People's Republic of Croatia (1946–1963) Narodna Republika Hrvatska ( Serbo-Croatian )
91-558: ZNG may refer to: Croatian National Guard (Croatian: Zbor narodne garde ), a 1991 Croatian War of Independence armed force For New Generations (Bosnian: Za Nove Generacije ), a political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina founded in 2022 zng, the ISO 639-3 code for Mang language ZNG-FM , a radio station in Nassau, Bahamas Topics referred to by
182-651: A chief of the whole economy, Hebrang finished his Five-Year Plan in winter 1946–47 which was approved by the government in spring 1947. Because of the lack of knowledge, the Plan copied the Soviet model. The factories which were built faster were factories that were in the sector of heavy and military industry, of which the most known in SR Croatia were " Rade Končar " and " Prvomajska ". In the Five-Year Plan, Hebrang wanted to increase
273-633: A constituent republic of the SFRY . All the constitutions and amendments were adopted by the Parliament of Croatia ( Croatian : Sabor ). After the first multi-party parliamentary elections held in April 1990 , the Parliament made various constitutional changes and dropped the prefix "socialist" from the official name, so the "Socialist Republic of Croatia" became simply the "Republic of Croatia" (RH). On 22 December 1990,
364-429: A major concert before almost 250,000 people in the central Zagreb city square. In light of the changing political circumstances, their song "Mojoj majci" ("To my mother"), where the songwriter hailed the mother in the song as "the last rose of Croatia", was taken to heart by the fans on the location and many more elsewhere because of the expressed patriotism. On October 26, parliament declared All Saints Day (November 1)
455-825: A national state of the Croatian people, the state of the Serbian people in Croatia and the state of other nationalities living in it ". The first post-war head of state of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was Vladimir Nazor (actually President of the Presidium of the Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia), who was, during the war, Chairman of the State Antifascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), while
546-688: A path toward the independence of Croatia . The economy of the SFR Yugoslavia and thus of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was initially influenced by the Soviet Union. As the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was a member of the Communist International , Yugoslav communists thought that the Soviet way to socialism was the only option to create a socialist state. In the early years of the SFR Yugoslavia, Communist members suppressed critics towards
637-550: A public holiday. In January 1990, during the 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the delegation of Serbia led by Milošević insisted on replacing the 1974 constitutional policy that empowered the republics with a policy of "one person, one vote", which would benefit the majority Serb population. This caused first the Slovenian and then Croatian delegations (led by Milan Kučan and Ivica Račan , respectively) to leave
728-780: A single area often had no authority coordinating their activities. TO command systems were reactivated in some places (such as Zagreb), somewhat improving the situation. Other problems faced by the ZNG included a shortage of trained officers, inadequate troop training, a shortage of weapons and especially a shortage of ammunition. Mobilisation proved particularly successful, however, and troops were plentiful; in Zagreb, approximately 80 percent of those called up in September and October reported for service. The ZNG were short of uniforms; 20 percent of those drafted in Zagreb during this period received uniforms, while
819-512: A war climate. In February 1990, SR Croatia changed its constitutional system to a multi-party system. In March 1991, the Yugoslav People's Army met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia (an eight-member council composed of representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces) in an attempt to get them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of
910-545: Is a number of significant battles in the early part of the war, attempting to hold back Yugoslav forces . These include the battles of Gospić , Šibenik and Zadar , where the ZNG defended cities in Lika and along the Dalmatian coast against the JNA and its allies. The ZNG also took part in the battles of Vukovar and Osijek in eastern Slavonia, defended Dubrovnik and contributed to
1001-574: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Croatian National Guard The Croatian National Guard ( Croatian : Zbor narodne garde or ZNG ) was an armed force established by Croatia in April and May 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence . Although it was established within the framework of the Ministry of the Interior for legal reasons,
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#17328526059961092-529: The Lika , Kordun and Banovina regions and eastern Croatia . They established a Serbian National Council in July 1990 to coordinate opposition to Croatian President Franjo Tuđman 's policy of pursuing independence for Croatia . Milan Babić , a dentist from Knin, was elected president and Knin police chief Milan Martić established paramilitary militias. The two men eventually became the political and military leaders of
1183-471: The Ministry of the Interior . Parliament amended the Internal Affairs Act on 18 April, and the ZNG was formally established five days later. It was tasked with the protection of the constitutional order , the maintenance of public order, anti-terrorist operations, the protection of Croatia's borders, territory, coast and territorial waters , valuable structures and high-profile individuals. Although
1274-640: The SAO Krajina , a self-declared state incorporating the Serb-inhabited areas of Croatia. The JNA learned about Croatia's intention to develop its own military force from JNA Captain Vladimir Jager, a double agent employed by Croatia and the JNA Counterintelligence Service (KOS). The JNA devised Operation Shield ( Štit ), aimed at disarming the Croatian forces and the arrest and trial of
1365-847: The ZAVNOH (National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia), a legislative body of the future Croatian republic within Yugoslavia. Its first president was Vladimir Nazor . Croatian partisans had autonomy along with the Slovene and Macedonian partisans. However, on 1 March 1945 they were put under the command of the Supreme Command of the Yugoslav Army, thus losing their autonomy. Partisans of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have such autonomy. Because of partisan victories and increased territory held by partisans, AVNOJ decided to hold
1456-499: The capture of the JNA barracks and Operation Hurricane-91 (an attempt to push the JNA out of western Slavonia. The HV continued to grow, numbering about 200,000 troops by the end of 1991. Although the force successfully countered the JNA that year, the HV was deficient in organisation, training and heavy-weapons support. By the end of 1991, the HV still lacked sufficient resources to push back
1547-653: The second session in Jajce at the end of November 1943. At that session, the Yugoslav communist leadership decided to reestablish Yugoslavia as federal state. On November 29, 1945, the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly held a session where it was decided that Croatia would be joined by five other republics in Yugoslavia: Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia and Macedonia . Not long after,
1638-617: The Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia was established, headed by Tus. On 8 October (the day Croatia declared its independence) the Defence Act was amended, with the ZNG redefined as a part of the HV. ZNG reserve units became the HV reserve, named the Home Guard ( Domobranstvo ), leaving the ZNG an all-professional force. The ZNG was renamed the HV on 3 November 1991. ZNG units participated
1729-593: The Banovina–Kordun area, Lika, central and northern Dalmatia, southern Dalmatia and Zagreb in late July and August. Crisis headquarters, which also had command authority of ZNG units, were established down to the municipal level. The command structure was particularly poor, preventing effective coordination between units. Although the many crisis headquarters were entrusted with a high level of authority, they consisted of politicians with little (if any) military training other than JNA service . Multiple units deployed to
1820-501: The Basics of Social and Political Organization and on Republican Organs of Authority", actually a completely new constitution. The second (technically third) Constitution was adopted in 1963; it changed the name of the People's Republic of Croatia (NRH) into the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH). Major constitutional amendments were approved in 1971, and in 1974 followed a new Constitution of the SR Croatia which emphasized Croatian statehood as
1911-517: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia that Yugoslavia would be industrially stronger than Austria and Czechoslovakia. Both Kardelj and Bakarić advocated development of light industry, instead of Hebrang's idea for industry that would serve agriculture. The Five-Year Plan was indeed exaggerated; this plan did not have qualified personnel, market (placement) and capital; even so, the state continued with its implementation. All across
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#17328526059962002-583: The Communist Party started to prosecute those who opposed the communist one-party system. On January 30, 1946, the Constituent Assembly ratified the Constitution of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia . Croatia was the last of the republics to make its own constitution, which was mostly the same as the federal and other republic constitutions. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Croatia
2093-587: The Congress in protest and marked a culmination in the rift of the ruling party. Ethnic Serbs, who constituted 12% of the population of Croatia, rejected the notion of separation from Yugoslavia. Serb politicians feared the loss of influence they previously had through their membership of the League of Communists in Croatia (that some Croats claimed was disproportionate). Memories from the Second World War were evoked by
2184-636: The Croatian Territorial Defence Force's ( Teritorijalna obrana – TO) equipment to build its own army and confront the JNA. To minimize the expected resistance, the JNA confiscated the TO's weapons. On 17 August tensions escalated into an open revolt by the Croatian Serbs, centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland near the southern town of Knin , parts of
2275-522: The Croatian leadership, in response. Although the operation was prepared by December 1990, federal Defence Minister General Veljko Kadijević never sought authorisation to carry it out from the Yugoslav Presidency . Instead, he ordered the KOS to stand down on the morning the operation was scheduled to begin. At the beginning of 1991 Croatia had no regular army, and to bolster its defence Croatia doubled
2366-634: The Defence Act, specifying that the ZNG and the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV) comprised the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . At the same time, the armed forces were formally subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the Ministry of the Interior. The legislation also designated the TO reserve units as a constituent part of the ZNG reserve force. The following day the General Staff of
2457-610: The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Yugoslavia (and therefore Croatia) gradually abandoned Stalinism after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948. In 1963 the People's Republic of Croatia also accordingly became the Socialist Republic of Croatia . On December 22, 1990, a new Constitution was adopted, under which the Socialist Republic of Croatia
2548-648: The HSS, wanted to enter the People's Front, a suprapolitical organization controlled by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia . Šubašić knew that this would put the HSS under control of the communists and ended the negotiations about unification. In the election campaign, the opposition parties wanted to unite with the Serbian Radical Party and other parties; however, communist activities, using various wiles, ruined their plan. On August 20, 1945, Grol resigned and accused
2639-913: The JNA and continued experiencing inadequate work by their staff. Nonetheless, like the ZNG it benefited from its troops' high morale and the well-defined purpose of its mission. The growth and systematic improvement of HV capability accelerated in 1992, continuing throughout the Croatian War of Independence . The anniversary of the ZNG parade at the Kranjčevićeva Street Stadium is celebrated annually in Croatia as Armed Forces Day and Croatian Army Day. Socialist Republic of Croatia Socialist Republic of Croatia (1963–1990) Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska ( Serbo-Croatian ) The Socialist Republic of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska / Социјалистичка Република Хрватска ), commonly abbreviated as SR Croatia and referred to as simply Croatia ,
2730-478: The Kumrovec SPU. Initially, it also relied on former French Foreign Legion troops. By July, the reserve force of 40,000 ZNG troops was assigned to 19 brigades and 14 independent battalions; however, they did not possess sufficient heavy or small arms for all their personnel. The Croatian police had approximately 15,000 small arms, with less than 30,000 additional weapons obtained from abroad by August. On 28 May,
2821-495: The Parliament rejected the communist one-party system and adopted a liberal democracy through the Constitution of Croatia . It was under this Constitution that independence would be proclaimed on 25 June 1991 (after the Croatian independence referendum held on 19 May 1991). According to the Art. 1.2 of the 1974 Croatian Constitution, the Socialist Republic of Croatia was defined as "
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2912-551: The SR Croatia was the branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia , the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH). Even though the party had a Croatian name, its membership was only 57% Croats, along with 43% Serb. The majority of members were peasants and the majority was half-educated. Soon after they gained power, the Communists started to persecute former officials of the Independent State of Croatia in order to compromise them to
3003-584: The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts , the emergence of Slobodan Milošević as the leader of Serbia, and everything else that followed provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia. The fifty-year-old rift was starting to resurface, and the Croats increasingly began to show their own national feelings and express opposition towards the Belgrade regime . On October 17, 1989, the rock group Prljavo kazalište held
3094-502: The Serbs were overrepresented in the Croatian and Bosnian state and party leadership. In 1980, Josip Broz Tito died. Political and economic difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The federal government realised that it was unable to service the interest on its loans and started negotiations with the IMF that continued for years. Public polemics in Croatia concerning
3185-484: The Soviet Union and harbored sympathies towards it. In the CPY, it was generally thought that state ownership and centralism were the only ways to avoid economic breakdown and that without the state ownership and administrative control it would be impossible to accumulate vast resources, material and human, for economic development. Since every undeveloped country needs vast resources in order to start developing, and Yugoslavia
3276-556: The Soviet model. The whole economy, the creation of a system and the formulation of the strategy of development in the Five-Year Plan, was in the charge of Andrija Hebrang . As President of the Economy Council and President of the Planning Commission, Hebrang was in charge of all ministries that dealt with the economy. Alongside Tito, Edvard Kardelj and Aleksandar Ranković , he was the most influential person in Yugoslavia. As
3367-609: The Western countries and Yugoslavia were tense, significant help to the people of Yugoslavia came from the UNRRA , an American aid agency formed as a branch of the United Nations. They distributed food, clothes and shoes, which helped the country avoid mass starvation. Between 1945 and 1946, the UNRRA deployed 2.5 million tons of goods, mostly food, worth US$ 415 million. This amount was equal to twice
3458-427: The Yugoslav federation in 1943 after the Second Session of the AVNOJ and through the resolutions of the ZAVNOH , Croatia's wartime deliberative body . It was officially founded as the Federal State of Croatia ( Croatian : Federalna Država Hrvatska, FD Hrvatska ) on May 9, 1944, at the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH . Yugoslavia, then called Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ( Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija , DFJ),
3549-403: The ZNG began on 12 April 1991. Its formation as a police force with military capability was considered necessary by Croatian authorities after March clashes in Pakrac and at Plitvice Lakes and the possibility of further confrontation with the JNA. Since it was illegal to establish a separate military in a constituent republic of Yugoslavia, the ZNG was planned as part of the police force under
3640-468: The ZNG was formally subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior, its founding legislation stipulated that it would be commanded by the Ministry of Defence . On 5 May the number of ZNG troops and their composition was determined, followed by operational guidelines issued by Defence and Interior Ministers Martin Špegelj and Josip Boljkovac for the transfer of police personnel to the ZNG on 10 May. By 15 May several special police units (SPUs) transferred to
3731-403: The ZNG was presented to the public in a military parade at the Kranjčevićeva Street Stadium to boost morale. The parade featured approximately 800 soldiers, a dozen anti-aircraft systems , armoured cars and several armoured personnel carriers ; the Presidential Guards and Alkars also participated. To command individual units, regional ZNG commands were established in eastern Slavonia ,
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3822-404: The ZNG was under the direct command of the Ministry of Defence . It was tasked with the protection of Croatia's borders and territory, and with tasks normally associated with police forces. The ZNG was formed with the transfer of special police units to the ZNG, establishing four all-professional brigades in May 1991, and was presented to the public in a military parade in Zagreb on 28 May. It
3913-424: The ZNG, forming four brigades. By July the ZNG had approximately 8,000 troops and, unlike other Croatian forces, were fully equipped with small arms . The reserve police force, numbering about 39,000 in April, was also transferred to reserve ZNG brigades and independent battalions. On 18 May the Zrinski Battalion was established as a special forces unit of the ZNG, its core consisting of 27 volunteers drawn from
4004-546: The assets of 199,541 Germans, the whole German minority, including 68,781 ha of land, were confiscated as well. Until the end of the war, the state controlled 55% of industry, 70% of mining, 90% of ferrous metallurgy and 100% of the oil industry. In the SR Croatia, material damage and losses were high. In the war, the SR Croatia lost 298,000 people, 7.8% of its total population. Because of the 4-year partisan war, bombings, over-exploitation of raw materials and agricultural resources, and destruction of roads and industrial facilities,
4095-416: The bourgeois class led to the disappearance of the middle class in the social structure, which had a negative effect on social life. Industrialization was the most significant process in the economic development of the SR Croatia, as communists promoted industrialization as the main factor in fast development. After the process of renewal, the process of industrialization and electrification started based on
4186-414: The communists and the third supporting Vladko Maček . However, communists had the majority in parliament and control over the army, leaving the opposition without any real power. Šubašić had his own supporters within the HSS and he tried to unite the party once again, believing that, once united, it would be a major political factor in the country. The Croatian Republican Peasant Party , a party split from
4277-433: The communists of breaking the Tito–Šubašić agreement. Šubašić himself was also soon forced to resign at the end of October as he also disassociated himself from Tito. Soon, the communists won the election. They won an absolute majority in the parliament which enabled them to create their own form of Yugoslavia. The People's Republic of Croatia adopted its first Constitution in 1947. In 1953 followed "The Constitutional Law on
4368-406: The country, the state built the sites, and all projects of industrialization and electrification were made with propaganda that the population would have lower poverty and unemployment. The unemployment was indeed reduced, however, new employees were not educated for their jobs, so many objects were built slowly and many of them were not built at all. Following the current views of the Communist Party,
4459-426: The country. Serbian and Serb-dominated representatives (Montenegro, Vojvodina and Kosovo) already in agreement with the army, voted for the proposal, but as representatives of Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia voted against, the plot failed. The dying country had yet to see a few more Serb leadership's attempts to push the plan for centralizing the power in Belgrade, but because of resistance in all other republics,
4550-447: The crisis only deteriorated. The 1990 Croatian parliamentary election was held on April 22 and May 6, 1990. After the first multi-party elections, the creation of a constituent republic based on democratic institutions occurred. After the first free elections, in July 1990, the prefix "socialist" was dropped, and thereafter Croatia was named the Republic of Croatia . Franjo Tuđman was elected president and his government embarked on
4641-408: The development of the state, a third the economy etc. Ostensibly, the system of government was representative democracy : people would elect councillors and members of parliaments. However, the real power was in the hands of executive organs. Representative organs (the Parliament and various councils on local and district levels) only served to give legitimacy to their decisions. The party that ruled
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#17328526059964732-436: The economy's renewal was mostly based on mass volunteer work. The recruitment for volunteer work was conducted with propaganda promising a better communist future, especially for members of Yugoslav partisans and youth. Another segment of these labourers were those who feared persecution, mainly opponents of the communist regime and Nazi collaborators. They entered volunteer labour in order to escape persecution. A third segment of
4823-414: The economy. The economy of one republic was depending on decisions made by the Politburo in Belgrade, thus Yugoslavia become a strictly centralized state. Moreover, the liquidation of the private sector, cleansing of the state apparatus and high officials and their replacement by half-educated partisans, drastic reduction of the gap between payments of ministers and workers (3:1), and emigration and deaths of
4914-404: The effective coordination of multiple units). These problems were offset by good morale, clear objectives and high levels of mobilisation . After the Battle of the Barracks , the ZNG expanded significantly with arms captured from the Yugoslav People's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija ). By the end of October 60 new brigades and independent battalions were established, and on 3 November the ZNG
5005-399: The end of October (in addition to the four all-professional guards brigades). Although each brigade was planned to have 1,800 troops, in reality their size varied from 500 to 2,500. Three named special-forces battalions were also established within the ZNG (in addition to the Zrinski Battalion): the Frankopan, Kralj Tomislav and Matija Vlačić Battalions. On 20 September Parliament enacted
5096-415: The first head of government was Vladimir Bakarić . Ironically, even though communists promoted federalism , post-war Yugoslavia was strictly centralized. The main organ was the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia (from 1952 the League of Communists of Croatia ) made of around ten persons. Its members were assigned to certain fields: one controlled the armed forces, another
5187-488: The general public. On 6 June 1946, the Supreme Court of the SR Croatia sentenced some of the leading officials of the NDH, including Slavko Kvaternik , Vladimir Košak , Miroslav Navratil , Ivan Perčević, Mehmed Alajbegović , Osman Kulenović and others. Communists also had a number of major and minor show trials in order to deal with the fascist regime of the NDH. Also, local leaders of the civic parties would often "disappear" without any witness. Communists not only cleansed
5278-424: The greatest threat to the development of communism in Yugoslavia was nationalism. Because of that, the communists would crush even the slightest form of nationalism by repression. The communists made the most effort to crush nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and tried to suppress the hatred between Croats, Serbs and Muslims , but even so, their greatest supporters in this process were local Serbs. Soon,
5369-399: The idea of a federal state, denied the right for Montenegrins and Macedonians to have their republics, and held that an agreement between Tito and Ivan Šubašić guaranteed that the opposition needed to have half of the ministers in the new government. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), part of the opposition, had divided into three branches: one supporting the Ustaše , the other supporting
5460-459: The imports of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1938, or 135% of its tax revenues. It is generally thought that UNRRA fed and clothed some 5 million people. At the same time as the persecution of political enemies, communist authorities conducted the Agrarian Reform, a reform made on 23 August 1945. This process included dispossession of wealthy citizens and peasants. Agrarian Reform changed the ownership relations of agricultural properties. Land that
5551-520: The industrial production by five times and agricultural production by 1.5 times, increase the GDP per capita by 1.8 times and the national revenues by 1.8 times. The plan also included the increase of qualified workers, from 350,000 to 750,000. For the SR Croatia, it was decided that its industrial production needed to be increased by 452%. The fast development in industry required a high number of workers, so from 461,000 workers in 1945, in 1949 there were 1,990,000 workers. On 17 January 1947, Kardelj stated to
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#17328526059965642-400: The last head of government of Yugoslavia in 1989 and spent two years implementing various economic and political reforms. His government's efforts were initially successful, but ultimately failed due to the incurable political instability of the SFRY. Ethnic tensions were on the increase and would result in the demise of Yugoslavia. The growing crisis in Kosovo , the nationalist memorandum of
5733-418: The majority of crafts had been nationalized, the private sector in the SR Croatia was liquidated to the end; out of 5,395 private shops, only 5 remained active. This decision was a double-edged sword: while the poor segment of society was satisfied by it, the large majority of the population was resistant and ready to revolt. Just like in the Soviet Union, the state controlled the entire economy, while free trade
5824-433: The mid-1950s, there were only four seated bishops in Croatia in three dioceses: Aloysius Stepinac , Franjo Salis-Seewiss, Mihovil Pušić, and Josip Srebrnič . Many priests accused of collaboration with the Ustaše and Axis during World War II were arrested after the end of World War II amid conflicts between the Catholic Church and the Allied Powers, including the Archbishop of Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac . Aloysius Stepinac
5915-478: The need to help poor and less developed regions became more frequent, as Croatia and Slovenia contributed about 60 percent of those funds. The debt crisis, together with soaring inflation, forced the federal government to introduce measures such as the foreign currency law for earnings of export firms. Ante Marković , a Bosnian Croat who at the time was the Croatian head of government, said that Croatia would lose around $ 800 million because of that law. Marković became
6006-449: The officials who were working for the NDH, but also those who supported the Croatian Peasant Party and the Catholic Church. The only major civic party in Croatia, the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, was active only a few years after the election, but as a satellite of the Communist Party. The clash with the civic anti-communist forces stimulated the Communist Party's centralism and authoritarianism . When he took power, Tito knew that
6097-419: The peasant labour unions, formed based on the Soviet kolhozes . In such a manner, the state introduced forced collectivization of villages. This collectivization soon disappointed the poor peasants who got their land for free in the process of dispossession of wealthy peasants. Even though the communists thought that collectivization would solve the problem with food, on the contrary, the collectivization created
6188-402: The poor peasants, mostly Croatian and Bosnian Serbs . The confiscation of property was also conducted; people who were trading during the war were declared war profiteers and by this, the state gained factories, banks and large shops. The communists also introduced a new way of distribution of agricultural products. In order to supply the people who lived in towns and cities, they introduced
6279-457: The population were Orthodox Christians of the Serbian Patriarchy , with a small number of other religions. Due to strained relationships between the Holy See and communist Yugoslav officials, no new Catholic bishops were appointed in the People's Republic of Croatia until 1960. This left the dioceses of Križevci , Đakovo-Osijek , Zadar , Šibenik , Split-Makarska , Dubrovnik , Rijeka and Poreč-Pula without bishops for several years. From
6370-440: The redemption of those products. The policy of distribution was based on the idea that the working segment of society should have an advantage in quantity and diversity of goods over the non-working, parasitic segment. This led to development of black markets and speculation. The next step in the implementation of the Agrarian Reform was nationalization of the large assets of the bourgeoise. On 28 April 1948, when small shops and
6461-439: The regional commands were replaced by six operational zones, headquartered in Osijek , Bjelovar , Zagreb, Karlovac , Rijeka and Split . The zones possessed uneven strength; those in Slavonia and Dalmatia were heavily equipped, and the Zagreb zone had twice the average troop strength. After capturing a stockpile of weapons during the Battle of the Barracks , the ZNG expanded to 60 reserve brigades and independent battalions by
6552-435: The remainder fought in civilian clothes. The ZNG also relied on the civilian infrastructure for food, fuel and medical care . Špegelj was replaced by Šime Đodan as Defence Minister in July. He remained in command of the ZNG until 3 August, when he resigned over Tuđman's refusal to authorise attacks against JNA barracks. After Špegelj's resignation, command of the ZNG was entrusted to General Anton Tus . In mid-September
6643-455: The rhetoric coming from the Belgrade administration. As Milošević and his clique rode the wave of Serbian nationalism across Yugoslavia , talking about battles to be fought for Serbdom, emerging Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman reciprocated with talk about making Croatia a nation state . The availability of mass media allowed for propaganda to be spread fast and spark jingoism and fear , creating
6734-483: The role of leading the economy was given to the directorate-generals , as a link between the ministries and the Party's leadership. By their implementation, the state gained even greater control over the economy. The companies had their legal person ; however, they did not have operational autonomy, since they were, as state organs, under state control. The majority of residents were Roman Catholics and approximately 12% of
6825-498: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ZNG . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZNG&oldid=1254815532 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Croatian-language text Articles containing Bosnian-language text Short description
6916-419: The size of its police force to about 20,000. The most effective part of the force was the 3,000-strong special police , deployed in a military organisation of 12 battalions ; in addition, there were 9,000–10,000 regionally-organised reserve police officers. Although the reserve police were set up in 16 battalions and 10 companies , they lacked weapons (which were needed to arm the troops). Preparations for
7007-481: The so-called "Bread Crisis" in 1949. The process of dispossession in Yugoslavia lasted from the middle of 1945 until the end of 1949. It was the fastest process of dispossession, even compared to East European communist states. For this process, the state needed a large number of officials who were members of the Communist Party, receiving orders from the Politburo, thus leaving the Yugoslav republic without any power in
7098-522: The state entered into economic chaos. The peasantry that provided goods to all the conflicting sides in the war was devastated and human losses were also high. The damage to industry in Yugoslavia was the worst in Europe, while the SR Croatia was among the most damaged republics of Yugoslavia, along with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The communist authority needed to act in order to prevent hunger, disorder and chaos. Yugoslavia lacked qualified workers, so
7189-467: The territory of Croatia were Croatian Serbs . However, in 1943 Croats started to join the partisans in larger numbers. In 1943, the number of Croat partisans in Croatia increased, so in 1944 they made up 61% of the partisans in the territory of Independent State of Croatia , while Serbs made up 28%; all other ethnicities made up the remaining 11%. On 13 June 1943 in Otočac , Lika , Croatian partisans founded
7280-409: The work force consisted of prisoners of war, who worked the hardest jobs. The distribution of food and material needed for industry depended on quick rebuilding of damaged roads. The Zagreb-Belgrade railway had been in reconstruction day and night, so the first train to travel this railway after the war, did it by the end of June 1945. Minefields also had to be cleared. Even though relations between
7371-466: Was de jure , the highest organ of the party; however, main decisions were made by the Politburo . The governments of the republics were only part of the mechanism which executed the Politburo's decisions. In post-war Yugoslavia, communists had a struggle for power with the opposition that supported King Peter. Milan Grol was the leader of the opposition; as the leading figure of the opposition he opposed
7462-413: Was a constituent republic and federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation. Along with five other Yugoslav republics, Croatia was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence ( see below ). By territory and population, it
7553-534: Was above 35 acres was taken from its owners. Nearly half of taken lands were transformed to agricultural areas (state property), while the other half was given to poor peasants. This reform also included the colonization in the SR Croatia where people from the so-called depressed areas moved to areas from which the Volksdeutsche had been expelled. In the SR Croatia, colonization occurred in Slavonia , while colonists were
7644-530: Was adopted by the Constituent Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia on January 18, 1947. In their constitutions, all republics were deprived of gaining independence. Republics had only formal autonomy; initially, communist Yugoslavia was a highly centralized state, based on the Soviet model . The Communist Party's officials were, at the same time, state officials, while the Party's Central Committee
7735-467: Was among them, communists thought that this was the only way to save the economy of Yugoslavia. Also, their ideology included elimination of the private sector, as they thought that such an economic system was historically wasteful. The first process of nationalization started on 24 November 1944, when Yugoslav Partisans dispossessed their enemies of their assets. The first victims of the confiscation were occupiers and war criminals. However, not long after,
7826-526: Was commanded by Defence Minister General Martin Špegelj before his resignation in early August. Špegelj was replaced by General Anton Tus , who became the first head of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (established on 21 September). During its development the ZNG experienced a number of problems, including shortages of weapons and ammunition, lack of uniforms, inadequate training and an overall deficiency in trained officers, and poor staff work and command structures (preventing
7917-495: Was forbidden in favour of central planning. Because of this, the state started rational distribution of necessities for living, which were distributed among the population based on remittances, while consumers gained a certain amount of certificates each month for buying a certain amount of certain goods, including food, clothes and shoes. In the spring of 1949, the state introduced high taxes on private farmer's economies which farmers were unable to pay. This forced them to enter into
8008-641: Was not a constitutionally socialist state, or even a republic, in anticipation of the conclusion of the war, when these issues were settled. On November 29, 1945, Democratic Federal Yugoslavia became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia ( Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija , FNRJ), a socialist People's Republic. Accordingly, the Federal State of Croatia became the People's Republic of Croatia ( Narodna Republika Hrvatska , NR Hrvatska ). On April 7, 1963,
8099-474: Was renamed the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska ). In 1990, after the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union ( Croatian : Hrvatska demokratska zajednica , HDZ), ethnic tensions between Croats and Croatian Serbs worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army ( Jugoslavenska narodna armija – JNA) believed that Croatia would use
8190-516: Was simply renamed as the Republic of Croatia . It was under this constitution that Croatia became independent on June 25, 1991. The republic is commonly referred to simply as Croatia . In the first years of the war, the Yugoslav Partisans in Croatia did not have considerable support from Croats, with an exception of the Croats in the Croatian region of Dalmatia . The majority of partisans on
8281-451: Was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia . In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government – installed by the League of Communists – and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence , formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution . Croatia became part of
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