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49-621: Zambales , officially the Province of Zambales ( Sambal : Probinsya nin Zambales ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Zambales ; Pangasinan : Luyag/Probinsia na Zambales ; Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Zambales ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Zambales ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region . Its capital is Iba , which is located in the middle of the province. Olongapo

98-470: A beautiful coral garden below. Agno is 71 kilometres (44 mi) from Lingayen and 277 kilometres (172 mi) from Manila . Agno, belonging to the first congressional district of the province of Pangasinan , is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and

147-623: A bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi konlan ampagkasalanan komi. Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami, nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka, ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin panganggawan. Amen. Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian. Lomato ana komon an awlon sikay mag-ari. Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo. Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso. Wamoyo. Sambal numbers are listed below. Agno, Pangasinan Agno , officially

196-466: A density of 180 inhabitants per square kilometre or 470 inhabitants per square mile. When Olongapo City is included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 909,932 people, with a density of 215/km (557/sq mi). The Aetas of Mount Pinatubo were the earliest inhabitants of what is now the province of Zambales. They were later displaced by the Sambal , an Austronesian people after whom

245-404: A large role in the economy of Zambales. Local and foreign tourist flock its many beaches creating many job opportunities and contributing to the economy. Most of the province is still agricultural but there are considerable industrial & commercial zones that provide jobs not just for residents of Zambales but also for neighboring provinces. Mining has recently been booming in Zambales where there

294-477: A number of her sons and daughters work as doctors, physical therapist, nurses, engineers, computer programmers and accountants in numerous countries around the globe. On top of that, the town produces successful teachers, policemen and policewomen, and lawyers. During the summer months of April and May the town's market abounds with fresh fruits such as mangoes and duhat , as well as fresh catch such as tuna, flying fish, grouper, lobsters and other seafood. The town

343-461: A whole are most closely related to Kapampangan. More than 119,126 spoke other languages as their parent tongue , such as Kapampangan and Pangasinan (also spoken by Sambals on the Zambales-Pangasinan boundary), including non- Philippine languages such as English and Hokkien Chinese . Other Sambalic languages spoken in Zambales are Botolan , Ambala , and Mag-antsi . About 75 percent of

392-726: Is a chart of Sambal consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Note: Consonants [d] and [ɾ] sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones. Dy is pronounced [dʒ] , ny [ɲ] , sy [ʃ] , and ty [tʃ] . Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Word stress is very important; it differentiates homonyms , e.g. hikó ('I') and híko ('elbow'). Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Cebuano and Tagalog are pronounced with /h/ and /j/ , respectively, in their cognates in Sambal. Compare hiko and ba-yo with

441-454: Is a highly urbanized city and administers itself autonomously from the province. Panatag Shoal ( Scarborough Shoal ) a Philippine-claimed territory, is a designated part of the province. The northern half of the province typically comprises the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, and Palauig. The central half of the province consists of the municipalities of Iba (the capital), Botolan, Cabangan, and San Felipe. The southern half of

490-566: Is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb "He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination," followed by the original in Tagalog . Ama mi an ison ha langit, sambawon a ngalan mo. Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo. Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota a bilang anamaot ison ha langit. Biyan mo kami komon nin pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo; tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi

539-415: Is also a possible relationship between the Sambal speakers and the population of the island provinces of Marinduque and Romblon based on commonalities in some traditions and practices. Sambali has 19 phonemes : 16 consonants and three vowels . Syllable structure is relatively simple. Sambali has three vowels. They are: There are five main diphthongs : /aɪ/ , /uɪ/ , /aʊ/ , /ij/, and /iʊ/ . Below

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588-408: Is an abundant deposit of Nickel and other minerals. Zambales is basically an agricultural province. The chief products are rice , mangoes , corn , vegetables , and root crops . Major industries include farming , fishing , and mining . There are a number of higher educational institutions in the province. The President Ramon Magsaysay State University (PRMSU), the first state university in

637-590: Is characterized by rolling terrain and rainfed rice fields. Near the poblacion , or town plaza, the road passes along the Mabini river or (Balincaguing River), which drains into the South China Sea further west. The town plaza is home to a centuries-old Roman Catholic church, as well as one of the first congregations of the Philippine Independent Church. The town shares borders with the town of Bani to

686-653: Is home to natural attractions such as the Mabini river, the Umbrella Rocks in Sabangan, as well as several beaches, Agno Beach being the longest and most popular. There are several other beaches hidden along the coast such as the Macaboboni cove (which features a small cave) as well as a white beach in Barangay Gayusan. To the southern end of Agno Beach, one can dive from a two-story-high rock amidst crashing waves and end up in

735-506: Is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. During the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, Zambales was one of the most militarized areas. In Olongapo, the continuation of the Vietnam war through this period meant

784-707: Is situated. With an average depth of 800 m (2,600 ft), Lake Pinatubo is the deepest lake in the Philippines. The highest point of the caldera rim is 1,485 m (4,872 ft) above sea level, some 260 m (850 ft) lower than the pre-eruption summit. A vast portion of the Zambales province acquired desert-like features in 1991, after being buried by more than 20 feet (6.1 m) of lahar . Zambales has two pronounced seasons: dry from October to June, and wet from July to September. Zambales comprises 13 municipalities and one highly urbanized city , which are divided into two legislative districts . Olongapo City

833-410: Is the largest city of the province wherein it is geographically located but politically independent. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north and northeast, Tarlac to the east, Pampanga to the southeast, Bataan to the south and the South China Sea to the west. With a total land area of 3,830.83 square kilometres (1,479.09 sq mi) (including the independent city of Olongapo ), Zambales

882-581: Is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon after Nueva Ecija. The province is noted for its mangoes , which are abundant from January to April. Zambales does not have a functional airport; the closest functional airport is Clark International Airport in Angeles City in the neighbouring province of Pampanga. Subic Bay International Airport , which is located in Cubi Point (geographically and politically located inside Morong , Bataan ) in

931-624: The American regime of the country. Many people found jobs and permanently settled there. The presence of the Americans greatly influenced the culture and way of life of the inhabitants. The people of Zambales are predominantly Roman Catholic (78.22%) under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Iba . A sizeable portion of the population also belongs to the Aglipayan Church (6.12%) under the jurisdiction of

980-558: The Diocese of Zambales and Iglesia ni Cristo (6%) the province has subdivided into 2 Ecclesiastical Districts of the Church has numerous locales dominates in cities and municipalities even in remote barrios . The remaining are divided with other Christian groups such as Born-again Christians , United Methodist Church , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Jehovah's Witnesses , Seventh-day Adventist , United Church of Christ in

1029-574: The Municipality of Agno ( Pangasinan : Baley na Agno ; Ilocano : Ili ti Agno ; Sambal : Babali nin Agno ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Agno ), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Pangasinan , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 29,947 people. The name Agno was derived from a species of swamp tree called “Agno Casto”, a chaste tree used for medicinal concoctions to relieve pain and illness, that grew abundantly in

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1078-536: The Subic Bay Freeport Zone is no longer functional for domestic and international flights. The Freeport Zone ( SBFZ ) is host to many tourist attractions which include casinos, parks, malls, beach-side huts, cottages and resorts, as well as historical sites. The name of the province is derived from "Zambales", the Hispanized name of the Sambal people . The Sambal were the original dominant ethnic group of

1127-557: The U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay until its closure in 1992. The summit and crater lake of Mount Pinatubo lies within Botolan municipality in Zambales, near the tripoint of Zambales, Pampanga and Tarlac provinces. This volcano, once considered dormant , erupted violently in June 1991 . The former summit of the volcano was obliterated by the massive eruption and replaced by a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) wide caldera , within which Lake Pinatubo

1176-522: The University of the Philippines Diliman . Zambales lies on the western shores of Luzon island along the South China Sea . Its shoreline is rugged and features many coves and inlets. The Zambales Mountains in the eastern length of the province occupies about 60% of the total land area of Zambales. Subic Bay , at the southern end of the province, provides a natural harbor, and was the location of

1225-524: The 1960s towards one built around sex industry related businesses such as bars by the mid-1970s. In 1986, the province was one of the main supporters of the People Power Revolution in Manila, which topped the 21-year dictatorship and installed Corazon Aquino as president, bringing back democracy to the country. The province was heavily affected by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo . Due to this,

1274-566: The People's Republic of China since 2012 . The 13 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise 247 barangays , with Santa Rita in Olongapo City as the most populous in 2010, and Owaog-Nibloc in Botolan as the least. If cities are excluded, Calapacuan in Subic has the highest population as of 2010. The population of Zambales in the 2020 census was 649,615 people, with

1323-463: The Philippine Senate rejected a bill for the renewal of U.S. bases in the Philippines. The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Zambales. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused

1372-505: The Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history

1421-876: The Philippine president Duterte and his PRC counterparts, the PRC allowed Filipino fishermen to access the shoals for fishing. In 2018, it was revealed that for every 3,000 peso worth of fish catch by Sambal fisherfolks, China siphoned them in exchange for 'two bottles of mineral water' worth 20 pesos. The revelations led to public unrest against China and the Duterte-administered Philippine government. Filipino president Rodrigo Duterte fired back against his fellow Filipinos, including those from Zambales, saying that China's acts were 'fine' as they were 'only barter'. On June 14, 2018, China's destruction of Scarborough Shoal's reefs surged to an extent which they became visible via Google Earth and Philippine satellites, as confirmed by

1470-634: The Philippines as well as Non Christians which is usually represented by Muslims . Town fiestas honoring patron saints are practiced in each parish . Sambal , Tagalog , and Ilocano are the three main languages of Zambales. Ilocano has 115,337 native speakers , Sambal has 114,637, and Tagalog has 250,637 (plus 24,995 non-native speakers ). Sambal residents in Iba have switched their language from Sambal to Ilocano & Tagalog, while Castillejos has shifted from Ilocano to Tagalog, and Cabangan from Ilocano and Sambal to Tagalog. Sambal & Sambalic languages as

1519-416: The Philippines was that of Zambal, published circa 1601. Ethnologue reports Santa Cruz, Masinloc and Iba as dialects of the language. The language is occasionally referred to as zambal , which is the hispanized form of Sambal . Sambal had also for a time been referred to as Tina , a term still encountered in older sources. The term, however, which means 'bleached' in the Botolan variety of

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1568-460: The Tagalog siko and bago . Note: In a general conversation, hi is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun: e.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter, as ‘kunlay na rin. Example: 'The man arrived.' Dumating ang lalaki: Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. 'John saw Mary.' Note that in Philippine languages, even

1617-401: The arrival of a constantly growing number of U.S. Sailors to Subic Naval Base, and along with it, the rapid growth of prostitution . The policies of the Marcos administration encouraged the growth of the sex-industry because it increased the flow of higher value currency into the Philippine economy. The economy of this part of Zambales evolved from a largely agricultural orientation at the end of

1666-436: The capital was moved among the last three towns above during its history before finally settling in Iba, due to its strategic location. Seven of the province's original northern towns, which included Bolinao , Infanta , San Isidro, now Burgos , Anda , Bani , Agno and Alaminos were later transferred under the jurisdiction of Pangasinan because of their distance from the capital. The first civil governor of Zambales during

1715-486: The colonial American era was Potenciano Lesaca from 1901 to 1903. Under a 1947 Military Bases Agreement, the Philippines granted the United States a 99-year lease on several U.S. bases, including U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay . A later amendment in 1966 reduced the original 99-year term of the agreement to 25 years. A renewal of the agreement in 1979 allowed the U.S. to continue operating the bases until November 1991, when

1764-446: The economy of the province weakened for some time, but regained vitality a few years after the government ordered the revitalization of the province and established growth in its southern towns, which later became a significant economic zone in the country by 1995. The 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff led to a situation where access to the shoal was restricted by the People's Republic of China. However, in 2016, following meetings between

1813-632: The language, is considered offensive. The pejorative term was first used in the late 1970s by researchers from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now SIL International). Sambals would not normally recognize the reference. Sambal language is most closely related to Kapampangan and to a classic form of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province of Rizal . This has been interpreted to mean that Sambal speakers had once inhabited that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalog settlers , pushing

1862-648: The locality. In time, “Agno” was retained to become the name of the town. Agno was formally organized into Municipality in 1791. During the Spanish regime and early part of the American era, Agno was part of the Province of Zambales, but upon enactment of Public Act No. 1004 dated November 30, 1903, of the Philippine Commission, the northern part of Zambales including Agno was annexed to the Province of Pangasinan. The town

1911-414: The names of people require an article. 'Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house.' 'Father has the keys.' 'That baby is healthy.' Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive. Examples: 'I wrote.' Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify. Below

1960-479: The north, the town of Mabini and Alaminos to the east and with Burgos to the south. Contrary to popular belief, the Agno River do not pass this municipality. Agno is politically subdivided into 17 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Poverty incidence of Agno Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The town's main livelihood is fishing and agriculture, although

2009-476: The original inhabitants northward to the modern province of Zambales, in turn, displacing the Aetas . In Zambales, Sambal speakers were almost displaced by Tagalog settlers once again who migrated along with Ilocano settlers to repopulate the less-populated Zambales valley, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline of Sambal cultural identity and language. There

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2058-423: The population speaks and understands English to varying degrees of fluency, and road signs are mostly written in that language. Poverty incidence of Zambales Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Zambales is considered first-class when it achieved its annual revenue growth of P2.09 billion from 2020 to 2022 with economy grew by 5% in 2023, which was slower than the 11.2% growth in 2022. Tourism plays

2107-875: The province can be found in Iba. It has also satellite campuses in the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Botolan, San Marcelino, and Castillejos. St. Joseph College-Olongapo, a college run by the Roman Catholic Church can be found in Olongapo City. The Columban College, run by the Catholic Church can be found also in Olongapo. The Magsaysay Memorial College is also run by the Roman Catholic Church and can be found in San Narciso. Download coordinates as: Sambal language The first European-produced reference grammar of any indigenous language of

2156-500: The province is composed of the municipalities of San Narciso, San Marcelino, San Antonio, Castillejos, Subic, and the highly urbanized city of Olongapo. — Scarborough shoal , locally known as Panatag   Shoal or Bajo   Masinloc , is designated under Masinloc municipality. Internationally disputed. Claimed by the People's Republic of China , Philippines , and Republic of China ( Taiwan ). De   facto controlled by

2205-575: The province is named. Many Sambal still believe in superstitions and mysteries that have been handed down through the generations. The Tagalogs , the Ilocanos , the Sambal , the Kapampangans , and the Pangasinans today constitute the five largest ethnic groups in Zambales; these identities may and do, however, overlap with one another due to intermarriage and other factors. The less-populated valley of

2254-473: The province was settled by settlers from the Ilocos and the Tagalog regions , leading to the assimilation of Sambals to Ilocano & Tagalog settlers & modern decline in the Sambal cultural identity and language. Most of the people of southern Zambales are migrants from different parts of the country, owing the influx of job opportunities brought on by the U.S Subic Naval Base ( San Antonio and Subic ) during

2303-445: The region. The Spanish first explored the area in 1572, led by Juan de Salcedo . Off Cape Bolinao (now part of Pangasinan), he and his men liberated a Zambal chieftain and his followers from a Chinese pirate ship. This act gained the natives' goodwill. Shortly thereafter, the province was organized. Among the earliest towns founded were Subic (1572), Botolan (1572), Masinloc (1607), Iba (1611), and Santa Cruz (1612). Zambales

2352-400: The rocks on September 12, 1784, before sailing on to China. When the Philippines was granted independence in the 19th century and 20th century, Scarborough Shoal was passed by the colonial governments to the sovereign Republic of the Philippines. By the end of the 1700s, Zambales had 1,136 native families and 73 Spanish Filipino families . Masinloc became the province's first capital. However,

2401-508: Was originally derived from 2 parts: the southern area from Pampanga and the northern area from Pangasinan . During the Spanish period, a 1774 map was made, which clearly named Scarborough Shoals as Panacot Shoal , a feature under complete sovereignty of Spanish Philippines, specifically of Zambales. The shoal's current name was chosen by Captain Philip D'Auvergne, whose East India Company East Indiaman Scarborough briefly grounded on one of

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