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53-409: Zhengxiong County is located in the northeastern part of Yunnan province. It has an area of 3,785 square kilometres (1,461 sq mi), a latitude ranging from 27° 17' to 27° 50' N and a longitude ranging from 104° 18' to 105° 19' E. The county has a maximum north-south extent of 54 km (34 mi) and a maximum east-west width of 99 km (62 mi). It borders Xuyong County ( Sichuan ) to

106-617: A city, the first of its kind in Fujian province. 思明 continues to be used as the name of one of its districts. Xiamen is the atonal pinyin romanization of the characters' pronunciation in Mandarin . It has also been romanized as Hiamen . The older English name "Amoy" was based on the same name's pronunciation in the Zhangzhou dialect of Hokkien , Ē͘-mûi . Xiamen is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian whose urban core grew up from

159-594: A fight. The city was abandoned during the night and fell the next day on 27 August. The Chinese had spirited out the entire treasury of sycee bullion under the nose of the British by disguising it inside hollow logs. Xiamen being too large to garrison, a small force was left to hold Gulangyu. The next year, the Treaty of Nanjing made Xiamen one of the first five ports opened to British trade , which had previously been legally restricted to Guangzhou . Subsequent treaties opened

212-441: A horizontal line. Inside, it has Xiamen Island, Gulangyu Island and other island barriers, making it a good natural port protected from storms. Xiamen has a monsoonal humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), characterised by long, hot and humid summers (but moderate compared to much of the rest of the province) and short, mild and dry winters. The warmest month is July, with a 24-hour average of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), and

265-546: A major international seaport. The port of Xiamen is a well-developed first-class trunk line port in the Asia-Pacific region. It is ranked the 7th-largest container port in China and ranks 14th in the world . It is the 4th port in China with the capacity to handle 6th-generation large container ships . On 31 August 2010, Xiamen Port incorporated the neighboring port of Zhangzhou to form the largest port of China's Southeast. Ever since

318-572: A member of the Double First Class Universities , Huaqiao , Jimei , Xiamen University of Technology and Xiamen Medical College. Xiamen had always been known as Tong'an County since antiquity until Republic of China Era of the 20th century, followed by administrative zoning restructures and naming changes. Tong'an County first appeared in Han dynasty records. Xiamen Island was described as Jiahe Islet of Tong'an County during

371-400: A population of 5,163,970 as of 2020 and estimated at 5.308 million as of 31 December 2022. The urbanized area of the city has spread from its original island to include most parts of all six of its districts , as well as 4 Zhangzhou districts ( Xiangcheng , Longwen , Longhai and Changtai ), which form a built-up area of 7,284,148 inhabitants. This area also connects with Quanzhou in

424-454: A provincially administered city ( 省辖市 ). In 1955 and 1958, mainland China escalated Cold War political tensions by shelling nearby islands from Xiamen in what became known as the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis . The Nationalists responded by reinforcing Kinmen and shelling Xiamen. The Gaoji Causeway built from 1955 to 1957 notionally transformed Xiamen Island into a peninsula, and so it

477-565: A well-built fort. The inner harbor on Yundang Bay was also well fortified and these defenses were further strengthened upon the outbreak of the First Opium War . Nonetheless, Xiamen was captured in 1841 between Guangzhou and Zhoushan . Rear Adm. Parker bombarded the Qing position to little effect, but the assault by the men under Lt. Gen. Gough caused the Chinese to flee their positions without

530-480: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Xiamen Xiamen , historically romanized as Amoy , is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian , People's Republic of China , beside the Taiwan Strait . It is divided into six districts : Huli , Siming , Jimei , Tong'an , Haicang , and Xiang'an . All together, these cover an area of 1,700.61 square kilometers (656.61 sq mi) with

583-407: Is a county in the southeast of Sichuan Province , China, bordering the provinces of Guizhou to the south and Yunnan to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Luzhou . The county covers 2,977 km (1,149 sq mi) with a population of 688,200 in 2007. Xuyong County comprises 18 towns and 5 ethnic townships: This Sichuan location article

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636-586: Is also the host of the China International Fair for Investment and Trade held annually in early September to attract foreign direct investment into the Chinese mainland. Xiamen also hold Straits Forum annually. The 2019 edition kicked off in the coastal city from 15 to 21 June. More than 10,000 people attended the annual forum this year. In 2023 forecast by the city government , Xiamen is aiming for 25,000 of GDP per capita measured by USD. Xiamen has highly developed banking services. The biggest bank

689-659: Is known within China for its relatively low pollution. The area of Xiamen was largely bypassed by the Qin and Han conquests and colonization of Guangdong , which passed west of Fujian down the Lingqu Canal between the Xiang and Li rivers . It was first organized as Tong'an County in AD   282 under the Jin , but it lost this status soon afterwards. Tong'an County was again established in 933 under

742-449: Is roughly 320 km to Guiyang , 500 km to Chongqing , 535 km to Chengdu , 570 km to Kunming , 900 km to Nanning , 1200 km to Xi'an , 1220 km to Guangzhou , 1330 km to Shenzhen , 1570 km to Lanzhou , 1790 km to Xiamen , and 2250 km to Beijing . Xuyong County Xuyong County ( simplified Chinese : 叙永县 ; traditional Chinese : 敘永縣 ; pinyin : Xùyǒng Xiàn )

795-710: Is the Yi people , who commonly speak the Yi language . The other significant minority group living in Zhenxiong County is the Miao people , who live at higher elevations in the county. Zhenxiong possesses rich mineral resources (in total 30 types), including coal , pyrite , marble , and cryolite . Among them, coal and pyrite have a very wide distribution with richer reserves. The prospective reserves and industrial reserves of coal are 7.4 million tons and 4.517 million tons, respectively. The former accounts for 28.01% of provincial output, and

848-561: Is warm and dry. The annual rainfall is 1,301 millimeters (51 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 29% in March to 58% in July, the city receives 1,893 hours of bright sunshine annually. Frost occurs very rarely, and the last snowfall in the city took place in January 1893, when snow also fell at Guangzhou , Macau, in the inland parts of Hong Kong and in the hills of Taipei . The area

901-588: The Kinmen Islands, Republic of China (Taiwan), lies only 6 kilometers (4 mi) off Xiamen Island. Xiamen Island is the fourth largest island in Fujian province. It became a peninsula after the completion of the seawall in 1955. Xiamen waters include Xiamen Port, Outer Harbor Area, Maluan Bay, Tongan Bay, Jiulong River's estuary area and the waterway on the east side. Outside the Xiamen Port, Big Kinmen, Little Kinmen, Dadan, Erdan and other island are arranged in

954-628: The Later Tang . The settlement on the southeastern shore of Xiamen Island (now part of Siming District ) developed as a seaport under the Song , although legal foreign trade was restricted to nearby Quanzhou , which administered the area. In 1387, attacks by the "Japanese" or "dwarf" pirates —many of them actually disaffected Chinese—prompted the Ming to protect the harbor with the fortress that gave Xiamen its name. The Portuguese first reached Xiamen in 1541. After

1007-557: The Ming ". When its port prospered under the Qing , especially during the reign of Emperor Kangxi , the island's name was changed to Chinese : 廈門 ; pinyin : Xiàmén ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Ē-mn̂g / Ē͘-mûi again. The island's name of 思明 was in return restored after the Xinhai Revolution that inaugurated the republic in 1912. The island's name of 廈門 was restored in 1933, along with Xiamen being administratively planned as

1060-648: The Qing and the early 20th century, many southern Fujianese emigrated to Taiwan and Southeast Asia , such as in the Philippines , Indonesia , Brunei , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand , Myanmar , etc., spreading Hokkien language and culture overseas . Some 350,000 overseas Chinese currently trace their ancestry to Xiamen. Some of this diaspora later returned: an estimated 220,000 Xiamen residents are returning overseas Chinese and their kin. Others continue to help fund universities and cultural institutions in Xiamen. At

1113-457: The Spanish were still allowed to trade in Xiamen. However, the Spanish rarely used this privilege as Chinese traders would ship their goods from Xiamen to Manila and vice versa, which was more profitable for both sides. By the 19th century, the city walls had a circumference of around 9 miles (14 km), with an inner and outer city divided by an inner wall and a ridge of hills surmounted by

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1166-510: The fall of the Ming to the Qing in 1644, Southern Ming loyalists including Koxinga used Xiamen as a base from which to launch attacks against the invading Qing-aligned Han Bannermen from 1650 to 1660. In 1661, Koxinga drove the Dutch from Taiwan and moved his operations there . His base on Xiamen fell to a combined Qing and Dutch invasion in 1663. The East India Company traded extensively with

1219-470: The " Three Mini-Links " and restored ferry, commercial, and mail links between the mainland and offshore islands. Trade and travel between Xiamen and Kinmen was restored and later expanded to include direct air travel to Taiwan Island . In 2010, travelers between Xiamen and Kinmen made 1.31 million trips. In 2006, Xiamen was ranked as China's 2nd-"most suitable city for living", as well as China's "most romantic leisure city" in 2011. A large number of

1272-565: The 12th century, Xiamen was also an important origin for many migrants to Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia and the Philippines . The overseas Chinese used to support Xiamen's educational and cultural institutions. Xiamen is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis. Xiamen is one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several major universities , including Xiamen University , one of China's most prestigious universities as

1325-428: The Ming dynasty, Zheng Chenggong , or Koxinga, a Ming loyalist and general, occupied Xiamen island as an anti- Qing base. In 1650, the seventh year of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing dynasty, Zheng set a military base in Xiamen island and changed its name into Chinese : 思明州 ; pinyin : Sīmíng zhōu ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Su-bêng chiu ; lit. 'Think Ming (dynasty) Prefecture', meaning "Remembering

1378-497: The National Development and Reform Commission. Its measures in areas such as dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, and trading across borders take the lead in the country. Its social credit system has been improved. In 2018, its overall credit index ranked 2nd among 36 provincial capitals and sub-provincial cities and above. The Siming and Huli districts form its Special Economic Zone . Xiamen focuses on

1431-519: The Song dynasty (960–1279). It received its present name from the Xiamen Defense Castle erected on the island by Zhou Dexing in 1387 during the Ming dynasty to meet the needs of coastal defense. The name was formerly written using, Chinese : 下門 ; lit. 'Lower Gate', and then changed into Chinese : 廈門 ; lit. 'Mansion Gate' or "Gate of China". After the fall of

1484-580: The area was dated to Sui dynasty when Buddhism was first spread to Tong'an region and spread to Xiamen Island during Tang dynasty. In the 19th century, Xiamen proper had two Dutch Reformed and two LMS churches. Xiamen Island was home to three Dutch Reformed missions at "Kang-thau", "Kio-than", and "Chhan-chhu-oa". Xiamen is a sub-provincial city of Fujian with direct jurisdiction over 6 districts . In May 2003, Gulangyu and Kaiyuan districts were merged into Siming District; Xinglin District ( 杏林区 )

1537-424: The central and southern areas are more level. Elevations range from 2,416 m (7,927 ft) at Mount Jiayao ( 戛么山 ), in the village of Maiche ( 麦车村 ), An'er Township ( 安尔乡 ), down to 630 m (2,070 ft) in the village of Tongping ( 桐坪村 ), Luokan Town ( 罗坎镇 ). Most of the county has a subtropical highland climate ; the annual mean is 11.3 °C (52.3 °F), sunshine totals 1,341 hours annually,

1590-687: The colonial squabbling over China. Japan occupied Xiamen Island from May 1938 to September 1945 during World War II . During the Japanese occupation, the city provided some shipments of rice to the Portuguese Colony of Macau . In the late phases of the Chinese Civil War that followed, the Communists captured Xiamen and Gulangyu in October 1949 but failed to capture Kinmen . The same year, Xiamen became

1643-489: The coolest month is January, averaging 13.1 °C (55.6 °F); the annual mean is 21.1 °C (70.0 °F). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 0.1 °C (32 °F) on 24 January 2016 to 39.6 °C (103 °F) on 9 August 2019. Spring, both by humidity and percentage of sunshine, is the dampest season but typhoons in late summer and early autumn can make the latter period wetter overall. Summer and autumn are marked by comparatively sunny conditions, while autumn

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1696-476: The development of five major industries – electronic information, equipment manufacturing, tourism and culture, modern logistics, and financial services. Xiamen's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of 15.4 percent since China's reform and opening-up four decades ago. In 2018, per capita GDP: 118,015 yuan ($ 17,105); per capita disposable income: 50,948 yuan; public financial budget revenue: 128.3 billion yuan; 1,626 hi-tech enterprises, accounting for 44 percent of

1749-578: The east across the Chishui River , Hezhang County ( Guizhou ) to the south, Yiliang County to the west, and Weixin County to the north. The village of Delong ( 德隆村 ) in Potou Township ( 坡头乡 ) is located near the triple intersection point of the three provinces, and is so nicknamed the "fowl cry of the three provinces" ( 鸡鸣三省 ). By road, the prefectural seat of Zhaotong is 265 km (165 mi) to

1802-399: The frost-free period is 218.6 days, and annual precipitation averages 914.6 millimetres (36.01 in). Zhenxiong County consists of 3 districts, 20 towns, 5 townships , 2 ethnic townships: Most people in Zhenxiong County speak Standard Chinese (commonly called "Mandarin"), which is used in the media, by the government, and as the language of instruction in education. A notable exception

1855-499: The latter is about 17.1%. The main road passing through Zhenxiong County is China Provincial Road [REDACTED] (302 Shengdao), which is a shengdao or shoudou , or provincial road. Other important provincial roads include [REDACTED] (212 Shengdao) and [REDACTED] (324 Shengdao). China County Road [REDACTED] (252 Xiandao) and [REDACTED] (253 Xiandao) are important xiandao , or county-level roads that also pass through Zhenxiong County. From Zhenxiong County, it

1908-463: The majority being Han people. There are also some ethnic minorities such as She and Hui. As with all of China, the official language is Mandarin. Migrants of non-Hokkien ancestry usually speak Mandarin and/or their inherent tongues. The indigenous language is Hokkien , a subgroup of Southern Min , with the Tong'an dialect being the most populous and prevalent. The Xiamen dialect is mostly defined to

1961-536: The north, making up a metropolis of nearly ten million people. The Kinmen Islands (Quemoy) administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan) lie less than 6 kilometers (4 mi) away separated by Xiamen Bay . As part of the Opening Up Policy under Deng Xiaoping , Xiamen became one of China's original four special economic zones opened to foreign investment and trade in the early 1980s. Xiamen Island possessed

2014-520: The populace are migrants. According to the 2020 Census , Xiamen has a population of 5,163,970 inhabitants. According to the 2010 Census , Xiamen has a population of 3,531,347 inhabitants, almost 1.8 times the population counted for the last census in 2000 (which was of 2,053,070 inhabitants). The annual average population growth was of 5.57% for the period 2000–2010. This masks the population explosion in Jimei District , however, which quadrupled since

2067-568: The port of Xiamen on southern Xiamen Island , now located within Siming District . It now also includes Gulangyu Island and the rugged coast of the mainland from the northeast bank of the Jiulong River in the west to the islands of Xiang'an in the east. Xiamen Island lies about one degree north of the Tropic of Cancer . It is divided between Huli District in the north and Siming District in

2120-550: The port to other international powers. As the primary international port for Fujian, particularly Zhangzhou and its hinterland, Xiamen became a center of China's tea trade , with hundreds of thousands of tons shipped yearly to Europe and the Americas. Its local dialect influenced a variety of translations of Chinese terms . Its principal exports during the period were tea, porcelain, and paper; it imported sugar, rice, cotton, and opium, as well as some manufactured goods. Xiamen

2173-516: The port, constructing a factory there in 1678. It was raised to the status of a subprefecture in 1680, but the taxes and other restrictions placed on traders compelled the British to relocate to Canton and Fuzhou the next year. Trade resumed in 1685 and continued until the imposition of the Canton System . However, despite the Canton system which restricted Western trade to the port of Guangzhou,

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2226-462: The prior census; Huli District 's population more than doubled. The resident population was 1,967,800 in 2013 yearend, and with a population of 3.73 million (those residing at least half a year). The total resident population is said to be 4,255,000 in December 2014, without specifying what counts as a resident. By the end of 2022, the resident population of Xiamen has reached 5.308 million,

2279-479: The south. Siming also includes Gulangyu. Its mainland territory is divided among Haicang , Jimei , Tong'an , and Xiang'an districts. In the 19th century, Xiamen's harbor on Yundang Bay was considered one of the world's great natural harbors. Land reclamation has since been used to fill in the mouth of this inlet, turning it into Siming District's Yundang Lake. The municipal government is located on other reclaimed land beside it. The nearest point of Liehyu in

2332-429: The southwest quarter of Xiamen Island, while the Zhangzhou dialect is spoken in a section of Haicang District. The English words "Amoy", "tea" ( Chinese : 茶 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : tê ), " cumshaw " ( 感謝 ; kám-siā ), " pekoe " ( 白毫 ; pe̍h-hô ), kowtow ( 磕頭 ; khàu-thâu ), and " ketchup " ( 鮭汁 ; koê-chiap ) are derived from the local Hokkien. The first evidence of organised religion existed in

2385-524: The time of the Xinhai Revolution , the native population of the city was estimated at 300,000 and the foreign settlement at 280. After the establishment of the Republic of China , the area around Xiamen was renamed Siming County . Xiamen's trade during the period was largely conducted through Taiwan , which had been seized by Japan during the First Sino-Japanese War . The Japanese subsequently claimed Fujian as their sphere of influence during

2438-403: The total number of Fujian province; 600.5 billion yuan of total foreign trade value; degree of dependence on foreign trade has reached 125 percent. By the end of 2018, Xiamen brought in a total of 14,818 foreign-invested projects; contractual foreign investments: $ 66 billion, actual foreign investments: $ 37.9 billion; 62 overseas Fortune 500 companies invested in 112 projects in Xiamen. Xiamen

2491-478: The west, provincial capital Kunming is 598 km (372 mi) to the southwest, Guiyang is 326 km (203 mi) to the southeast, Chongqing is 505 km (314 mi) to the northeast, and Chengdu 618 km (384 mi) to the north-northwest. Zhenxiong is located amongst the northern slopes of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau , with elevations increasing from northeast to southwest, although

2544-507: The zone. After this expansion, the area of Xiamen Special Economic Zone reached 1,573 square kilometers, 11 times larger than before. Answering the call of the Belt and Road Initiative, Xiamen has focused on dealing with international competition with a more confident attitude and to facilitate the construction of the important hub city of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. In 2001, the governments of mainland China and Taiwan agreed to initiate

2597-480: Was also a center of Protestant missionaries in China ; the missions operated the city's two hospitals. The merchants of Xiamen were thought among the richest and most entrepreneurial and industrious in China, but the city was widely accounted the dirtiest city in China. Owing to local belief in feng shui , the streets were "as crooked as ram's horns" and averaged about 4 feet (1 m) in width to keep out sunlight and control public disturbances. Its population

2650-471: Was estimated at 250,000 in the 1870s; by that point the island was largely barren and full of roughly 140 villages, with a total population around 400,000. European settlement in the port was concentrated on Gulangyu Island off Xiamen proper; it remains known for its colonial architecture. By the 20th century, the local export economy had collapsed due to the success of British tea plantations in India. During

2703-456: Was merged into Jimei District; and Xiang'an District was created out of a section of Tong'an District. Xiamen has a diverse and well-developed economy. It is the first to refer to the business environment indexes of the World Bank with the aim of creating world's first-rated business environment. In 2018, its business environment ranked 2nd among 22 cities across the country that was evaluated by

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2756-410: Was officially started on 15 October 1981. In 1984, Xiamen Special Economic Zone was expanded from an area of 2.5 square kilometers of Huli to 131 square kilometers of the whole island. The city grew and prospered. In June 2010, Xiamen Special Economic Zone was expanded to the whole Xiamen city, and four districts outside Xiamen Island – including Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiang'an – were included into

2809-820: Was termed in the heady propaganda of the time. Due to political tensions, the eastern half of Xiamen Island and much of the Fujian Coast facing the offshore islands remained undeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s. The Water Police and Post-Office were situated directly across the water from the American embassy. When Deng Xiaoping initiated his Opening Up Policy , Xiamen was made one of the first four special economic zones in 1980, with special investment and trade regulations attracting foreign investment , particularly from overseas Chinese. The construction of Huli Export Processing Zone in Xiamen Special Economic Zone

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