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60-414: "Zanempilo" meaning "bringing health" in isiXhosa , operated from 1974 to 1977 and aimed to improve the physical health of the community, assist with economic growth and restore a sense of dignity for black people. It took an holistic approach to treating health problems in the community by considering the environment and living conditions of the patients. The Black Consciousness Movement became active from

120-457: A noun must agree with the noun according to its gender. Agreements usually reflect part of the original class with which the word agrees. The word order is subject–verb–object , like in English. The verb is modified by affixes to mark subject, object, tense, aspect and mood. The various parts of the sentence must agree in both class and number. The Xhosa noun consists of two essential parts,

180-696: A Postgraduate Diploma in Tropical Hygiene and a Diploma in Public Health at the University of Witwatersrand. This required that Ramphele apply for a special dispensation to travel to Johannesburg where she had to report at the John Vorster Square Police Station upon her arrival and departure. Ramphele left Lenyenye in 1984 to go to Port Elizabeth where she was offered a job at Livingstone Hospital. However, she left to take up an appointment at

240-675: A board member of the Anglo-American Corporation , non-executive director of Medi Clinic Holdings and Transnet . Ramphele also served as a trustee for the Link-SA trust , a charitable organisation that raises money to subsidise the tertiary education of South Africa's brightest underprivileged students. She was on the board of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation , an organisation that supports good governance and great leadership in Africa. She

300-470: A click. Xhosa is part of the branch of Nguni languages , which also include Zulu , Southern Ndebele and Northern Ndebele , called the Zunda languages. Zunda languages effectively form a dialect continuum of variously mutually intelligible varieties. Xhosa is, to a large extent, mutually intelligible with Zulu and with other Nguni languages to a lesser extent. Nguni languages are, in turn, classified under

360-494: A diminishing extent ), and Xhosa is taught as a subject, both for native and for non-native speakers. Literary works, including prose and poetry, are available in Xhosa, as are newspapers and magazines. The South African Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts in Xhosa on both radio (on Umhlobo Wenene FM) and television, and films, plays and music are also produced in the language. The best-known performer of Xhosa songs outside South Africa

420-873: A former vice-chancellor at the University of Cape Town and a former managing director at the World Bank . Ramphele founded the political party Agang South Africa in February 2013 but withdrew from politics in July 2014. Since 2018, she has been the co-president of the Club of Rome . Ramphele, a Mopedi , was born in the Bochum District in Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo ). She completed her schooling at Setotolwane High School in 1966 and subsequently enrolled for pre-medical courses at

480-483: A region whose primary language is Xhosa: (said to a group of people) Xhosa-speaking people have inhabited coastal regions of southeastern Africa since before the 16th century. They refer to themselves as the amaXhosa and their language as isiXhosa . Ancestors of the Xhosa migrated to the east coast of Africa and came across Khoisan -speaking people; "as a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance,

540-445: A vowel, e.g. is andla / iz andla (hand/hands). The placeholder N in the prefixes iN - and iiN - is a nasal consonant which assimilates in place to the following consonant (producing an im- before vowels), but is typically absent in loanwords. Before monosyllabic stems in some words. Verbs use the following prefixes for the subject and object: The following is a list of phrases that can be used when one visits

600-640: Is a hymn written in Xhosa by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. The single original stanza was: Additional stanzas were written later by Sontonga and other writers, and the original verse was translated into Sotho and Afrikaans, as well as English. In The Lion King and its reboot , Rafiki the sagely mandrill chants in Xhosa. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War , Black Panther , Avengers: Infinity War , Avengers: Endgame , and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever ,

660-417: Is feature-matching its noun: /iN- + ɬɛ/ → intle"beautiful" (of a class 9 word like inja "dog") When aspirated clicks ( ⟨ch, xh, qh⟩ ) are prenasalised, the silent letter ⟨k⟩ is added ( ⟨nkc, nkx, nkq⟩ ) to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks ⟨nc, nx, nq⟩ , and are actually distinct sounds. The prenasalized versions have a very short voicing at

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720-644: Is long in the penultimate syllable and short in the last syllable. Xhosa is a tonal language with two inherent phonemic tones: low and high. Tones are rarely marked in the written language, but they can be indicated ⟨a⟩ [à] , ⟨á⟩ [á] , ⟨â⟩ [áà] , ⟨ä⟩ [àá] . Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written except for ⟨â⟩ and ⟨ä⟩ , which are each sequence of two vowels with different tones that are realized as long vowels with contour tones ( ⟨â⟩ high–low = falling, ⟨ä⟩ low–high = rising). Xhosa

780-489: Is rich in uncommon consonants . Besides pulmonic egressive sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has a series of ejective stops and one implosive stop. It has 18 click consonants (in comparison, Juǀʼhoan , spoken in Botswana and Namibia , has 48, and Taa , with roughly 4,000 speakers in Botswana , has 83). There is a series of six dental clicks , represented by the letter ⟨c⟩ , similar to

840-509: Is still productive, as is shown by palatalization before the passive suffix /-w/ and before diminutive suffix /-ana/. This process can skip rightwards to non-local syllables (i.e. uku-sebenz-is-el + wa -> ukusetyenziselwa "be used for"), but does not affect morpheme-initial consonants (i.e. uku-bhal+wa -> ukubhalwa "to be written", instead of illicit *ukujalwa). The palatalization process only applies once, as evidenced by ukuphuphumisa+wa -> ukuphuphunyiswa "to be made to overflow", instead of

900-561: The African National Congress . Some critics have challenged Ramphele's drawing on Steve Biko's legacy in her political campaigns. On 28 January 2014, Ramphele accepted an invitation from the Democratic Alliance to stand as their presidential candidate in the 2014 general election . On 31 January 2014, Ramphele issued a statement saying that she would not take up Democratic Alliance party membership and would remain

960-543: The Bantu Education Act, 1953 . At present, Xhosa is used as the main language of instruction in many primary schools and some secondary schools, but is largely replaced by English after the early primary grades, even in schools mainly serving Xhosa-speaking communities. The language is also studied as a subject in such schools. The language of instruction at universities in South Africa is English (or Afrikaans, to

1020-666: The Free State (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), the Northern Cape (51,228), and Limpopo (14,225). There is a small but significant Xhosa community of about 200,000 in Zimbabwe . Also, a small community of Xhosa speakers (18,000) live in Quthing District , Lesotho . The Xhosa language employs 26 letters from the Latin alphabet ; some of

1080-541: The University of South Africa as well as diplomas in tropical health & hygiene and Public Health from the University of the Witwatersrand . In 1991 she received her PhD in Social Anthropology from the University of Cape Town. Ramphele has also authored and edited a number of books. While at university, Ramphele became increasingly involved in student politics and anti-apartheid activism, becoming one of

1140-449: The University of the North . Her mother, Rangoato Rahab, and her father, Pitsi Eliphaz Ramphele were primary school teachers. In 1944, her father was promoted as headmaster of Stephanus Hofmeyer School. Ramphele contracted severe whooping cough at the age of three months. The wife of the local church minister, Dominee Lukas van der Merwe, gave her mother medical advice and bought medicines for

1200-667: The "average" Zinyoka family consisted of an average of 6 people. Each family earned an income of R5-R10 per week and the families consisted mostly of women and children. Most of the men were over the age of 50 (as younger men were at work). The startup funding came from Angela Mai, a German citizen born in South Africa , who approached the BCP with between R20 000 - R30 000. The South African Council of Churches (SACC) assisted in running costs. The clinic opened in January 1975. The health care centre

1260-717: The 1960s to the 1970s after the ANC and PAC were banned by the South African government. The South African Students Movement, SASO had limitations as a student movement therefore, the Black Consciousness Movement created a numerous political and community organisations like the Zanempilo Community Health Care Centre in order to expand the movement. At the time, residents in the Ciskei region experienced

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1320-758: The BCP. This foundation was used to empower local women and aid them in growing vegetable gardens, amongst other initiatives. During her stay in Tzaneen, Ramphele enjoyed occasional illicit outings to escape everyday life, as well as visits from Helen Suzman , MP of the Progressive Party. Suzman assisted Ramphele in securing a passport when Ramphele travelled abroad. Ramphele also enjoyed visits from Father Timothy Stanton; an Anglican priest who visited her and celebrated Eucharist with her. In 1983, she completed her BComm degree through UNISA (the University of South Africa), which she had registered for in 1975. She also completed

1380-580: The Eastern Cape, organising people to be drawn into community projects. In addition to her medical duties, Ramphele also became the director of the Black Community Programmes (BCP) in the Eastern Cape when Biko was banned. In August 1976, Ramphele was detained under Section 10 of the Terrorism Act, one of the first persons to be detained under this newly promulgated law. In April 1977, Ramphele

1440-677: The Natal Medical School (now the Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Medical School). Ramphele won the 1968 South African Jewish Women’s Association Scholarship and the Sir Ernest Oppenheimer Bursary worth about R150 annually for the rest of her years at Medical School. Ramphele received her Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery ( MBChB ) from the University of Natal , a BComm in Administration from

1500-469: The University of Cape Town (UCT) that Francis Wilson, a Professor of Economics, had arranged. She was to work with him at the South African Labour and Development Research Unit ( SALDRU ) as a research fellow. Ramphele joined the University of Cape Town as a research fellow in 1986 and was appointed as one of its deputy vice-chancellors in 1991. She was appointed to the post of vice-chancellor of

1560-506: The Zanempilo Clinic. Currently, the "Biko Clinic" is functioning and in need of repairs. It serves 800 people per month in a community of 3500. IsiXhosa Xhosa ( / ˈ k ɔː s ə / KAW -sə , / ˈ k oʊ s ə / KOH -sə ; Xhosa pronunciation: [kǁʰóːsa] ), formerly spelled Xosa and also known by its local name isiXhosa , is a Nguni language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of

1620-603: The assets of the clinic. They also destroyed the leather work factory and placed the Zanempilo clinic under government control. Additionally, all clinic programmes were cancelled, it no longer offered 24 hour care, it was not open on weekends, it lost supplies and no longer provided ambulatory services. The success of the ZCHCC led to the initiation of a similar project at the South coast of Natal called Sonempilo meaning "Eye of Health" however,

1680-471: The authorities. A rival clinic was built but it did not succeed. Other attempts to end the operations of the clinic included withholding the operating licence and not allowing the clinic access to free immunisations for children. Two weeks after the death of Steve Biko , on the 17 October 1977, all black consciousness organisations including the BCPs were banned. Two days after this ban, authorities confiscated all

1740-643: The banning of black consciousness organisations led to the closure of this facility in 1977. During Mamphela Ramphele's time in Tzaneen, she created the Isutheng Community Health Programme which empowered women through growing vegetable gardens and other economically empowering activities. The Biko Heritage Trail which runs from Port Elizabeth to King William's Town , it includes Niko's home in Ginsenberg township, Biko Bridge in East London and

1800-522: The click sounds of the Khoisan languages". The Bantu ancestor of Xhosa did not have clicks, which attests to a strong historical contact with a Khoisan language that did. An estimated 15% of Xhosa vocabulary is of Khoisan origin. John Bennie was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary and early Xhosa linguist. Bennie, along with John Ross (another missionary), set up a printing press in the Tyhume Valley and

1860-596: The first printed works in Xhosa came out in 1823 from the Lovedale Press in the Alice region of the Eastern Cape. But, as with any language, Xhosa had a rich history of oral traditions from which the society taught, informed, and entertained one another. The first Bible translation was in 1859, produced in part by Henry Hare Dugmore . The role of indigenous languages in South Africa is complex and ambiguous. Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with

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1920-436: The following vowel. Fricatives become affricated and, if voiceless, they become ejectives as well: mf is pronounced [ɱp̪fʼ] , ndl is pronounced [ndɮ] , n+hl becomes ntl [ntɬʼ] , n+z becomes ndz [ndz] , n + q becomes [n͡ŋǃʼ] etc. The orthographic b in mb is the voiced plosive [mb] . Prenasalisation occurs in several contexts, including on roots with the class 9 prefix /iN-/, for example on an adjective which

1980-484: The founders of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), where she met Steve Biko , with whom she had a relationship. As a member of the BCM, she was crucially involved in organising and working with community development programmes. Biko and Ramphele had two children during their affair; Lerato Biko, born in 1974, and Hlumelo Biko, born in 1978. Lerato contracted fatal pneumonia when she was two months old. Their son Hlumelo Biko

2040-556: The four managing directors of the World Bank . She was tasked with overseeing the strategic positioning and operations of the World Bank Institute as well as the vice-presidency of external affairs. She was the first South African to hold this position. Ramphele serves as a trustee of the Nelson Mandela Foundation, served as the director of The Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa (IDASA) and as

2100-463: The illicit alternative, *ukuphutshunyiswa. In keeping with many other Bantu languages , Xhosa is an agglutinative language, with an array of prefixes and suffixes that are attached to root words . As in other Bantu languages, nouns in Xhosa are classified into morphological classes , or genders (15 in Xhosa), with different prefixes for both singular and plural. Various parts of speech that qualify

2160-429: The language spoken in the fictional African nation of Wakanda is Xhosa. This came about because South African actor John Kani , a native of the Eastern Cape province who plays Wakandan King T'Chaka, speaks Xhosa and suggested that the directors of the fictional Civil War incorporate a dialogue in the language. For Black Panther , director Ryan Coogler "wanted to make it a priority to use Xhosa as much as possible" in

2220-500: The leader of Agang South Africa, resulting in confusion. On 2 February 2014, Helen Zille stated that Ramphele had reneged on her agreement to stand as the Democratic Alliance's presidential candidate. Ramphele subsequently apologised for the reversal of her decision, saying that the timing was not right as the reaction to it had shown people were unable to overcome race-based party politics. Agang South Africa won two seats in

2280-570: The leadership of Steve Biko. From 1970 onwards Ramphele became increasingly drawn into political activism with Biko, Barney Pityana and other student activists at the Medical School. She was elected the chairperson of the local SASO branch. Ramphele received her qualification in medicine in 1972. She began her medical internship at Durban’s King Edward VIII Hospital, later transferring to Livingstone Hospital in Port Elizabeth. In 1974, Ramphele

2340-424: The letters have different pronunciations from English. Phonemes not represented by one of the 26 letters are written as multiple letters. Tone, stress, and vowel length are parts of the language but are generally not indicated in writing. Xhosa has an inventory of ten vowels: [a] , [ɛ~e] , [i] , [ɔ~o] and [u] written a , e , i , o and u in order, all occurring in both long and short . The /i/ vowel

2400-550: The much larger abstraction of Bantu languages . Xhosa is the most widely distributed African language in South Africa, though the most commonly spoken South African language is Zulu. Xhosa is the second most common Bantu home language in South Africa. As of 2003 approximately 5.3 million Xhosa-speakers, the majority, live in the Eastern Cape , followed by the Western Cape (approximately 1 million), Gauteng (671,045),

2460-582: The negative effects of the migrant labour system, state neglect, decreasing agricultural sustainability (as many young skilled men had left to work in the mines), inadequate health services and an influx of people due to forced removals. The village of Zinyoka in the Ciskei experienced all of these challenges with rural health clinics scattered approximately 20 kilometres apart. These clinics lacked medical supplies and staff members. Grey Hospital in King William's Town

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2520-484: The official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe . Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8 million people and as a second language in South Africa, particularly in Eastern Cape , Western Cape , Northern Cape and Gauteng , and also in parts of Zimbabwe and Lesotho . It has perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in a Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi ), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained

2580-511: The onset which then releases in an ejective, like the prenasalized affricates, while the phonemically nasal clicks have a very long voicing through the consonant. When plain voiceless clicks ( ⟨c, x, q⟩ ) are prenasalized, they become slack voiced nasal ( ⟨ngc, ngx, ngq⟩ ). /ǀ̃/ , /ǁ̃/ , /ǃ̃/ /ǀ̃/ , /ǁ̃/ , /ǃ̃/ Palatalisation is a change that affects labial consonants whenever they are immediately followed by /j/ . While palatalisation occurred historically, it

2640-441: The oral occlusion is then very short in stops, and it usually does not occur at all in clicks. Therefore, the absolute duration of voicing is the same as in tenuis stops. (They may also be voiced between vowels in some speaking styles.) The more notable characteristic is their depressor effect on the tone of the syllable. When consonants are prenasalised , their pronunciation and spelling may change. The murmur no longer shifts to

2700-472: The prefix and the stem. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages. Which they call 'amahlelo' The following table gives an overview of Xhosa noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. Before monosyllabic stems, e.g. ili so (eye), ulu hlu (list). is - and iz - replace isi - and izi - respectively before stems beginning with

2760-557: The pronunciation in IPA on the left and the orthography on the right: In addition to the ejective affricate [tʃʼ] , the spelling ⟨tsh⟩ may also be used for either of the aspirated affricates [tsʰ] and [tʃʰ] . The breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ] is sometimes spelled ⟨h⟩ . The ejectives tend to be ejective only in careful pronunciation or in salient positions and, even then, only for some speakers. Otherwise, they tend to be tenuis (plain) stops. Similarly,

2820-401: The script, and provided dialect coaches for the film's actors. Mamphela Ramphele Mamphela Aletta Ramphele ( / ˈ m ʌ m p iː l ə ˈ r ʌ m p iː l i / ; born 28 December 1947) is a South African politician, anti- apartheid activist, medical doctor and businesswoman. She was a partner of anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko , with whom she had two children. She is

2880-513: The security police. Nontombeko Moletsane initiated a bulk grocery buying scheme. Child mortality decreased after the nutrition of the community improved. She also started a leather factory which provided many of the women with income. The headman and chief in Zinyoka, Sidoko Sijama, under the chief of Tshatshu, was against the operations of the clinic. Many of the members of the Ciskei government were afraid that this clinic would cause conflict with

2940-527: The sick child that saved her life. In 1955, Ramphele witnessed a conflict between a racist Afrikaner church minister and the people of the village of Kranspoort . This contributed to her political awakening. Ramphele attended the G. H. Frantz Secondary School but in January 1962 she left for Bethesda Normal School, a boarding school which was part of the Bethesda teachers training college. In 1964, she moved to Setotolwane High School for her matriculation where she

3000-401: The sound represented in English by "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk"; a series of six alveolar lateral clicks , represented by the letter ⟨x⟩ , similar to the sound used to call horses; and a series of alveolar clicks , represented by the letter ⟨q⟩ , that sounds somewhat like a cork pulled from a bottle. The following table lists the consonant phonemes of the language, with

3060-416: The tenuis (plain) clicks are often glottalised, with a long voice onset time , but that is uncommon. The murmured clicks, plosives and affricates are only partially voiced, with the following vowel murmured for some speakers. That is, da may be pronounced [dʱa̤] (or, equivalently, [d̥a̤] ). They are better described as slack voiced than as breathy voiced. They are truly voiced only after nasals, but

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3120-551: The university in September 1996, thereby becoming the first black woman to hold such a position at a South African university. Part of her executive role was to take charge of the university’s Equal Opportunity Policy Portfolio, with the aim of changing the culture of the institution. In 1994, Ramphele was a visiting scholar at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US. In 2000, Ramphele became one of

3180-420: Was Miriam Makeba , whose Click Song #1 (Xhosa Qongqothwane ) and "Click Song #2" ( Baxabene Ooxam ) are known for their large number of click sounds. In 1996 , the literacy rate for first-language Xhosa speakers was estimated at 50%. Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika is part of the national anthem of South Africa , national anthem of Tanzania and Zambia , and the former anthem of Zimbabwe and Namibia . It

3240-596: Was born after Biko's death. Ramphele and her son would eventually work together in the Circle Group holding company for their family investments. Ramphele worked with the South African Students' Organisation (SASO), a breakaway from the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS) that operated on English-speaking white campuses. NUSAS had black and white students as members. SASO was formed in 1969 under

3300-671: Was built on the land of an Anglican church. The ZCHCC provided: These services were available 24 hours a daty, 7 days a week and throughout the year. The facility expanded and was fully equipped with beds, flushing toilets, electricity and clean water, amenities that many of the residents of Zinyoka were unaccustomed to. Zanempilo not only functioned as a health facility, but also as a political meeting point, training ground for activists, community centre to discuss problems and place of events and celebrations. The facility had many visitors ranging from neighbouring villagers, political activists, businessmen, philanthropists, international visitors and

3360-661: Was charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for being in possession of banned literature. In 1975, she founded the Zanempilo Community Health Care Centre in Zinyoka, a village outside King William’s Town . It was one of the first primary healthcare initiatives outside the public sector in South Africa. During this time she was also the manager of the Eastern Cape branch of the Black Community Health Programme. She travelled extensively in

3420-582: Was issued with banning orders and banished to Tzaneen , Northern Transvaal , where she remained until 1984. A member of the local church arranged for her to live with two African nuns in a local village, Tickeyline. She later established a home for herself in Lenyenye township near Tzaneen, although she remained under police surveillance. During her stay in Tzaneen, Ramphele established the Isutheng Community Health Program, with monetary aid from

3480-511: Was mostly used for white patients. The hospitals that allowed black people were the Mission Hospital, Mt Coke Mission Hospital and St Matthews Mission which were far away and poorly resourced. The Zanempilo Community Health Care Centre mainly served people from the surrounding rural areas. These were mostly women who were either domestic workers or relied on their husbands' wages from mining. Research and statistics done be ZCHCC staff found that

3540-432: Was one of only two girls in her class. On completion of her schooling in 1966, in 1967, Ramphele enrolled for pre-medical courses at the University of the North . In 1968, she was accepted into the University of Natal Medical School , then the only institution that allowed black students to enrol without prior permission from the government. Her meagre financial resources meant that she was forced to borrow money to travel to

3600-484: Was voted 55th in the Top 100 Great South Africans in 2004. She is co-founder of ReimagineSA and in 2018 was voted co-president of The Club of Rome In 2013, Ramphele expressed interest in South African politics and resigned as the chairperson of Gold Fields . On 18 February 2013, she announced the formation of a new political party, named Agang South Africa ( Agang is Northern Sotho for "Build"), intended to challenge

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