77-581: Zabita Khan Rohilla (died 21 January 1785) was a Rohilla chieftain in the time of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . Zabita Khan was the eldest son of Najib-ud-Daula , a leader of the Afghan Rohilla and founder of the city of Najibabad ( UP ). The Rohillas were Afghans who settled between Delhi and the Himalaya with Bareilly as their first city. They were led by individual chieftains. In
154-683: A combined Garhwal and Kumaon army which was defeated by Ali Muhammad Khan at the battle of Kairarau, forcing the Garhwal king to sue for peace. After seven months stay, disliking the climate of the region, the Rohillas returned to their homes in Katehr. Safdar Jang , the Nawab of Oudh , warned the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah of the growing power of the Rohillas. This caused Mohammed Shah to send an expedition against him as
231-416: A compliant state under British protection thereafter. The first stone of the new Fort at Rampur was laid in 1775 by Nawab Faizullah Khan. The first Nawab proposed to rename the city Faizabad , but many other places were known by that name so its name was changed to Mustafabad . Faizullah Khan suppressed a rebellion of Hurmat Khan, the son of Hafiz Rehmat, and sent a force of horse under Muhammad Umar Khan help
308-474: A geographical term which corresponded with, in its limited sense, the territory stretching from Swat and Bajaur in the north to Sibi in the south, and from Hasan Abdal ( Attock ) in the east to Kabul and Kandahar in the west, which corresponded with the homeland of the Pashtuns. The Pashtun or primarily Yusufzai migrations towards Northern India could be traced to their expulsion from Kandahar due to
385-573: A natural geographic region surrounding the Swat River . The valley was a major centre of early Buddhism of the ancient civilisation of Gandhara , mainly Gandharan Buddhism , with pockets of Buddhism persisting in the valley until the 16th century conquest of Swat by the Yousafzais , after which the area became largely Muslim, along with the Pashtunization of Swat and its neighbouring regions. In
462-484: A part of North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in 1969. The region was seized by the Tehrik-i-Taliban in late-2007 until Pakistani control was re-established in mid-2009 . The average elevation of Swat is 980 m (3,220 ft), resulting in a considerably cooler and wetter climate compared to the rest of Pakistan. With lush forests, verdant alpine meadows , and snow-capped mountains, Swat
539-404: A population of 2,687,384. The district has a sex ratio of 104.83 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 48.13%: 61.83% for males and 33.95% for females. 808,888 (30.11% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 794,368 (29.56%) live in urban areas. Languages of Swat district (2023) Swat is mostly inhabited by Pashtuns who make up 92.18% of the population. The dominant tribe
616-666: A result of which he surrendered to imperial forces. He was taken to Delhi as a prisoner, but was later pardoned and appointed governor of Sirhind . Most of his soldiers has already settled in the Katehar region during Nadir Shah 's invasion of northern India in 1739 increasing the Rohilla population in the area to 100,000. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla Pashtuns , this part Katehar region came to be known as Rohilkhand. The conversion of Hindus to Islam further resulted in its rapid growth. As Ali Muhammad Khan returned to Rohilkhand, Bareilly
693-411: A significant minority took to western education, and entered professions such as law and medicine. They also began to take an interest in the political debates during the last decade of the 19th Century. Some of them joined the newly formed Indian National Congress , while others were attracted to pan-Islamism . This period also saw a wholesale adoption of North Indian Muslim culture, with Urdu becoming
770-409: A similar constitution. Evidence from 1857 suggests that the survival of degrees of Pathan-derived lineage based identity in villagers of the old Rohilkhand districts. These identities were marked as much by signs of assimilation and transformation as any continuity. The period between the revolt of 1857 and the independence of India in 1947 was a period of stability for the Rohilla community. In 1858,
847-454: A village located near Mingora , is one of those few villages which produces 18 varieties of apples due to its agriculturally favourable temperate climate in summer. The apple produced here is consumed in Pakistan as well as exported to other countries. It is known as ‘the apple of Swat’. Swat is also famous for peach production mostly grown in the valley bottom plains and accounts for about 80% of
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#1732858850093924-495: Is also founder of Private Schools Management Association (PSMA) and got good reputation in imparting quality education in the region. Swat is subdivided into 9 administrative divisions Tehsils : Each tehsil comprises certain numbers of union councils . Swat has 65 union councils: 56 rural and 9 urban. According to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act, 2013 , a new local governments system
1001-498: Is believed to have been the lingua franca of the locals during this time. By the time of the Muslim conquests ( c. 1000 CE ), the population in the region was predominantly Hindu , though Buddhism persisting in the valley until the 10th century, after which the area became largely Muslim . Hindu Shahi rulers built fortresses to guard and tax the commerce through this area, and ruins dating back to their rule can be seen on
1078-674: Is buried next to his son Ghulam Kadir, though most consider it more likely that the adjacent grave belongs to Zabita Khan's wife. Zabita Khan founded the Masjid Zabta Ganj, a mosque in Delhi, which is still operated. Rohilla Rohillas are a community of Pashtun heritage, historically found in Rohilkhand , a region in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India. It forms the largest Pashtun diaspora community in India, and has given its name to
1155-610: Is delineated by natural geographic boundaries, and is centered on the Swat River. The valley is enclosed on all sides by mountains, and is intersected by glens and ravines. Above mountains ridges to the west is the valley of the Panjkora River , to the north the Gilgit Valley, and Indus River gorges to the east. To the south, across a series of low mountains, lies the wide Peshawar valley . The northernmost area of Swat district are
1232-457: Is mainly inhabited by the indigenous Kohistani , Torwali and Kalami peoples. Swat Proper forms the lower portion of the district and has a Pashtun majority, with a significant Gujar population. In terms of administrative divisions, Swat is surrounded by Chitral , Upper Dir and Lower Dir to the west, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, and Kohistan , Buner and Shangla to the east and southeast, respectively. The former tehsil of Buner
1309-562: Is one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. The name "Swat" is derived from the Swat River . The Swat River referred to as the Suvāstu in the Rig Veda, with a literal meaning "of fair dwellings". Some have suggested the Sanskrit name may mean "clear blue water." Another theory derives the word Swat from the Sanskrit word shveta ( lit. ' white ' ), also used to describe
1386-598: Is the Yusufzai tribe with minor settlements of Shinwari , Tarkani , Ghoryakhel and Sulaimankhel tribes. The language spoken in the valley is Pashto (mainly the Yousafzai dialect ). Kohistani languages are spoken by 1.47% of the population and languages classified as 'Others', mainly Kalami and Torwali , are spoken by 6.10% of the population, and form the majority in the Swat Kohistan region of Upper Swat. According to
1463-775: The Alif Ailaan Pakistan Education Rankings for 2017 , Swat with a score of 53.1, is ranked 86 out of 155 districts in terms of education. Furthermore, the Swat schools infrastructure scores 90.26 which ranks it on number 31 out of 155. A Christian-run missionary school was established in 1950s, the first ever private sector educational institution in Swat Valley. A number of other private sector schools are in run since long, Tipu Model School and College, Kabal Swat (TMS established by Safdar Ali Aziz) and Swat Public School (SPS) are oldest among such schools. Safdar Ali Aziz
1540-560: The British Indian Empire between 1926 and 1947, after which the Akhwand acceded to the newly independent state of Pakistan . Swat continued to exist as an autonomous region until it was dissolved in 1969, and incorporated into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (formerly called NWFP ). The region was seized by the Tehrik-i-Taliban in late-2007, and its highly-popular tourist industry was subsequently decimated until Pakistani control
1617-688: The Greco-Bactrians , and briefly the Scythians of the Central Asian Steppe . The region of Gandhara (based in the Peshawar valley and the adjacent hilly regions of Swat, Buner , Dir , and Bajaur ), broke away from Greco-Bactrian rule to establish their own independence as the Indo-Greek Kingdom . Following the death of the most famous Indo-Greek king, Menander I around 140 BCE, the region
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#17328588500931694-483: The Kushans , based in the Peshawar valley . Kushan rule began what is considered by many to be the golden age of Gandhara. Under the greatest Kushan king, Kanishka , Swat became an important region for the production of Buddhist art, and numerous Buddhists shrines were built in the area. As a patron of Mahayana Buddhism , new Buddhists stupas were built and old ones were enlarged. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien , who visited
1771-618: The Peshawar valley and the Barech from Kandahār . A majority of Rohillas migrated from Pashtunistan to North India between the 17th and 18th century. . Finally, a large number of newer Pashtun arrivals from the Northwest swelled their ranks, who were termed "Vilayati". All were collectively termed Rohillas, thus the Rohillas were in the process of developing a real or fictive kinship based on newly forged marriage alliances, consisting of Indian Pathan families, converted Hindus and new arrivals from
1848-541: The Shaikh , Muslim Rajput and Kamboh . Thus at the dawn of independence , the Rohilla were losing their distinct community status. The independence of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 had a profound effect on the Rohilla community. During the partition of India in 1947, some Rohillas moved to Pakistan. The Rohilla, part of the Pathan community, form one of the ethnic groups of Uttar Pradesh and are found throughout
1925-617: The Shaivism sect of Hinduism . In around 520 CE, the Chinese monk Song Yun visited the area, and recorded that area had been in ruin and ruled by a leader that did not practice the laws of the Buddha. The Tang -era Chinese monk Xuanzang recorded the decline of Buddhism in the region, and ascendance of Hinduism in the region. According to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned. Following
2002-560: The Swat Valley , is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . Known for its stunning natural beauty, the district is a popular tourist destination. With a population of 2,687,384 per the 2023 national census , Swat is the 15th-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Swat District is centred on the Valley of Swat, usually referred to simply as Swat, which is
2079-636: The Turko-Mongol invasions, who were subsequently resettled in Kabul , where they were again dispelled by the Timurids and forced to settle in Swat , where they assimilated the native Dardic and Tajik Dehqan population, who were collectively termed Yusufzais to the outside. A further migration continued towards Northern India, where typically inhabitants in the valley without land and those seeking trade opportunities quitted
2156-521: The Yousafzai Pashtuns from west during the reign of Sultan Awes Jahangiri in 1519, resulting into the Pashtunization of Swat. The princely state of Swat was a kingdom established in the late 19th century by the Muslim saint Akhund Abdul Gaffur , more commonly known as Saidu Baba, that was ruled by chiefs known as Akhunds . It was then recognized as a princely state in alliance with
2233-611: The Americas in which they form a subset of the Muslim minority of the Indo-Caribbean ethnic group. After the 1947 Partition of India , many of the Rohillas migrated to Karachi , Pakistan as a part of the Muhajir community. The Indian term "Rohilla" originated from Roh , meaning the hilly country, where Rohilla was used as a fairly broad notion of the people from Roh. Later Roh referred to
2310-522: The Banjara chief who held Philbit. In 1744, Ali Muhammad Khan successfully invaded Kumaon with a well-prepared army that was 10,000 men strong. In late 1743, he captured Almora, after which the king Kalyan Chand fled and sought the protection of the Raja of Garhwal, who forgave his previous mutual animosity and offered military support. As Ali Muhammad Khan burnt down the temple of Jageshwar , the Rohillas were faced by
2387-649: The British colonial government issued a general pardon to all those who had taken part in the Indian Rebellion and restored many lands. Some of the tribes were punished for aiding the rebels. Some tribes had to migrate to Delhi and Gurgaon , while others migrated to the Deccan region . Conditions improved after some years and migration from the North West Frontier Province and Afghanistan recommenced, adding to
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2464-746: The British defeat the Sikh attacks in Bijnor. The Qissa-o-Ahwal-i-Rohilla written by Rustam Ali Bijnori in 1776 provides an example of the refined Urdu prose of the Muslim Rohilla elite in Rohilkhand and Katehr. Nawab Faizullah Khan ruled for 20 years. He was a patron of education and began the collection of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindustani manuscripts which are now housed in the Rampur Raza Library. After his death his son Muhammad Ali Khan took over. He
2541-588: The Indian Muslim Barah Sayyid tribe, who controlled the upper Doab under the Mughal empire , and who had under their chief Saifudddin Barha put the Mughal governor Marhamat Khan and all of his followers to death. As a reward Ali Muhammad Khan was given the title of Nawab by Muhammad Shah in 1737. He became so powerful that he refused to send tax revenues to the central government. Ali Muhammad Khan defeated Despat,
2618-551: The Jehanabad Buddha's face was blown up using dynamite , but was repaired by a group of Italian restorers in a nine-year-long process. Looters subsequently destroyed many of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts, and deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction. Gandhara artifacts remaining from the demolitions were thereafter plundered by thieves and smugglers. Approximately 38% of economy of Swat depends on tourism and 31% depends on agriculture . Gwalerai,
2695-736: The Marathas across the Ganges, after inflicting severe losses upon them. Qutb Khan Rohilla defeated and beheaded the Maratha general Dattaji at Burari Ghat. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) one of the Rohilla Sardars, Najib-ud-Daula , allied himself with Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Marathas . He not only provided 40,000 Rohilla troops but also 70 guns to the allied. He also convinced Shuja-ud-Daula ,
2772-670: The Marathas. Mian Qutb Shah defeated the Mughal army at Karnal, and plundered the adjoining towns until he conquered the town of Sirhind . When he was completely defeated in his attempt to enter the Jalandhar Doab, he was forced to abandon all his territory. The Marathas invaded Rohilkhand, and as the chiefs could offer no effective resistance, they fled to the Terai, whence they sought the aid of Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh. Shuja-ud-Daulah came to their aid, and their combined forces in November 1759 drove
2849-510: The Mughals and various Rajput Zamindars. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from various Pashtun tribes as mercenaries had immigrated to the region. Daud Khan adopted two Hindus, converted them to Islam, and provided them a proper religious education. These were Ali Muhammad Khan and Fath Khan-i-Saman. They were trained as mercenaries, and the former was put at the head of his following, which included both Pashtuns and various Hindustanis. The rise of
2926-560: The Nawab of Oudh, to join Ahmad Shah Abdali's forces against the Marathas. In this battle, the Marathas were defeated and as a consequence the Rohilla increased in power. The Marathas invaded Rohilkhand to retaliate against the Rohillas' participation in the Panipat war. The Marathas under the leadership of the Maratha ruler Mahadji Shinde entered the land of Sardar Najib-ud-Daula which
3003-449: The Northwest. The founder of the state of Rohilkhand was Ali Muhammad Khan who was a Jat boy of age of eight when he was adopted by Daud Khan Rohilla . The first immigrant to the Katehr region was Shah Alam Khan, who had settled in Katehr in 1673 and had brought along a band of his tribe, the Barech . His son Daud Khan gained a number of villages in the Katehr region by working for
3080-560: The Rajput yeomanry. This conflict is known as the Rohilla War . When Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech was killed, in April 1774, Rohilla resistance crumbled, and Rohilkhand was annexed by the kingdom of Oudh. Shuja-ud-Daulah spread his troops to murder, plunder and commit every on the peasantry. The Rohillas under Faizullah Khan , Ahmad Khan Bakhshi, Ahmad Khan-i-Saman, the son of Fath Khan-i-saman retired to
3157-473: The Rohilkhand region. The Rohilla military chiefs settled in this region of northern India in the 1720s, the first of whom was Ali Mohammed Khan . The Rohillas are found all over Uttar Pradesh, but are more concentrated in the Rohilkhand regions of Bareilly and Moradabad divisions. Between 1838 and 1916, some Rohillas migrated to Guyana , Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean region of
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3234-537: The Rohilla population. During this period, the Rohillas were also effected by the reformist movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan , with many taking to modern education. The founder of the Barelvi sect of Sunni Islam , Ahmad Raza Khan , was also born among the Rohillas and the city of Bareilly became an important centre of Islamic learning in Northern India. While a majority of Rohillas remained landowners and cultivators,
3311-407: The Rohilla state owed mainly to Ali Muhammad Khan, who succeeded Daud Khan's jagirs in 1721. The Rohillas being a mixture of old pedigree Indian Pathan families, Indian converts and new adventurers from the northwest, were in the process of developing a real or fictive kinship based on newly forged marriage alliances. Ali Muhammad Khan distinguished himself by helping in suppressing the rebellion of
3388-446: The Rohillas agreed to pay four million rupees in return for military help against the Marathas. Hafiz Rehmat, abhoring unnecessary violence unlike the outlook of his fellow Rohillas such as Ali Muhammad and Najib Khan, prided himself on his role as a political mediator and sought the alliance with Awadh to keep the Marathas out of Rohilkhand. He bound himself to pay on behalf of the Rohillas. However, after he refused to pay, Oudh attacked
3465-553: The Rohillas were following their footsteps. As Ali Muhammad occupied Katehar, and had invited a large number of people from Roh , it was during his lifetime that the land of Katehr was named Rohilkhand which means the land of the Rohillas . The settlers from Roh consisted primarily of Pashtuns of the Mandarr Yousafzai tribe, as well as the Khattak , Bunerwal Yousafzais , Muhammadzai and Afridi tribes who were inhabitants of
3542-573: The Rohillas. Afterwards, the Rohillas were attacked by the neighbouring kingdom of Oudh led by the Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula and his principal sardars, Basant Ali Khan, Mahbub Ali Khan, and Sayyid Ali Khan. The Nawab also received assistance from an East India Company force under the command of Colonel Alexander Champion . Hafiz Rehmat was joined by the Indian Pathans of Farrukhabad in the Doab and
3619-549: The Sham Baba mountainous range, with lush green gardens and large trees being added as "charm" to the climate in the area. More than 20 km² has been covered strategically, as was proposed during the last Wali's rule and constructed later-on by the Pakistani government. The Kanju village has seen an influx of academics in the region and is considered a hub for the Matta and Kabal Tehsils of Swat Valley. The Gandhara grave culture that emerged c. 1400 BCE and lasted until 800 BCE, and named for their distinct funerary practices,
3696-426: The camp of the Nawab of Awadh , Shuja-ud-Daula . He also failed to prevent the Sikh Khalsa occupation of Delhi during the Battle of Delhi (1783) . Zabita Khan died on 21 January 1785. He was succeeded by his son Ghulam Kadir . His grave is in the courtyard of the Dargah Qutub Sahib in Mehrauli , a shrine dedicated to the Sufi mystic Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki , and preserved to this day. Some allege that he
3773-401: The clear water of the Swat River. To the ancient Greeks, the river was known as the Soastus. The Chinese pilgrim Faxian referred to Swat as the Su-ho-to . Swat's total area is 5,337 square kilometres (2,061 sq mi). Swat District consists of two well-defined geographic regions, Swat Kohistan and Swat Proper. Swat Kohistan forms the larger, northern part of the district, and
3850-477: The collapse of Buddhism in Swat following the Alchon Hun invasion, Swat was ruled by the Hindu Shahi dynasty beginning in the 8th century, who made their capital at Udigram in lower Swat. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of Oddiyana , present-day Swat. The Shahis built an extensive array of temples and other architectural buildings, of which ruins remain today. Under their rule, Hinduism ascended, and Sanskrit
3927-413: The country of Roh and migrated to India. The immigration of Pashtuns from the Peshawar valley was further exacerbated with the collapse of Mughal authority and the invasion of Nader Shah . This community over generations had become culturally closer to the Awadh region between Katehr and Awadh. In the 1700s, the decentralization of Mughal power allowed for the rise of Rohilla power in Katehar , with
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#17328588500934004-456: The early 19th century, Swat emerged as an independent state under Saidu Baba . State of Swat became a Princely state under British suzerainty as part of the British Raj in 1918. In 1947, following the Partition of British India and subsequent independence of Pakistan , Swat acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan continuing as a self-governing princely state until it was officially annexed and merged into West Pakistan and later became
4081-416: The grave of Najib ad-Dawlah . With the fleeing of the Rohillas, the rest of the country was burnt, with the exception of the city of Amroha, which was defended by some thousands of Amrohi Sayyid tribes. The Rohillas who could offer no resistance fled to the Terai whence the remaining Sardar Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech sought assistance in an agreement formed with the Nawab of Oudh , Shuja-ud-Daula, by which
4158-432: The high valleys and alpine meadows of Swat Kohistan (Swat Mountains) , a region where numerous glaciers feed the Usho , and Gabral rivers (also known as the Utrar River), which form a confluence at Kalam, and thereafter forms the Swat river - which forms the spine of the Swat Valley and district. Swat then is characterized by thick forests along the narrow gorges of the Kalam Valley until the city of Madyan . From there,
4235-458: The hills at Lal Dang and started a guerrilla war to avenge their defeat. Warren Hastings ' role in the conflict was publicized during his impeachment . From 1774 to 1799, the region was administered by Khwaja Almas Khan, a Jat Muslim convert from Hoshiarpur , Punjab, as representative of the Awadh (Kingdom of Oudh) rulers. This period was particularly tough for the Rohillas, as Almas Khan made every effort to violently extract wealth from
4312-399: The hills at the southern entrance of Swat, at the Malakand Pass . Around 1001 CE, the last Hindu Shahi king, Jayapala was decisively defeated at the Battle of Peshawar (1001) by Mahmud of Ghazni , thereby ending 2 centuries of Hindu rule over Gandhara. The Sultanate of Swat was the last Dardic state that existed in the Swat valley between 12th and 16th centuries. It was conquered by
4389-428: The inhabitants. Almas Khan carved out a principality and possessed a considerable army like the Nawab. In 1799, the British East India Company annexed the territory, and started to pay a pension to the family of Hafiz Rahmat Khan . While most of Rohilkhand was annexed, the Rohilla State of Rampur was established by Nawab Faizullah Khan on 7 October 1774 in the presence of Colonel Alexander Champion , and remained
4466-432: The lower plains experience occasional snow. Both regions are subject to two monsoon seasons - one in winter and the other in summer. Swat's lower reaches have vegetation characterized by dry bush and deciduous trees, while the upper areas mostly have thick pine forests. The Saidu Sharif Airport at Kanju is a stone throw from Mingora, adding much to the tourism in the past. The runway is situated between Swat River and
4543-604: The mid-18th century, their most important chieftains were Najib-ud-Daula , Hafiz Rahmat Khan and Ahmad Khan Bangash . Zabita Khan is known to have fought alongside his father during the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In March 1768 Najib-ud-Daula retired his leadership over the Rohillas and declared Zabita Khan to be his successor, while he moved to Najibabad. Two of Najib-ud-Daula's high-ranking officers resisted (Ali Muhammed Kur and Sayyid Mian Asrar-ud-din [also known as Lambi Mian]) but were crushed by Zabita Khan. On 15 October 1769 Najib-ud-Daula went to Delhi, where Zabita Khan
4620-450: The native language of the Rohilla. In fact the term of Rohilla was slowly replaced with the term " Pathan ", which was a new self-identification. However a sense of distinct identity remained strong, with the Rohillas residing in distinct quarters of cities, such as, Kakar Tola, Pani Tola and Gali Nawaban in Bareilly, which was home to the descendants of Hafiz Rahmat Khan . There was intermarriages with neighbouring Muslim communities such as
4697-424: The new Nawab after his death. He established Courts and improved the economic conditions of farmers. His son Muhammad Yusuf Ali Khan took over after his death and his son, Kalb Ali Khan, became the new Nawab after his death in 1865. They were generally settled in villages, in many of which they own and cultivate the soil, and in some of which they formed large brotherhoods, approaching those of Jats and Rajputs, with
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#17328588500934774-407: The peach production of the country - thus oft marketed in the national markets with a branded as "Swat Peaches". The supply starts in April and continues till September because of a diverse range of varieties grown. Salampur village, located near Saidu Sharif , is a principle region in Pakistan for the manufacture of sheets and shawls. As of the 2023 census , Swat district has 381,212 households and
4851-407: The rise of Ali Muhammad Khan's territories, in the context of the rise of other elements such as the Marathas , Jats and the Sikhs . This region, called Katehar by the Hindus, and Sambhal - Moradabad by the Muslims, was already known as one of the most troublesome regions for its turbulence and rebelliousness under the Katehriya Rajputs, especially since the Delhi Sultanate . In this respect
4928-459: The river courses gently for 160 km through the wider Yousufzai Plains of the lower Swat Valley until Chakdara . Climate in Swat is a function of altitude, with mountains in the Kohistan region snow-clad year round. The upper areas of the region are relatively colder and often get snowfall in the winter. Drier, warmer temperatures in the lower portions in the Yousafzai Plains where summer temperatures can reach 105 °F (41 °C), although
5005-801: The state, with settlements in the cities of Rampur , Bareilly , and Shahjahanpur in Rohilkhand, being the densest in Rampur, the seat of the Royal House of Rampur. The Rohillas are known for their rich cuisine. In Pakistan, the Rohillas and other Urdu -speaking Pathans have now assimilated into the larger Urdu speaking community. There is no sense of corporate identity among the descendants of Rohilla Pathans in Pakistan with high degree of intermarriage with other Muslims. They mainly live in Karachi , Hyderabad , Sukkur , KPK, Dera Ismail Khan , Pharpur , RangPur , Haripur , Abbottabad and other urban areas of Sindh and KPK . Swat District Swat District ( Urdu : ضلع سوات , Pashto : سوات ولسوالۍ , pronounced [ˈswaːt̪] ), also known as
5082-443: The valley around 403 CE, mentions 500 monasteries. Swat and the wider region of Gandhara were overrun by the Alchon Huns around about 465 CE. Under the rule of Mihirakula , Buddhism was suppressed as he himself became virulently anti-Buddhist after a perceived slight against him by a Buddhist monk. Under his rule, Buddhist monks were reportedly killed, and Buddhist shrines attacked. He himself appears to have been inclined towards
5159-523: Was assassinated by Rohilla elders after reigning for 24 days, and Muhammad Ali Khan's brother, Ghulam Muhammad Khan, was proclaimed Nawab. The East India Company took exception to this, and after a reign of just 3 months and 22 days, Ghulam Muhammad Khan was besieged and defeated by East India Company forces . The East India Company supported Muhammad Ali Khan's son, Ahmad Ali Khan, to be the new Nawab. He ruled for 44 years. He did not have any sons, so Muhammad Saeed Khan, son of Ghulam Muhammad Khan, took over as
5236-415: Was found along the Middle Swat River course. Swat, then known as Oddiyana , was a major centre of Gandhara civilization . In 327 BCE, Alexander the Great fought his way to Odigram and Barikot and stormed their battlements; in Greek accounts , these towns are identified as Ora and Bazira . After the Alexandrian invasion of Swat, and adjacent regions of Buner , control of the wider Gandhara region
5313-440: Was granted the status of a separate district in 1991. The Swat Valley is enclosed by mountains that forms a natural geographic boundary for it. The Swat River whose headwaters arise in the 5,500-to-5,800-metre-tall (18,000–19,000 ft) Hindu Kush mountain range runs through the length of the region. The main area consists of many sub valleys such as Kalam , Bahrain , Matiltan , Utror , and Gabral . The Valley of Swat
5390-427: Was handed to Seleucus I Nicator . In 305 BCE, the Mauryan Emperor conquered the wider region from the Greeks, and probably established control of Swat, until their control of the region ceased around 187 BCE. It was during the rule of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka that Buddhism was introduced into Swat, and some of the earliest stupas built in the region. Following collapse of Mauryan rule, Swat came under control of
5467-455: Was held by his son Zabita Khan after the sardar's death. Zabita Khan initially resisted the attack with Sayyid Khan and Saadat Khan behaving with gallantry, but was eventually defeated with the death of Saadat Khan by the Marathas and was forced to flee to the camp of Shuja-ud-Daula and his country was ravaged by Marathas. Shah Alam II held the captured the family of Zabita Khan and Maratha ruler Mahadji Shinde looted his fort and desecrated
5544-681: Was hosted by the Dowager Empress and the Crown Prince. At the time of his father's death on 31 October 1770, Zabita Khan was said to be the second richest person in northern India after the Jat King. As his father's eldest son he was invested as Mir Bakhshi (Head of the Mughal Army) by Shah Alam II on 29 December 1770. During his rule, the Marathas captured, first Delhi in 1771 and then Rohilkhand in 1772, forcing him to flee to
5621-551: Was introduced, in which Swat is included. This system has 67 wards , in which the total amount of village councils are around 170, while neighbourhood councils number around 44. The region elects three male members of the National Assembly of Pakistan (MNAs), one female MNA, seven male members of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (MPAs) and two female MPAs. In the 2002 National and Provincial elections,
5698-530: Was made the capital of this newly formed Rohilkhand state. When Ali Muhammad Khan died, leaving six sons. However, two of his elder sons were in Afghanistan at the time of his death while the other four were too young to assume the leadership of Rohilkhand. As a result, power transferred to other Rohilla Sardars, where Sadullah Khan was made the nominal head of the state. Faizullah Khan retained Bareilly , Dundi Khan gained Moradabad and Bisauli, Fath Khan-i-Saman
5775-656: Was overrun by the Indo-Scythians , and then the Persian Parthian Empire around 50 CE. The arrival of the Parthians began the long tradition of Greco-Buddhist art , which was a syncretic form of art combining Buddhist imagery with heavy Hellenistic-Greek influences. This art form is credited with having the first representations of the Buddha in human form, rather than symbolically. The Parthians were ousted from Swat by
5852-581: Was placed in charge of Badaun and Usehat, Mulla Sardar Bakhshi gained Kot and Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech gained Salempur or Pilibhit . In 1755, Qutb Shah Rohilla , who was not a Rohilla by caste, but came to be known as a Rohilla as a preceptor and fighter of the Indian Rohillas, raised the standard of rebellion in Saharanpur against the Wazir Imad-ul-Mulk, who had taken his jagirs and given them to
5929-468: Was re-established in mid-2009 after a month-long campaign. During their occupation, the group attacked Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai in 2012, who at the time was a young school-girl who wrote a blog for BBC Urdu detailing life under Tehreek-i-Taliban rule, and their curb on girls' education. Kushan -era Buddhist stupas and statues in the Swat Valley were demolished by the Tehreek-i-Taliban, and
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