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97-511: The municipality is located in the northeast part of the State of Mexico, part of the state’s panhandle that extends over the north and down on the east side of the Federal District of Mexico City. The municipality has a territory of 244.08km2 and borders the municipalities of Tequixquiac, Hueypoxtla, Teoloyucan, Cuautitán, Nextlapan, Jaltenco, Tecámac, Coyotepec and Huehuetoca as well as Tizayuca in

194-515: A CAT III precision approach system , during the joint publication of official aerodrome information with the Department of Infrastructure, Communications, and Transportation (SICT) and SENEAM , on 16 December 2021, the ILS system was officially declared as CAT I for the airport's inauguration, allowing for simultaneous operations. Over 28 kilometres (17 mi) of asphalt concrete taxiways facilitate

291-434: A VIP lounge , ATMs, retail stores, currency exchange services, souvenir shops, package services, a cargo warehouse, toilets, administrative offices, staff rest areas, and other amenities, including Wi-Fi, fast food options, and toilets. Private company Autobuses de Oriente provides connections to and from TAPO , Indios Verdes , and Mexico City International Airport . Additionally, ETN Turistar offers services connecting

388-619: A combination of 17 wide-body and 11 narrow-body aircraft. The passenger terminal at Felipe Ángeles Airport accommodates both arrival and departure services for domestic and international flights within a multi-story building parallel to runway 04C/22C. The check-in area features 100 conventional counters, 86 self-service kiosks, 20 drop-off counters, and a space for future growth, covering 5,410 square metres (58,200 sq ft). Security check areas include 22 X-ray security belts and 6 additional belts for future expansion, across 4,740 square metres (51,000 sq ft). The departures concourse

485-446: A connection to Ojo de Agua station in the State of Mexico . From Ojo de Agua, passengers can transfer to Ciudad Azteca metro station. Plans are underway to extend Mexibús Line IV to AIFA in the future, creating an additional connection between the airport and the metro system at Indios Verdes station. A proposal, presented in 2020, outlines a 23 kilometres (14 mi) extension of

582-539: A demonstration of the diversity of the human sacrifices in Aztec culture . While the severed heads were put on display, many scholars have determined that the limbs of Aztec victims were cannibalized . Fray Diego Durán confirms this, stating that skulls were delivered to temples after "the flesh had been eaten". Durán notes that the tzompantli were periodically renovated. Regarding this, Durán states: "When [the skulls] become old and deteriorated, they fell in pieces. When

679-502: A focal point in Mexico's political discourse, representing ideological clashes and embodying deeper conflicts. The rapid transition from canceling the previous administration's project to the swift realization of a new one underscores the airport's political significance. The military's role adds complexity to debates about its involvement in civilian projects and potential implications for democratic governance. Beyond its infrastructural aspects,

776-490: A government decree. The General Aviation Building (FBO) is designated for general/non-commercial aviation or private jets . The terminal offers services for the convenience of passengers during their private flights, including a pilots' lounge and a passenger lounge. Adjacent to this facility is a general aviation apron, providing stands for fixed-wing aircraft and heliports for private aviation, as well as hangars and maintenance facilities. Felipe Ángeles Airport features

873-461: A new terminal. Felipe Ángeles International Airport (AIFA) commenced operations on 21 March 2022, with VivaAerobús launching the first commercial passenger flight arriving from Guadalajara . Subsequently, Conviasa initiated the airport's first international flight to Caracas, Venezuela . The airport ventured into cargo operations on 1 September 2022, with AeroUnion 's cargo flight arriving from Tijuana . The airport's development has become

970-595: A plaza, where there were some shrines, so many places of dead skulls, which could be counted, according to the concert as they were set, that when they appeared they would be more than one hundred thousand; and I say again about one hundred thousand. And in another part of the square were as many rowers of bones without meat, bones of dead, that could not be counted; and they had in many beams many heads hanging from one part to another. And keeping those bones and skulls were three priests, who, as we understood, were in charge of them. Of which we had to look more after we entered

1067-407: A presidential candidate, campaigned against the ongoing Texcoco Airport construction. The new Mexico City Airport quickly became a focal point of intense and conflicting political discourse in Mexico, reflecting a broader ideological clash within the country regarding economic models and governance strategies. Upon winning the presidency, López Obrador fulfilled his campaign promise to reassess

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1164-475: A unique cultural corridor designed for both transit passengers and local residents. According to authorities, this is the first cultural passageway of its kind in the country. The corridor houses three museums open to the public from Tuesday to Sunday, between 09:00 and 16:00: While the initial project outlined comprehensive public transport connections to Mexico City in conjunction with private transport options, challenges in resolving transportation logistics for

1261-597: Is Nahuatl and was used by the Aztecs to refer to the skull-racks found in many Aztec cities; The first and most prominent example is the Hueyi Tzompantli (Great Skull-rack) located in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and described by the early conquistadors. There were at least five more skull racks in Tenochtitlan but by all accounts they were much smaller. According to Bernal Díaz del Castillo 's eye-witness account,

1358-436: Is 120 km from the state capital of Toluca , located 55 km north of Mexico City as part of this city’s metropolitan area. The Parish of Purísima Concepción was founded in the first half of the 16th century and expanded in 1711. It was part of a monastery complex, with the cloister portion now offices for the church. The primary school in the center of town was the headquarters for the construction of drainage projects for

1455-471: Is a 1,080 metres (3,540 ft) long, 29,100 square metres (313,000 sq ft) structure with 34 gates. The baggage claim area , covering an initial phase of 13,015 square metres (140,090 sq ft), incorporates three carousels for national baggage and four for international baggage, with an additional four carousels designated for future expansion. The airport also includes 1,312 square metres (14,120 sq ft) of VIP lounges , encompassing

1552-534: Is also depicted in an Aztec codex which relates the story, and the subsequent battles which led to the eventual capture of the city by the Spanish forces and their allies. During the stay of Cortes's expedition in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan (initially as guest-captives of the Emperor Moctezuma II , before the battle which would lead to the conquest), they reported a wooden tzompantli altar adorned with

1649-453: Is an international airport located in Zumpango , State of Mexico , 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Mexico City . Originally named Santa Lucía Air Force Base , it opened for civilian use in 2022, serving as the second airport for Greater Mexico City . The passenger terminal facilitates domestic and international flights, functioning as a Focus City for Viva and Aeroméxico Connect . It

1746-588: Is an airside area where activities revolve around airline cargo operations and ground handling services provided by regulated warehouses spanning 252,900 square metres (2,722,000 sq ft). Beyond the controlled area, a second set of facilities includes offices for customs agencies, branches of courier companies, and banking units, covering an area of 72,500 square metres (780,000 sq ft). The surrounding areas are designed for an industrial and logistics complex. By July 2023, cargo operations were scheduled to cease at Mexico City International Airport, following

1843-411: Is due to centralized decision-making, their symbolic importance for progress, and the desire of leaders to leave a lasting impact. In 2002, President Vicente Fox unveiled an ambitious plan for a new, expansive airport on 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) of land in the municipalities of Atenco and Texcoco . This proposal aimed to address the congestion issues at Mexico City International Airport and meet

1940-549: Is little evidence that this was the case. Still, it is acknowledged that in Mesoamerican culture to be sacrificed was to be honored with feeding the gods. Tula , the former Toltec capital, has a well-preserved tzompantli inscription on its ball court. The association with ball courts is also reflected in the Popol Vuh , the famous religious, historical and cultural account of the K'iche' Maya . When Hun Hunahpu , father of

2037-720: Is located in the eastern section of the airport grounds just south of San Lucas Xolox. The base encompasses a housing complex for military personnel affiliated with the Mexican Army . The facilities at the Military Air Base include a military aviation apron, control tower , and runway 04R/22L, designated exclusively for military use. It serves as a hub for various units and headquarters related to reconnaissance, transport, combat wings, specialized training centers, and sports facilities. Additionally, it houses facilities dedicated to national security and natural disaster response. Following

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2134-472: Is most likely a compound of the Nahuatl words tzontecomatl ('skull'; from tzontli or tzom- 'hair', 'scalp' and tecomatl (' gourd ' or 'container'), and pamitl ('banner'). That derivation has been ascribed to explain the depictions in several codices that associate these with banners; however, Nahuatl linguist Frances Karttunen has proposed that pantli means merely 'row' or 'wall'. It

2231-409: Is significant environmental issues because there is no agreement or declaration to protect the lake. The lake is semi artificial as it is created and used as a water regulator, with much of its volume entering through several canals and other drainage, mostly from Mexico City. In the dry, season, the lake’s volume drops by half. About fifty migratory species of birds come to the lake in the winter, with

2328-455: Is still relatively rural, the rush for construction has limited the amount of developable land and there are now requests to allow for apartment buildings of four floors and higher. The building boom has resulted in tens of thousands of small homes built for working-class families. However, many of the homes are uninhabited or the breadwinners are not there most of the week because local employment and convenient transportation has not kept up with

2425-524: Is the main hub for Mexicana , a state-owned airline. Apart from civilian operations, the airport accommodates the Mexican Air Force , general aviation , and charter flight services. The airport is also set to become Mexico's largest air cargo hub, it gained a prominent role after recent restrictions at the busier Mexico City International Airport , serving now as the primary hub for cargo airlines AeroUnion , Mas Air , and Awesome Cargo. Owned by

2522-585: The Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España , written several decades after the event, after Hernán Cortés 's expedition was forced to make their initial retreat from Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs erected a makeshift tzompantli to display the severed heads of men and horses they had captured from the invaders. This tzompantli is depicted in the twelfth book of the Florentine Codex . This taunting

2619-517: The 10th busiest in the country. The Santa Lucía Air Force Base, established in 1952 to relocate the Balbuena Military Air Field, officially inaugurated its aerodrome on 24 November 1952, during Miguel Alemán´s administration. The complete transition of aircraft from Balbuena to Santa Lucía occurred in 1959. The aerodrome featured a runway measuring 3,780 metres (12,400 ft) in length and 75 metres (246 ft) in width, boasting

2716-763: The Codex Mendoza . Folio 45v of the Codex Borgia depicts a platform adorned with skulls. Archaeologists affiliated with the National Institute of Anthropology and History have taken part in a series of excavations since 2015 that have resulted in the finding of tzompantli . These excavations took place near the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and included the finding of one tzompantli tower. These excavations have revealed that women and children were sacrificed, although men made up 75% of

2813-517: The Maya Hero Twins , was killed by the lords of the Underworld ( Xibalba ), his head was hung in a gourd tree next to a ball court. The gourd tree is a clear representation of a tzompantli , and the image of skulls in trees as if they were fruits is also a common indicator of a tzompantli and the associations with some of the game's metaphorical interpretations. Tzompantli have been

2910-526: The Mexican government and operated by the Department of National Defense (SEDENA) , the airport is named after General Felipe Ángeles , a significant figure in the Mexican Revolution . It is the second-largest airport by area in Mexico after Cancún International Airport , covering 1,531 hectares (3,780 acres). The airport served 2,630,437 passengers in 2023, almost tripling the 2022 figures and becoming

3007-531: The Suburban train network to serve the airport. The extension will branch off from the existing line at Lechería station, heading northeast to the airport grounds. Originally anticipated for completion by December 2023, delays related to construction challenges, particularly the relocation of tracks for cargo-carrying trains, have pushed the expected opening to June 2024. Air Force Base Nr. 1 ( Spanish : Base Aérea Militar N.º 1, Santa Lucía ) (B.A.M. No. 1)

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3104-553: The Toltec and Mixtec . At the Toltec capital of Tula the first indications in Central Mexico of a real fascination with skulls and skeletons. Tula flourished from the ninth until the thirteenth century. The site includes the decimated remains of a tzompantli . The tzompantli at Tula displayed multiple rows of stone carved skulls adorning the sides of a broad platform upon which

3201-631: The charrería , when the Spanish first settled in this town, they were under orders to raise horses, but not to allow indigenous to ride. In Zumpango makes state competitions in charreadas . The bullfighting are other entertainment, in this municipality has got bullring or plaza is named El Andaluz and its Spanish heritage of the Zumpango people. Felipe %C3%81ngeles International Airport Felipe Ángeles International Airport ( IATA : NLU , ICAO : MMSM ), also known as Mexico City Felipe Ángeles International Airport or simply Mexico City-AIFA ,

3298-604: The conquistadores , and several other inscriptions. However, a tzompantli -like structure, thought to be the first instance of such structures, has been excavated from the Proto-Classic Zapotec civilization at the La Coyotera , Oaxaca site, dating from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE . The Zapotecs called this structure a yàgabetoo , and it displayed 61 skulls. Tzompantli are also noted in other Mesoamerican pre-Columbian cultures, such as

3395-436: The "East apron," is constructed of hydraulic concrete and offers parking positions for 29 narrow-body aircraft or a combination of 12 wide-body and 5 narrow-body aircraft. Additionally, the "central apron" provides parking for 5 wide-body or 10 narrow-body aircraft adjacent to the terminal, along with 6 remote positions. In total, there are 45 parking positions available, accommodating either narrow-body aircraft exclusively or

3492-724: The 17th century, efforts to control flooding in Mexico City have worked to drain the lake system. The first effort was in 1607–1608, when a canal was dug to drain Lake Zumpango into the Tula River. It lowered lake levels but did not eliminate flooding. At the end of the 19th century a canal and tunnel brought water from the other lakes in the Valley, now disconnected, into Lake Zumpango. Further drainage efforts and over pumping of groundwater continued to dry Lake Zumpango until it disappeared in 1975. It

3589-580: The 20th century along with a rail line, which worked to develop the area’s economy through construction and maintenance. This rail line would expand in the 1920s and operate until mid century. During the Mexican Revolution , Pedro Campa was Zumpango’s local revolutionary with a band of about three hundred men allied with the Liberation Army of the South . After the war, local leader Wenceslao Labra García worked to establish commonly owned lands called ejidos in

3686-620: The Hacienda de Xalpan. Zumpango became a municipality in 1820 as part of the acceptance of the Cadiz Constitution , before the end of the Mexican War of Independence . In 1861, the villages of Cuautlalpan, Xoloc, Reyes Acosac, and the Haciendas of San Juan de la Labor and of Santa Lucia were added to the municipality. In the same year, the community of Zumpango was officially declared a town with

3783-569: The Lake Zumpango has got migratory birds as pelicans. This is derived from the practice of displaying the skulls of defeated warriors on a shrine called a tzompantli . The municipality uses the Aztec glyph for a tzompantli for its seal. The area has small settlements as early as 200 BCE along the old shoreline of Lake Zumpango . The quantity and size of settlements grew significantly between 100 and 700 CE, with evidence of ceramic production. The population decreased between 700 and 900 CE, with some recovery between 900 and 1100 CE. Between 1150 and 1520

3880-423: The Mexico City airspace is the first in the country to utilize the performance-based navigation system (PBN) . This allows simultaneous operations at Felipe Ángeles International Airport, Mexico City International Airport , and Toluca International Airport without one airport's operations impeding those of the others. Recognized as a " hot and high " airport, Felipe Ángeles Airport boasts the longest runways in

3977-525: The Plaza de las Tres Culturas at Tlatelolco , Mexico City, between 1960 and 1965. The Hueyi Tzompantli was the central tzompantli found in Tenochtitlan. The skull rack here served as a reminder of the Aztec's ongoing Flowery Wars . An important aspect of Aztec warfare was the capture of enemy warriors to serve as sacrificial victims, which is evident from the number of warriors found sacrificed around Aztec structures. One conquistador, Andrés de Tapia ,

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4074-527: The Santa Lucía airport. Subsequently, López Obrador's administration moved forward with the expansion of the Santa Lucía air base into an airport, officially named Felipe Ángeles International Airport. Construction started on 17 October 2019, following the lifting of multiple judicial suspensions against the project, primarily due to environmental and cultural study concerns and lack of transparency. The relocation and resizing of military facilities, including

4171-506: The Santo Tomas Canal. Non-native water lilies were a major problem, but they were eradicated by the state in 2003. State authorities have said that it would take at least 20 million pesos to clean the lake sufficiently for ecotourism as well as build facilities for visitors and reforestation efforts. There are currently boating excursions available; however, most of the boats are old and lacking safety equipment. This has led to accidents on

4268-658: The Texcoco airport. He initiated a referendum in the first half of October 2018, organized by the Arturo Rosenblueth Foundation and a group of citizens. This referendum aimed to measure public opinion on whether to complete the Texcoco Airport or proceed with the Santa Lucía expansion. However, the process faced criticism for lacking official validity and adhering to established legal procedures. Controversy also arose over potential challenges in accurately interpreting

4365-717: The VIPort Lounge, The Grand Lounge Elite, and Salón Hacienda Santa Lucía. Adjacent to the terminal, the Ground Transportation Terminal ( Spanish : Terminal Intermodal de Transporte Terrestre, TITT ), centrally located, hosts essential transportation services, such as a Suburban train and a bus station, organized within a six-level structure: The cargo complex features a hydraulic concrete apron with six positions for wide-body aircraft, five of which can adapt to accommodate two narrow-body aircraft simultaneously. It encompasses three clusters of facilities: The first one

4462-616: The Valley of Mexico. Other important structures include the municipal palace, the Bonfil-Rivera House and the Guadalupe Meléndez House. The most traditional dish in the municipality is called “taco placero” most often sold on Fridays at the tianguis market. These consist of various ingredients such as barbacoa , nopal cactus, tomatoes, cheese, cilantro , pork rinds, beans and more. Zumpango had its first Festival Aerostático or Balloon Festival in 2011, which took place over

4559-543: The actual skulls of sacrificial victims were exhibited. The tzompantli appeared during the final phases of civilization at Tula, which was destroyed around 1200. Other examples are indicated from Maya civilization sites such as Uxmal and other Puuc region sites of the Yucatán , dating from around the late 9th-century decline of the Maya Classical Era . A particularly fine and intact inscription example survives at

4656-403: The aforementioned platform was erected an equally formidable wooden palisade and scaffolding consisting of between 60 and 70 massive uprights or timbers woven together with an impressive constellation of horizontal cross beams upon which were suspended the tens of thousands of decapitated human heads once impaled thereon. Regarding this, Bernal Díaz de Castillo states: I remember that they had in

4753-508: The airport encapsulates broader sociopolitical tensions, symbolizing opposing visions and ideologies in Mexico . The airport covers 1,531 hectares (3,780 acres) and is situated at an elevation of 2,246 metres (7,369 ft) above mean sea level . With a capacity to handle 20 million passengers annually, it is equipped to accommodate wide-body aircraft, including the Boeing 787 and 747 . Notably,

4850-500: The airport to Terminal de Autobuses del Sur , Terminal de Autobuses del Norte , and Terminal de Autobuses de Querétaro . These services are current as of November 2023: The airport provides designated boarding areas for taxis that have received approval from the Department of Infrastructure, Communications, and Transportation (SICT) . These services are closely regulated by the airport authorities to ensure safety and reliability. The Mexibús bus rapid transit system Line I , offers

4947-474: The airport's inauguration persist. As of November 2023, accessibility to the airport remains insufficient. The primary vehicular entrance to the airport is connected to a highway from the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense , spanning approximately 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi). Within the airport grounds, a road with three entry lanes, three exit lanes, and mammoth sculptures reflecting discoveries in

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5044-454: The area becomes dominated by Nahuatl speaking peoples, eventually dominated by Tenochtitlan and the Aztecs as they took over the Valley of Mexico. The first known noble to rule the area was Tochpanehecatl in 1216. After their conquest of the Aztec Empire , the Spanish arrived to settle the area in 1525. Most of Zumpango came under the administration of Cuautitlán with about a fourth under

5141-523: The area. The Spanish Republican community arrived at Zumpango in the 20th century. They were farmers and peasants, Spaniards founded 1 de Mayo colony in San Sebastian, worked in ranches and haciendas and others in Zumpango municipality commerce, they opened furnitures, bakeries, restaurants, stationeries and shoe shops. In 1948, former railroad workshops were converted in a textile factory called La Hortensia, which prompted highway construction to replace

5238-473: The central area facilitates access to the terminal. Future plans include extending the Mexico- Pachuca highway towards the airport, with a deviation near Santa Lucía to connect to the terminal. On the ground floor of the Ground Transportation Terminal (TITT), a bus station accommodates long-distance passengers with space for 16 buses. The terminal comprises ticket counters, automated machines, waiting areas,

5335-624: The construction of the civilian airport, B.A.M. No. 1 underwent a complete reconstruction, adopting a new configuration that includes a military town with housing units, the 37th Military Zone General Command, a Pavilion for Dignitaries, a housing complex, a military hospital, the Military Police Training Center, a Shopping Center, and The Military School of Specialist Troops (EMTEFAM). Operational Squadrons at BAM No. 1 include: Tzompantli A tzompantli ( Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡somˈpant͡ɬi] ) or skull rack

5432-577: The country and the second-longest commercial runway in North America, following a 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) runway at Denver International Airport . Setting it apart, it is one of the few airports in Mexico equipped with three runways, alongside those in Chihuahua and Tampico . Although the Department of National Defense (SEDENA) declared that the civilian runways at Felipe Ángeles Airport would feature

5529-641: The discovery of the Huey Tzompantli, with more than 650 skulls, in the archeological zone of the Templo Mayor in Mexico City . The name comes from the Classical Nahuatl language of the Aztecs but is also commonly applied to similar structures depicted in other civilizations. Its precise etymology is uncertain although its general interpretation is 'skull rack', 'wall of skulls', or 'skull banner'. It

5626-552: The extensive Chichen Itza site. Human sacrifice on a large scale was introduced to the Maya by the Toltecs from the appearances of the tzompantli in the Chichen Itza ball courts . Six ball court reliefs at Chichen Itza depict the decapitation of a ball player; it seems that the losers would be beheaded and would have their skulls placed on the tzompantli . The word tzompantli

5723-400: The fastest growing municipalities in the metropolitan area. The municipality is expected to have 500,000 residents by 2015 as there is demand for about 113,000 new housing units per year in the area north of Mexico City. The main developers in the area are Geo, Homex, Sadasi-Sare and Urbi, with most of the developments located along the major highways and roads of the municipality. While the area

5820-416: The former Lake Xaltocan . Authorities confirmed that the findings did not warrant a halt in the airport project. Mexican architect Francisco González Pulido and military general Gustavo Vallejo oversaw the airport's design. Groupe ADP managed the master plan , and airspace navigability studies were conducted by Airbus subsidiary NAVBLUE . The first phase, completed as scheduled, included two runways and

5917-574: The growing demands of air travel. However, the Atenco project faced significant opposition and controversy, particularly from the Community Front in Defense of Land ( Spanish : Frente del Pueblo en Defensa de La Tierra, FPDT ), an organization representing locals who would be displaced by the airport's construction. The protests against the project culminated in violent clashes, leading to the cancellation of

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6014-418: The growth. The homes are popular because of the addition of community gardens, security and private streets. Most of the homes are very small, between 32 and fifty meters2. Although Zumpango is close to a number of employment centers, most transportation, public and private, is on crowded roads which lead to long and expensive commutes. The commute between Zumpago from Indios Verdes , the main commuter station in

6111-434: The jurisdiction of Zitlaltepec. In 1596, Zumpango became independent as an Alcaldía Mayor, which gave it jurisdiction over Zitlaltepec. In the early colonial era, Zumpango was part of an encomienda under Alonso de Avila. In 1604, many of the indigenous were moved to the main town of Zumpango, depopulating villages. The Spanish took over the lands, creating haciendas such as the Hacienda de Santa Lucía, Hacienda Santa Inés and

6208-562: The lake including some deaths. The climate is temperate with an average annual temperature of 14C. The coldest months are from November to March when temperatures can reach -2.3C. The warmest months are from April to June when temperatures can reach 31C. The average annual rainfall is between 600 and 800 mm with most rain falling in June. Freezes are not uncommon in the winter and hail can fall in May and June during thunderstorms. Prevailing winds are from

6305-765: The lake with eight hot air balloons participating. The municipality has a total of 107 schools from preschool to vocational technical high schools, adult schools, a teachers’ college and a satellite of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México called the Centro Universitario UAEM Zumpango. The illiteracy rate is just under eight percent. Other important communities include San Juan Zitlaltepec and San Bartolo Cuautlalpan, which are mostly farming traditional communities and San Pedro de la Laguna, known for its production of fireworks. There are over thirty traditional festivals each year in various parts of

6402-414: The land in the municipality is used for agriculture with the rest divided among residential areas, industrial zones and other uses. About 25% is irrigated and the rest is farmed only during the rainy season. These fields primarily produce alfalfa , corn and barley . Most livestock is domestic fowl. The raising of pigs and cattle has diminished in the area. Agriculture and livestock production employs 13% of

6499-529: The land well: in all the villages they were that way, and also in Tascala. Various scholarly interpretations of the cosmological importance of Hueyi Tzompantli 's placement have emerged. Eduardo Matos Moctezuma claims that a central tzompantli was placed north of the Templo Mayor. Moctezuma notes that no corresponding shrine was found south. Moctezuma also notes that Mexica views of the universe, which divide

6596-432: The losing team's captain to be displayed on a tzompantli . In these contexts it appears that the tzompantli was used to display the losers' heads of this often highly ritualised game. Not all games resulted in this outcome, however, and for those that did it is surmised that these participants were often notable captives. An alternative theory is that it was the captain of the winning team who lost his head, but there

6693-513: The main municipal market. The municipaltiy is host to the Felipe Ángeles International Airport . The population has grown from 71,413 in 1990 to 114, 257 in 2000 to 127,988 in 2005 with growth rates varying between under three percent to just under six percent per year. About 97% of the population is Catholic. There are no cohesive indigenous communities and fewer than 700 speak an indigenous languages such as Nahuatl or Otomi . The city of Zumpango

6790-560: The most commonly found being pelicans , ducks, storks and sea gulls, with an estimated 5,000 birds per year. The lake contains various species of carp , frogs, turtles, snails and freshwater shrimp. Over 600 families, mostly dedicated to farming, fishing and other related activities, depend on the lake. The lake attracts weekend visitors despite the poor water quality because of the good climate and abundant local vegetation. The lake receives wastewater from various municipalities, much of it untreated, as well as tons of trash from Mexico City via

6887-418: The movement of aircraft around the airfield. These taxiways have a standard width of 23 metres (75 ft), featuring 7 metres (23 ft) of heavy-duty shoulders and 7 metres (23 ft) of erosion control pavement on each side. The airport stands out as the only one in Mexico, as of 2023, to utilize painted markings, lighted signage, and embedded pavement lighting as visual aids. The primary apron , named

6984-466: The municipality during the week. The largest tianguis market occurs on Fridays in the town of Zumpango. There is one hotel, four family owned inns, a motel, various restaurants and a few bars. Developed by GIM, Town Center Zumpango opened in 2010 and includes a Walmart , Sam’s Club and Cinépolis movie theater. Other businesses include Vips, Coppel, Banamex , Steren, USA shoes, Nutrisa, Telcel , Flexi and various eateries. Various highways cross through

7081-454: The municipality, linking it with Mexico City, Pachuca , Cuautitlán and smaller communities such as Ojo de Agua, Apaxco, San Miguel Xaltocán, Nextlalpan, San Lucas Xoloc and Tecámac. Three rail lines pass through: one linking Mexico City, Pachuca and Veracruz , another linking Mexico City and Guadalajara and the third linking Mexico City to points north such as Nuevo Laredo . There is no main bus station. Most public transportation terminates at

7178-610: The municipality, most with a religious basis. The most important is 8 December in honor of the patron saint of Zumpango, the Virgin of the Most Pure Conception. Other important festivals include the feast day of the patron of San Bartolo Cuautlalpan which is noted for their version of the Moors and Christians dance, Corpus Christi and Day of the Dead. The first sport practiced in Zumpango has been

7275-522: The name of Villa de Zumpango de Victoria. In 1877, it was declared a city and the name changed to the current one, Zumpango de Ocampo, with the appendage honoring Melchor Ocampo . In the 19th century, a drainage tunnel for the Mexico City area was dug, reaching the municipality. This tunnel emptied water into the Colorado River, a tributary of the Tula River . Further drainage projects were undertaken in

7372-480: The new airport. In 2014, President Peña Nieto reignited plans for a major airport infrastructure project with the announcement of the Texcoco Airport . Positioned as Mexico's most significant public infrastructure undertaking in a century, the Texcoco Airport was designed to replace the aging Mexico City International Airport by 2023. Faced with mounting opposition and controversy, President López Obrador , then

7469-471: The north and are strongest in February. Typical plants for the area include nopal cactus, maguey, other types of cactus, palms, cypress, willows and eucalyptus . Wildlife includes rodents, opossums , coyotes , lizards, around the community of Zitlaltepec, there are wooded hills. Various birds inside this place, including herons, hummingbirds and falcons as well as water fowl such as storks and ducks; in winter,

7566-472: The north of Mexico City, takes about two hours. The municipal government consists of a municipal government, one official called a síndico and ten official called regidores. As of 2005, the municipality had 23,427 residences, almost all of which were privately owned, up from 17,437 in 1995. Almost all have running water and electricity, and just under 90% have sewerage but only 35% have street lighting and 55% have garbage service. Just over seventy percent of

7663-515: The north. The highest elevation is the Cerro del Zitlaltepec at 1650 meters above sea level. The main surface water is Lake Zumpango , which extends over 2,000 hectares. There are also some seasonal streams, the Gran Canal and other tunnels dug to drain the Valley of Mexico. Lake Zumpango is the last of the five interconnected lakes that covered much of the Valley of Mexico in the pre Hispanic period. Since

7760-521: The other half for Huītzilōpōchtli . Mendoza argues that as the sun traveled through the sky, it would have ascended into the "vault of the heavens", represented by the Hueyi Tzompantli . Modern archeological evidence has found that this large palisade was flanked by two circular towers made out of skulls and mortar. There are numerous depictions of tzompantli in Aztec codices , dating from around

7857-419: The palisade become old, however, it was renovated, and on its removal many [skulls] broke. Others were removed to make room for more, so that there would be a place for those were to be killed later." Archeologist Eduardo Contreras believes that the tissue attached to skulls was removed prior to a tzompantli pole being inserted through the side of the skulls. He bases these assumptions off of excavations of

7954-557: The population. Finca Santo Domingo is an exotic and miniature animal farm which extends over 20,000 m2. Species include llamas, kangaroos, camels, deer, parrots, peacocks and other animals native to China, Arabia , Belgium , Argentina and South Africa with most miniature species such as horses and cattle imported from the United States. It is a breeding facility for many of these animals, with buyers being mostly circuses and collectors. Mining, manufacturing and construction employ 45% of

8051-476: The population. There are deposits of sand, black and red tezontle and another building stone called tepetate. Industry is limited to small workshops and other concerns producing textiles and food products such as tortillas . Commerce and services employs 42% of the population. There are about 2,800 stationary businesses with 1700 located in the municipal seat. The municipal market contains 350 locales, supplemented by about ten tianguis markets in various parts of

8148-494: The rail line and another drainage canal was built. A new international airport was proposed for the municipality in the 1970s. Land was expropriated in 1974 by the federal government in this and neighboring municipalities. However, the project was opposed by locals which set off a decades-long political struggled. This struggled ended in favor of the opponents and the expropriated was revoked in 2001. Zumpango’s proximity and lake has spurred residential development, to make it one of

8245-413: The results. Despite the controversy, the referendum took place, and the results favored the construction of the Santa Lucía project. A significant majority of participants (69.95%) voted in favor of Santa Lucía, while a smaller percentage (29.08%) supported the continuation of the Texcoco project. Although the informal nature of the survey raised some controversy, it influenced the decision to proceed with

8342-700: The runway, apron , and hangars , were undertaken to align with the specifications of the new civilian airport. During construction, an accident occurred involving 22 workers, resulting in minor injuries. This incident took place when workers opted for a crane-type vehicle as their mode of transportation. The construction period coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic , leading to infection among at least four employees, along with 37 suspected cases and three deaths as of 9 June 2020, despite efforts to enforce social distancing and other preventive measures. The terminal area's construction unearthed remains of at least 200 mammoths in

8439-403: The sacrificial victims. Apart from their use to display the skulls of ritualistically-executed war captives, tzompantli often occur in the contexts of Mesoamerican ball courts , which were widespread throughout the region's civilizations and sites. The game was 'played for keeps' ending with the losing team being sacrificed. The captain of the winning team was tasked with taking the head of

8536-456: The skulls from recent sacrifices. Within the complex of the Templo Mayor itself, a relief in stucco depicted these sacrifices; the remains of this relief have survived and may now be seen in the ruins in the Zócalo of present-day Mexico City . Excavations at Templo Mayor in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan have revealed many skulls belonging to women and children, in addition to those of men,

8633-479: The state of Hidalgo. Zumpango is considered to be part of the metropolitan area of Mexico City as part of the Cuautitlán-Texcoco zone north of the city proper. Zumpango is the location of the Felipe Ángeles International Airport , which was opened in 2022 to be the second commercial airport serving Greater Mexico City . About half of the territory is flat, mostly in the south with hills and small mountains in

8730-459: The subject of multiple artworks created during the twentieth century. Jose Chavez Morado depicted tzompantli in a 1961 painting. George O. Jackson, as part of his Essence of Mexico project, photographed various representations of skulls, which he refers to as calaveras (the Spanish word for 'skulls'); Jackson refers to groups of these photos as tzompantli . Tzompantli were also

8827-474: The time or shortly after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , such as the Durán Codex , Ramírez Codex , and Codex Borgia . The Codex Mendoza contains multiple depictions of tzompantli . The Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza depicts a tzompantli holding single skull next to an eagle perched on a cactus. A similar depiction of a tzompantli is used to represent the town of Tzompanco in

8924-435: The universe into a horizontal and vertical plane, claim that the northern sector of the horizontal plane corresponds to Mictlampa, or the land of the dead. On the other hand, Rubén G. Mendoza contends that the Hueyi Tzompantli was placed on an east–west axis between the Templo Mayor and a principal ball court. The Hueyi Tzompantli would have been aligned with the marker within the Templo Mayor dividing one half for Tlāloc and

9021-734: The widest paved runway in Mexico at the time. It was named "General Alfredo Lezama Álvarez" in honor of its commander from 1961 to 1964. Felipe Ángeles Airport's conversion as a civilian airport has been in response to congestion challenges at Mexico City International Airport , a longstanding topic in Mexican politics since the early 2000s. The airport, constrained by its location in a densely populated area, faced limitations in infrastructure expansion due to urban constraints, limited runway space, and congestion during peak hours. Large infrastructure projects in Mexico, notably in transportation, have historically been key elements of presidential legacies. This

9118-581: Was a type of wooden rack or palisade documented in several Mesoamerican civilizations, which was used for the public display of human skulls , typically those of war captives or other sacrificial victims . It is a scaffold-like construction of poles on which heads and skulls were placed after holes had been made in them. Many have been documented throughout Mesoamerica, and range from the Epiclassic ( c.  600–900 CE ) through early Post-Classic ( c.  900–1250 CE ). In 2015 archeologists announced

9215-501: Was given the task of counting the skulls on the tzompantli at Tenochtitlan and estimated that there were 136,000 skulls on it. However, based on numbers given by Taipa and Fray Diego Durán , Bernard Ortiz de Montellano has calculated that there were at most 60,000 skulls on the Hueyi Tzompantli of Tenochtitlan. The Hueyi Tzompantli consisted of a massive masonry platform composed of “thirty long steps” measuring fully 60 meters in length by 30 meters wide at its summit. Atop of

9312-581: Was most commonly erected as a linearly-arranged series of vertical posts connected by a series of horizontal crossbeams. The skulls were pierced or threaded laterally along these horizontal stakes. An alternate arrangement, more common in the Maya regions, was for the skulls to be impaled on top of one another along the vertical posts. Tzompantli is known chiefly for their depiction in Late Postclassic (13th to 16th centuries) and post-Conquest (mid-16th to 17th centuries) codices , contemporary accounts of

9409-490: Was then decided to bring the lake back as a regulator, filling it with water from a new drainage canal called the Canal del Desague. This use of the lake was opposed by local people in 1983 and 1986 because of the dumping of wastewater, which led to compromises and infrastructure for irrigation. Today, the lake extends into neighboring Teoloyucan , Huehuetoca , Melchor Ocampo , Hueypoxtla and Tequixquiac municipalities, but there

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