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46-693: Zamfirescu is a Romanian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Duiliu Zamfirescu (1858–1922), novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat Florin Zamfirescu (born 1949), theatre and film actor and director George Mihail Zamfirescu (1898–1939), theatre director and playwright Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu (1887–1973), an early woman engineer Mihail Zamphirescu (1838–1878), poet See also [ edit ] Zamfir Zamfirești (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

92-466: A Conservative Party cabinet—this came after a Romanian Army officer reported statements made by Zamfirescu, which he alleged were unpatriotic . Reportedly, Maiorescu never gave Zamfirescu a chance to explain himself. During World War I , following the occupation of southern Romania by the Central Powers , Zamfirescu followed Romanian authorities in their Iași refuge. By late 1918, he became

138-597: A monograph entirely dedicated to the latter (excerpts of which were first published in 1892 issues of Convorbiri Literare ). With his 1894 volume of poetry Alte orizonturi ("Other Horizons"), Zamfirescu entered a prolific phase of his literary career: in 1894–1895, Convorbiri Literare serialized his novel Viața la țară ("Life in the Country"), followed in 1895–1896 by Tănase Scatiu , and, in 1897–1898, În război ("At War"); in 1895, he also published his collected novellas ( Nuvele romane , "Roman Novellas"), followed by

184-639: A branch of literary realism , and realism had favored fact, logic, and impersonality over the imaginative, symbolic, and supernatural. Frank Norris , an American journalist and novelist, whose work was predominantly in the naturalist genre, "placed realism, romanticism, and naturalism in a dialectic, in which realism and romanticism were opposing forces", and naturalism was a mixture of the two. Norris's idea of naturalism differs from Zola's in that "it does not mention materialistic determinism or any other philosophic idea". Apart from Zola and Norris, there are various literary critics who have their own separate views on

230-450: A foreword for its second edition (1868), in a mixture of pride and defiance, he wrote: "Le groupe d'écrivains naturalistes auquel j'ai l'honneur d'appartenir a assez de courage et d'activité pour produire des oeuvres fortes, portant en elles leur défense", which translates as: "The group of naturalist writers I have the honor to belong to have enough courage and activity to produce strong works, carrying within them their defense." Naturalism

276-813: A founding member of the People's Party , led by General Alexandru Averescu , and edited the Iași-based voice of the movement, Îndreptarea . Under the second Averescu cabinet , Zamfirescu served as Foreign Minister in March–June 1920, and then as President of the Chamber of Deputies . His short term in office was noted for the establishment of Romanian relations with the Holy See ( see Roman Catholicism in Romania ). In 1919, Vladimir Ghika had been appointed Romanian representative to

322-692: A glimpse into his lengthy investigation of artistic styles and tenets, they have won acclaim for their refinement. High schools in Dragalina and Odobești and gymnasiums in Dumbrăveni and Focșani bear his name. Streets in Bucharest, Constanța , Deva , and Târgoviște are also named after him. The Cișmigiu Gardens in Bucharest feature a circular alley (the "Writers' Rotunda"), which has stone busts of twelve important Romanian writers, including one of Duiliu Zamfirescu. Naturalism (literature) Naturalism

368-472: A rural background and displaying a strong sympathy for the peasantry. Thus, Zamfirescu's positive characters lash out at boyars of foreign origins, to whom they refer as " Phanariotes ", and tolerate the unscrupulous Tănase Scatiu in their company only because he is from the countryside. In parallel, Scatiu is also disliked for being a Greek and a profiteering estate leaseholder —indicative of Zamfirescu's own social and national views. Zamfirescu believed in

414-617: A series of poems in Ghimpele review (1877), and, later in the same year, became an enthusiastic supporter of the Romanian war effort during the Independence War , an experience which placed its mark on his later works and choice of subjects. Three years later, he became associated with Alexandru Macedonski 's Literatorul , a circle of Symbolist writers, publishing a Romantic poem titled Levante și Kalavryta ("Levante and Kalavryta"). At

460-469: A story about a woman who killed her lover, is considered an example of a narrative within the naturalism category. This story, which also used Gothic elements, presented a tale that highlighted the extraordinary and excessive features in human nature and the social environment that influences them. The protagonist, Miss Emily, was forced to lead an isolated life, and that – combined with her mental illness – made insanity her inevitable fate. The environment in

506-564: A strong and natural connection between the landowners and their property, as well as between the landowners and their community—this theme was found with many conservatives of his day, including the Junimists Petre P. Carp and Constantin Rădulescu-Motru , and announced a similar theory constructed by historian Nicolae Iorga . In his fictional world, peasants make brief appearances as secondary characters, noted for their deep respect for

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552-491: A study of Zamfirescu's works. The two opposed each other over economic ideas and Dobrogeanu-Gherea's application of Marxism to the Romanian society—examining the works of Achille Loria , Zamfirescu collected Marxist-inspired notions that, he believed, contradicted Dobrogeanu-Gherea from inside his own camp. When Maiorescu and the Romanian Marxists were engaged in a lengthy polemic, he added his own arguments in support of

598-479: Is a literary movement beginning in the late nineteenth century, similar to literary realism in its rejection of Romanticism , but distinct in its embrace of determinism , detachment, scientific objectivism , and social commentary. Literary naturalism emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the fictional portrayal of reality. Naturalism includes detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, which

644-514: Is considered one of the most important writers to have been associated with Junimea during the final stage of its existence. He nonetheless maintained some distance to the society, and reportedly irritated Titu Maiorescu by collaborating with the newly established anti- Junimist magazines Literatură și Artă Română (edited by N. Petrașcu , on whom Zamfirescu was to be an influence, and Dimitrie C. Ollănescu-Ascanio ). Ultimately, in May 1885, Zamfirescu

690-536: Is dead, or that it "may have never lived at all: even in the works of Émile Zola", its founder. "In 1900 an obituary entitled "The Passing of Naturalism" in The Outlook officially declared the literary movement deceased", and that Zola's attempt to create a scientific literature was a failure. This certainly was not the first time Zola's novel had been criticized however. After his novel Thérèse Raquin (1867) had been sharply criticized for both contents and language, in

736-449: Is defined as the opposite of free will, in which a character's fate has been decided, even predetermined , by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent to human life. The novel would be an experiment where the author could discover and analyze the forces, or scientific laws, that influenced behavior, and these included emotion, heredity, and environment. The movement largely traces to

782-713: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Duiliu Zamfirescu Born in Plăinești, Râmnicu Sărat County (present-day Dumbrăveni , Vrancea County ), he attended elementary school and then gymnasium in Focșani . He later studied at the Matei Basarab High School in Bucharest (1873–1876), before entering the University of Bucharest 's Faculty of Law. He graduated in 1880. Zamfirescu made his debut with

828-523: The Black Sea ", 1919) and a collection of autobiographical pieces and short stories, O muză ("A Muse", 1920). In July 1921, he was involved in projects to crown King Ferdinand I as "King of Greater Romania". He died at Agapia in 1922, and was buried in Focșani's southern cemetery. Zamfirescu's creations were original in style, blending a series of contrasting influences. One of the most enduring of these

874-731: The Papacy by the National Romanian Council, an institution which campaigned for the recognition of Greater Romania at the Paris Peace Conference . When Ghika's term expired, he was replaced by Zamfirescu with Dimitrie Pennescu , who was Romania's first Ambassador to the Vatican . The Apostolic Nunciature in Romania was set up as a result of this, and first held by Archbishop Francesco Marmaggi . Duiliu Zamfirescu's last published works were his poetry volume Pe Marea Neagră ("On

920-500: The Realism of his contemporaries Ion Luca Caragiale and Ioan Slavici (despite common perception, he claimed he had "nothing in common" with the latter two). At the time, he also contributed political articles under the pen name Don Padil . In 1882, after briefly serving as a prosecutor in Târgoviște and resigning, Duiliu Zamfirescu moved back to Focșani, where he practiced law and

966-760: The Russian -born socialist thinker Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea . In 1885, he came out first in an examination for the office of legation Attaché , and was consequently employed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , while at the same time teaching the Romanian language at the Sf. Gheorghe High School. He also began associating with the Junimea circle and began writing for its magazine, Convorbiri Literare , bringing his writings to

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1012-475: The surname Zamfirescu . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamfirescu&oldid=950472628 " Categories : Surnames Romanian-language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1058-580: The " tendentious art " notably advocated by Dobrogeanu-Gherea. Around 1905, through the articles of Simion Mehedinți , his work came to be criticized by the traditionalist magazine Sămănătorul , who coupled a rejection of modernism with an appreciation of for folklore . In 1909, Zamfirescu was accepted to the Academy, and delivered a much-discussed speech on the influence of Poporanism and traditionalism in literature, showing his disapproval for both currents. It stated: "I do not go as far as to state that

1104-599: The Transylvanian poet Octavian Goga , whose work was hailed as an example by both Maiorescu and Sămănătorul . The same year, Zamfirescu was named a Minister Plenipotentiary and the Romanian Kingdom 's envoy to the Danube Commission . His Furfanțo volume of short stories and his novel Lydda were both printed in 1911. He was relieved of his diplomatic post in 1913, at a time when Maiorescu became Premier of

1150-499: The attention of Titu Maiorescu , while becoming a regular in the literary circle formed around the restaurant Casa Capșa . He was part of a small group of literary figures who oscillated between Literatorul and Maiorescu's circle—others to do so were Vasile Alecsandri , Veronica Micle and Matilda Cugler-Poni . The first of his poems to be published with Maiorescu's approval was titled Iarna ("Winter")—printed in June 1884. Zamfirescu

1196-481: The decline in interests among his public and critics. Ornea described him as "immeasurably arrogant, petulant and a snob ", noting that these traits had led to "unjust" treatment of his work. During the interwar period , Zamfirescu's views were defended by the modernist critic Eugen Lovinescu , whose arguments were later rejected by his colleague George Călinescu —the latter argued that Lovinescu had failed to prove Zamfirescu's aesthetic value. Criticism of Zamfirescu

1242-571: The former. In 1899, Zamfirescu wrote a poem about Bukovina that was inspired by Mihai Eminescu 's Doina . Between 1901 and 1902, his novel Îndreptări ("Betterments") was serialized by the magazine Literatură și Artă Română , which was a sign of cooling relations between Zamfirescu and his mentor Maiorescu (nevertheless, Convorbiri Literare continued to publish Zamfirescu's novel Anna in 1906). He apparently sought to include in his work both major tendencies of 19th century Romanian literature —" art for art's sake " as preached by Maiorescu and

1288-529: The imprint of Neoclassicism . The impact of Junimea guidelines in his writings is a disputed subject. An opponent of both strict Realism and rural traditionalism, Zamfirescu ridiculed the works of Junimist novelist Ioan Slavici as "sentimental mawkishness". Such contradictions have literary historians such as Tudor Vianu to leave him out of their essays on Junimism . It was also proposed that Zamfirescu associated with both Literatorul and Junimea due to one of their very few common traits, which

1334-454: The main disagreement between him and the literary society was over Maiorescu's view that the national values of Romania were mostly embodied by the peasants, with Zamfirescu arguing that these had also been preserved by the cultured groups of low-ranking boyars. As noted by Ornea, Zamfirescu's focus on the latter group and his nationalism came to contrast with his aesthetic guidelines, and, paradoxically, led to virtually all of his novels having

1380-431: The matter. As said by Paul Civello , these critics can be grouped into four broad, and often overlapping, groups: early theorists, history-of-idea critics, European influence critics, and recent theorists. The early theorists saw naturalism thematically and in terms of literary technique. The history-of-idea critics understood it as an expression of the central ideas to an era. The European influence critics viewed it in much

1426-732: The most remarkable figure was Vicente Blasco Ibánez ; In Brazil, the main writer of the genre was Aluísio de Azevedo . Naturalism in American literature traces to Frank Norris , whose theories were markedly different from Zola's, particularly to the status of naturalism within the loci of realism and Romanticism; Norris thought of naturalism as being Romantic, and thought Zola as being "a realist of realists". To Link, while American naturalism had trends, its definition had no unified critical consensus. Link's examples include Stephen Crane , Jack London , Theodore Dreiser , and Frank Norris, with William Dean Howells and Henry James being clear markers on

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1472-468: The other side of the naturalist/realist divide. The center of Crane's naturalism is recognized as " The Open Boat ," which portrayed a naturalistic view of man with his depiction of a group of survivors adrift in a boat. The humans with their creation confronted the sea and the world of nature. In the experiences of these men, Crane articulated the illusion of gods and the realization of the universe's indifference. William Faulkner 's " A Rose for Emily ,"

1518-402: The passive and detached observation of phenomena". The application of this method "called for a scientist to conduct controlled experiments that would either prove or disprove hypotheses regarding those phenomena". Zola took this scientific method and argued that naturalism in literature should be like controlled experiments in which the characters function as the phenomena. Naturalism began as

1564-558: The peasants' soul is not at all interesting to literature; that is because for me, all of nature is interesting. Despite this, the greatest critics and the greatest creators of human characters do not deal with simple souls, because they are as uneventful as nothingness itself." Zamfirescu thus attacked the use of folklore for direct inspiration, which saw Maiorescu, among others, defending folk literature and its supporters. Maiorescu had by then ceased most contacts with his former protégé. There were also notable tensions between Zamfirescu and

1610-475: The poetry volumes Imnuri păgâne ("Pagan Hymns", 1897), and Poezii nouă ("New Poems", 1899). His relations with Dobrogeanu-Gherea was tense, but, in 1890, Zamfirescu approved of the decision taken by the Theodor Rosetti cabinet to award the Romanian citizenship to the philosopher (at a time when his Jewish ethnicity would have made it extremely hard to obtain). The same year, Dobrogeanu-Gherea published

1656-399: The same way as Zola. For example, according to theorist Kornelije Kvas , naturalism presents "forms of human experience not spoken of before – the physiological aspect of human behavior, sexuality, poverty – as literary topics worthy of being dealt with." Recent theorists have either re-conceptualized naturalism as a narrative form, or denied its existence entirely. Some say that naturalism

1702-418: The theories of French author Émile Zola . Literary Naturalism traces back most directly to Émile Zola 's "The Experimental Novel" (1880), which details Zola's concept of a naturalistic novel, which traces philosophically to Auguste Comte 's positivism , but also to physiologist Claude Bernard and historian Hippolyte Taine . Comte had proposed a scientific method that "went beyond empiricism, beyond

1748-570: The time, his work was under the influence of Macedonski's Parnassianism . In 1880, he was appointed public prosecutor in the Northern Dobrujan town of Hârșova , while being employed, until 1884, as literary columnist for România Liberă . At the time, the editorial staff also included the writers Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea , Alexandru Vlahuță , and D. D. Racoviță-Sphinx . Zamfirescu contributed articles in which he declared his dislike for naturalism , as well as distancing himself from

1794-489: The traditional owners, as well as for their dislike of all change. In parallel, Zamfirescu introduced socialist agitators as negative characters, and, in Lume nouă și lume veche ("New World and Old World"), one of his less known novels, gave them the central stage as a means to satirize them. Duiliu Zamfirescu remained a maverick throughout his life, and his publicized outbursts against various trends has probably contributed to

1840-483: The urban environment and the rural upper class . In one instance, he is known to have referred to Junimea' s theory on the peasant novel using the French expression c'est bourgeois et plat ("it is bourgeois and plain"). In many ways, however, Zamfirescu was a Realist, notably using the guidelines imposed by Junimea as a means to give an accurate portrayal of his characters' speech. Researcher Zigu Ornea argued that

1886-406: Was a French language substitute teacher. Later in the same year, he settled in Bucharest and joined România Liberă' s editorial staff, publishing his first volume of prose and poems, Fără titlu ("Untitled"), in 1883. Zamfirescu authored his debut novel, În fața vieții ("Facing Life") in 1884—the work was noted for the chapter "Pesimistul de la Soleni" ("The Pessimist of Soleni"), a satire of

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1932-624: Was dispatched to Italy, as legation secretary in Rome , a position which he filled until 1906, with a hiatus (1892–1894) during which he was assigned to Greece and later Belgium. He was a colleague of Dimitrie Ghyka , and remembered for welcoming the ethnic Romanian Transylvanian activist Badea Cârțan during the latter's celebrated trip to the Italian capital (1896). Zamfirescu married an Italian woman, Henrietta Allievi, who died in 1920. An enthusiastic admirer of Leo Tolstoy 's writings, he began work on

1978-412: Was especially acute after his 1909 speech, when both competing traditionalist currents, Poporanism and Sămănătorul , attacked his work in its entirety. However, according to Ornea, Zamfirescu's novels serve as a bridge between Junimea and 20th century traditionalism. Critics have traditionally held a more favorable view of Zamfirescu's correspondence, which was only published after 1937. Offering

2024-436: Was political in nature: the two groups shared Zamfirescu's conservatism and his interest in preserving a Romanian aristocracy on the boyar model. Although his similarities with Junimea were extended after he adopted Neoclassical guidelines, Zamfirescu strongly disagreed with Maiorescu and his disciples on the issue of peasant themes and folklore in novels, arguing that the new literature was supposed to draw inspiration from

2070-418: Was the prose of Nicolae Gane . After parting with Parnassianism and Romanticism , Duiliu Zamfirescu adopted some of Gane's themes (including his compassionate perspective on the decay of low-ranking boyars as a social class ) and, in part, his storytelling techniques. The writer was also known for the frequent comparisons he drew between his novels and those of Leo Tolstoy . Most of his later works bear

2116-513: Was very popular in its time and was known in different literary traditions in Western Europe . In the Netherlands , there was Cooplandt, Couperus , Frederik van Eeden and Marcellus Emants . In Germany , the most important naturalistic writers were Gerhart Hauptmann , Arno Holz and Johannes Schlaf . In Belgium, the most important writers were Cyriel Buysse and Stijn Streuvels . In Spain,

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