinical success of penicillin prompted

6336-465: The eyes, weakened tooth enamel, and blackened skin, with heavy use known to lead to death. Usage of white lead was not confined only to the West, with the white Japanese face makeup known as oshiroi also produced using white lead. In the second part of the 19th century, scientific advances in the production of makeup lead to the creation of makeup free of hazardous substances such as lead . Throughout

6435-545: The face in a circular motion. Gels, creams, or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen, and an abrasive such as microbeads , sea salt and sugar, ground nut shells, rice bran, or ground apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off the skin. Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle. A variety of organic compounds and inorganic compounds comprise typical cosmetics. Typical organic compounds are modified natural oils and fats as well as

6534-530: The field of organic chemistry are often defined as primary and secondary metabolites. A more restrictive definition limiting natural products to secondary metabolites is commonly used within the fields of medicinal chemistry and pharmacognosy . Primary metabolites, as defined by Kossel , are essential components of basic metabolic pathways required for life. They are associated with fundamental cellular functions such as nutrient assimilation, energy production, and growth and development. These metabolites have

6633-404: The form of fat in animals. The plant-derived fatty acid linoleic acid is converted in animals through elongation and desaturation into arachidonic acid , which is then transformed into various eicosanoids , including leukotrienes , prostaglandins , and thromboxanes . These eicosanoids act as signaling molecules, playing key roles in inflammation and immune responses . Alternatively

6732-573: The function is unknown. One hypothesis is that they confer a competitive advantage to the organism that produces them. An alternative view is that, in analogy to the immune system , these secondary metabolites have no specific function, but having the machinery in place to produce these diverse chemical structures is important and a few secondary metabolites are therefore produced and selected for. General structural classes of secondary metabolites include alkaloids , phenylpropanoids , polyketides , and terpenoids . The biosynthetic pathways leading to

6831-503: The generation alpha (the cohort born roughly between 2010 and 2025) and is growing up in a very different environment compared to previous generations, and several factors contribute to their heightened interest in skincare and makeup. Platforms like TikTok have also popularized short, fun videos about skincare and makeup tips, making beauty routines seem exciting and achievable. Social media platforms have made it easier for celebrities and influencers to become role models for Gen Alpha, and as

6930-434: The given years. The commune of Clichy ceded the commune of Batignolles-Monceau in 1830, and reabsorbed part of it in 1859. In 1866 it ceded part of its territory to the new commune of Levallois-Perret . An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On

7029-889: The head office moved to Ivry-sur-Seine . Amazon has its French Head Office in Clichy. Clichy is served by Mairie de Clichy station on Paris Métro Line 13 . It is also served by Clichy–Levallois station on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. The commune has 22 primary schools, three junior high schools, and two senior high schools. The junior highs include: The senior high schools are: (in French) Cosmetics Cosmetics are composed of mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources or synthetically created ones. Cosmetics have various purposes, including personal and skin care . They can also be used to conceal blemishes and enhance natural features (such as

7128-453: The human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes any material intended for use as an ingredient in a cosmetic product, with the FDA specifically excluding pure soap from this category. Cosmetics designed for skin care may be used to cleanse, exfoliate and protect

7227-530: The intermediates from additional condensation reactions are left unreduced to generate poly-β-keto chains, which are subsequently converted into various polyketides. The polyketide class of natural products has diverse structures and functions and includes important compounds such as macrolide antibiotics . The shikimate pathway is a key metabolic route responsible for the production of aromatic amino acids and their derivatives in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protozoans: The shikimate pathway leads to

7326-412: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, changes in the prevailing attitudes towards cosmetics led to a wider expansion of the cosmetics industry. In 1882, English actress and socialite Lillie Langtry became the poster girl for Pears of London, making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product. She allowed her name to be used on face powders and skin products. During the 1910s, the market in

7425-533: The legal definition of cosmetics in most countries is broader, in some Western countries , cosmetics are commonly taken to mean only makeup products, such as lipstick , mascara , eye shadow , foundation , blush , highlighter , bronzer , fake eyelashes , eyeliner , concealer , lip gloss , and several other product types. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetics, defines cosmetics as products "intended to be applied to

7524-528: The likes of Boots and Sephora. This is most commonly reported in western countries, specifically America, Australia and the United Kingdom. This has garnered attention because it bring awareness to the growing need for make-up for younger girls and women, many criticize this claiming it's connected to western beauty standards which in recent years have become an increasingly controversial topic in many medias revolving around politics and women's rights. It's also

7623-429: The liver. Fatty acids and polyketides are synthesized via the acetate pathway , which starts from basic building blocks derived from sugars: During glycolysis , sugars are broken down into acetyl-CoA . In an ATP-dependent enzymatic reaction, acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to form malonyl-CoA . Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA then undergo a Claisen condensation , releasing carbon dioxide to form acetoacetyl-CoA which

7722-515: The major classes of natural products are described below. Carbohydrates are organic molecules essential for energy storage, structural support, and various biological processes in living organisms. They are produced through photosynthesis in plants or gluconeogenesis in animals and can be converted into larger polysaccharides : Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source for most life forms. Additionally, polysaccharides derived from simpler sugars are vital structural components, forming

7821-415: The major part of the 17th arrondissement of Paris . A small part of the territory of Batignolles-Monceau was returned to Clichy. On 11 January 1867, part of the territory of Clichy was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine to create the commune of Levallois-Perret . The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Clichy proper, in its geography at

7920-586: The media over the last few years. Criticism of cosmetics has come from a wide variety of sources including some feminists , religious groups , animal rights activists , authors , and public interest groups. It has also faced criticism from men, some of whom describe it as a form of deception or fakeup . The new generation has been more accepting of males wearing makeup, and having a "soft pretty boy" look in South Korea has become more widespread in recent years, particularly among younger generations. This trend

8019-480: The most common cosmetic products exported to the United States. According to Euromonitor International, the market for cosmetics in China is expected to be $ 7.4 billion in 2021 up from $ 4.3 billion in 2016. The increase is due to social media and the changing attitudes of people in the 18-to-30-year age bracket. Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances, many designers who are not necessarily involved in

8118-408: The number of plants that have been extensively studied is relatively small, many pharmacologically active natural products have already been identified. Clinically useful examples include the anticancer agents paclitaxel and omacetaxine mepesuccinate (from Taxus brevifolia and Cephalotaxus harringtonii , respectively), the antimalarial agent artemisinin (from Artemisia annua ), and

8217-526: The official name for more than 200 years. Clichy was the capital of the Merovingians during the rule of Dagobert I . Its church was built in the 17th century under the direction of St Vincent de Paul , who had previously been curé of Clichy. In 1830, part of the territory of Clichy was detached and became the commune of Batignolles-Monceau. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris annexed neighboring communes, taking most of Batignolles-Monceau, which now forms

8316-560: The other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. The canton covers a part of the commune; the other is in the northern part of Levallois-Perret . Clichy is twinned with: L'Oréal Group has its head office in the Centre Eugène Schueller in Clichy. In addition, Monoprix has its head office in Clichy. Société Bic has its head office in Clichy. At one time Fnac had its head office in Clichy. In 2008

8415-634: The precursor for all three AAAs. From chorismate, biosynthesis branches out to produce the individual AAAs. In plants, unlike in bacteria, the production of phenylalanine and tyrosine typically occurs via the intermediate arogenate . Phenylalanine serves as the starting point for the phenylpropanoid pathway , which leads to a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Beyond protein synthesis, AAAs and their derivatives have crucial roles in plant physiology, including pigment production, hormone synthesis, cell wall formation, and defense against various stresses. Because animals cannot synthesize these amino acids,

8514-478: The prevalent usage of harmful cosmetics include the use of ceruse (white lead) throughout a number of different cultures, such as during the Renaissance in the West, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 20th century. During the 19th century, there were numerous incidents of lead poisoning due to the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder, leading to swelling and inflammation of

8613-768: The primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites have an intrinsic function that is essential to the survival of the organism that produces them. Secondary metabolites in contrast have an extrinsic function that mainly affects other organisms. Secondary metabolites are not essential to survival but do increase the competitiveness of the organism within its environment. For instance, alkaloids like morphine and nicotine act as defense chemicals against herbivores, while flavonoids attract pollinators, and terpenes such as menthol serve to repel insects. Because of their ability to modulate biochemical and signal transduction pathways, some secondary metabolites have useful medicinal properties. Natural products especially within

8712-455: The pungent flavors of these vegetables and offer potential health benefits. Natural products may be extracted from the cells , tissues , and secretions of microorganisms , plants and animals. A crude ( unfractionated ) extract from any one of these sources will contain a range of structurally diverse and often novel chemical compounds. Chemical diversity in nature is based on biological diversity, so researchers collect samples from around

8811-474: The same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups. Liquid makeups must contain preservatives, and compressed makeups must contain binders, which dry mineral makeups do not. Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, or chemical dyes. For this reason, dermatologists may consider mineral makeup to be gentler on the skin than makeup that contains those ingredients. Some minerals are nacreous or pearlescent, giving

8910-474: The shikimate pathway has also become a target for herbicides, most notably glyphosate, which inhibits one of the key enzymes in this pathway. The biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids involves two primary pathways, which produce essential building blocks for these compounds: The mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways produce the five-carbon units isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which are

9009-414: The skin a shining or sparking appearance. One example is bismuth oxychloride . There are various mineral-based makeup brands, including: Bare Minerals, Tarte , Bobbi Brown , and Stila . The term cosmetic packaging is used for primary packaging and secondary packaging of cosmetic products. Primary packaging, also called cosmetic containers, houses the cosmetic product. It is in direct contact with

9108-403: The skin, as well as replenish it, using body lotions , cleansers , toners , serums, moisturizers , eye creams, retinol , and balms. Cosmetics designed for more general personal care , such as shampoo , soap, and body wash , can be used to clean the body. Cosmetics designed to enhance one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features, or add color to

9207-724: The skin. The FDA , which regulates the US cosmetic industry, says "FDA has not defined the term “natural” and has not established a regulatory definition for this term in cosmetic labeling." It goes on to warn consumers, "choosing ingredients from sources you consider “organic” or “natural” is no guarantee that they are safe." The term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, and bronzer, made with loose, dry mineral powders. These powders are often mixed with oil-water emulsions . Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, as well as compressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts, are often called mineral makeup if they have

9306-543: The tropane alkaloid cocaine follows this general pathway. A key reaction in alkaloid biosynthesis is the Pictet-Spengler reaction , which is crucial for forming the β-carboline structure found in many alkaloids. This reaction involves the condensation of an aldehyde with an amine, as seen in the biosynthesis of strictosidine , a precursor to numerous monoterpene indole alkaloids. Oxidoreductases , including cytochrome P450s and flavin-containing monooxygenases , play

9405-579: The use of cosmetics continued into the Middle Ages —where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged— though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. Regardless of the changes in social attitudes towards cosmetics, many occasionally achieved ideals of appearance through cosmetics. According to one source, early major developments in cosmetics include: Historically,

9504-404: The working class. Lead can be detrimental to people's health and cause death if mixed with vinegar which it allows lead to be absorbed through the skin. Though there are a large number of different cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally. These products can be applied to the face (on the skin, lips, eyebrows, and eyes), to

9603-537: The world have stringent regulations for cosmetics. In the United States, cosmetic products and ingredients do not require FDA approval. Some countries have banned using animals for cosmetic testing. The word cosmetics is derived from the Greek κοσμητικὴ τέχνη ( kosmetikē tekhnē ), meaning "technique of dress and ornament," from κοσμητικός ( kosmētikos ), "skilled in ordering or arranging," and from κόσμος ( kosmos ), meaning "order" and "ornament.". Though

9702-415: The world to analyze and evaluate in drug discovery screens or bioassays . This effort to search for biologically active natural products is known as bioprospecting . Pharmacognosy provides the tools to detect, isolate and identify bioactive natural products that could be developed for medicinal use. When an "active principle" is isolated from a traditional medicine or other biological material, this

9801-540: The world's largest cosmetics company is L'Oréal , founded by Eugène Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26% and Nestlé 28%; the remaining 46% is traded publicly). Although modern makeup has been traditionally used mainly by women, men also use makeup to enhance their own facial features or cover blemishes and dark circles. The negative stigma of men wearing makeup in countries such as

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