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103-452: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia ( Montenegro had united with Serbia five days previously, while the regions of Kosovo and Metohija , Baranya , Syrmia , Banat , Bačka and Vardar Macedonia were parts of Serbia prior to the unification) and the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of

206-538: A Croat from Bosnia and Herzegovina by birth, was a politician of Croatia like Špiljak and Planinc, serving (at different times) as both prime minister and president of the presidency of that federal unit. Kingdom of Serbia The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian : Краљевина Србија , Kraljevina Srbija ) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia , Milan I ,

309-651: A chief of the whole economy, Hebrang finished his Five-Year Plan in winter 1946–47 which was approved by the government in spring 1947. Because of the lack of knowledge, the Plan copied the Soviet model. The factories which were built faster were factories that were in the sector of heavy and military industry, of which the most known in SR Croatia were " Rade Končar " and " Prvomajska ". In the Five-Year Plan, Hebrang wanted to increase

412-633: A constituent republic of the SFRY . All the constitutions and amendments were adopted by the Parliament of Croatia ( Croatian : Sabor ). After the first multi-party parliamentary elections held in April 1990 , the Parliament made various constitutional changes and dropped the prefix "socialist" from the official name, so the "Socialist Republic of Croatia" became simply the "Republic of Croatia" (RH). On 22 December 1990,

515-429: A major concert before almost 250,000 people in the central Zagreb city square. In light of the changing political circumstances, their song "Mojoj majci" ("To my mother"), where the songwriter hailed the mother in the song as "the last rose of Croatia", was taken to heart by the fans on the location and many more elsewhere because of the expressed patriotism. On October 26, parliament declared All Saints Day (November 1)

618-825: A national state of the Croatian people, the state of the Serbian people in Croatia and the state of other nationalities living in it ". The first post-war head of state of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was Vladimir Nazor (actually President of the Presidium of the Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia), who was, during the war, Chairman of the State Antifascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), while

721-839: A number of artists showing their work as a part of the Serbian pavilion, including Marko Murat , Ivan Meštrović , Đorđe Jovanović and other artists. [REDACTED] Media related to Kingdom of Serbia at Wikimedia Commons 44°48′39″N 20°27′45″E  /  44.81083°N 20.46250°E  / 44.81083; 20.46250 Socialist Republic of Croatia People's Republic of Croatia (1946–1963) Narodna Republika Hrvatska   ( Serbo-Croatian ) Socialist Republic of Croatia (1963–1990) Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska   ( Serbo-Croatian ) The Socialist Republic of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska / Социјалистичка Република Хрватска ), commonly abbreviated as SR Croatia and referred to as simply Croatia ,

824-688: A path toward the independence of Croatia . The economy of the SFR Yugoslavia and thus of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was initially influenced by the Soviet Union. As the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was a member of the Communist International , Yugoslav communists thought that the Soviet way to socialism was the only option to create a socialist state. In the early years of the SFR Yugoslavia, Communist members suppressed critics towards

927-550: A public holiday. In January 1990, during the 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the delegation of Serbia led by Milošević insisted on replacing the 1974 constitutional policy that empowered the republics with a policy of "one person, one vote", which would benefit the majority Serb population. This caused first the Slovenian and then Croatian delegations (led by Milan Kučan and Ivica Račan , respectively) to leave

1030-512: A war climate. In February 1990, SR Croatia changed its constitutional system to a multi-party system. In March 1991, the Yugoslav People's Army met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia (an eight-member council composed of representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces) in an attempt to get them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of

1133-471: The 1931 Constitution , he continued to rule as a de facto absolute monarch until his assassination on 9 October 1934, during a state visit to France . After his assassination, parliamentary monarchy was put back in place. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was defeated and occupied on 17 April 1941 after the German invasion . The monarchy was formally abolished and the republic proclaimed on 29 November 1945. After

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1236-557: The Annexation crisis ) erupted into public view when on October 5, 1908, the Kingdom of Bulgaria declared its complete independence from Ottoman Empire and on October 6, 1908, when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which was populated mainly by South Slavs . Austria-Hungary had ambitions of imperialistic expansion and saw the Balkans in the same way that other colonial powers saw Africa or Asia. This idea

1339-639: The Congress of Berlin . After the 1877–1878 expansion, in the new areas (present-day Jablanica , Toplica and parts of Nišava District ) an estimated 49,000–130,000 Albanians were expelled ( Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878 ), settling mainly in Kosovo. These events marked the beginning of the Serbian-Albanian conflict . The Serbo-Bulgarian War erupted on November 14, 1885, and lasted until November 28 of

1442-562: The Habsburg monarchy . As a result, from 1830 to 1876, it has been estimated that up to 150,000 Albanians that lived in the territories of the Principality of Serbia emigrated or were expelled . In 1867 the Ottoman army garrisons retreated from the Principality, securing its de facto independence. Serbia expanded further to the south-east in 1878, when it won full international recognition at

1545-628: The Kingdom of Montenegro , and in December 1918 it merged with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) under the continued rule of the Karađorđević dynasty . The Principality of Serbia was a state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian revolution which lasted between 1804 and 1817. Despite brutal oppression and retaliation by

1648-516: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The new country continued to be ruled by the Serbian monarchy when in August 1921 Prince Alexandar I became king. In 1888 People's Radical Party led by Sava Grujić and Nikola Pašić came to power and a new constitution , based on the liberal Constitution of Belgium was introduced. The lost war and the Radical Party's total electoral victory were some of

1751-511: The Ottoman authorities, the revolutionary leaders, first Karađorđe and then Miloš Obrenović , succeeded in their goal to liberate Serbia after centuries of Turkish rule. At first, the principality included only the territory of the former Pashaluk of Belgrade , but in 1831–1833 it expanded to the east, south, and west. In the first decades of the principality, the population was about 85% Serb and 15% non-Serb. Of those, most were Vlachs, and there were some Turkicized Muslim Albanians, which were

1854-575: The Republic of North Macedonia but land-locked Serbia was prevented from gaining access to the Adriatic Sea by the newly established Principality of Albania . As the result of these wars, Serbia's population increased from 2.9 million to 4.5 million and territory increased by 81%. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo (then part of Austria-Hungary ) brought

1957-500: The South part of Serbia . In 1882, Serbia was elevated to the status of a kingdom, maintaining a foreign policy friendly to Austria-Hungary . Between 1912 and 1913, Serbia greatly enlarged its territory through engagement in the First and Second Balkan Wars – Sandžak-Raška , Kosovo Vilayet and Vardar Macedonia were annexed. At the end of World War I in 1918 it united with Vojvodina and

2060-847: The ZAVNOH (National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia), a legislative body of the future Croatian republic within Yugoslavia. Its first president was Vladimir Nazor . Croatian partisans had autonomy along with the Slovene and Macedonian partisans. However, on 1 March 1945 they were put under the command of the Supreme Command of the Yugoslav Army, thus losing their autonomy. Partisans of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have such autonomy. Because of partisan victories and increased territory held by partisans, AVNOJ decided to hold

2163-653: The second session in Jajce at the end of November 1943. At that session, the Yugoslav communist leadership decided to reestablish Yugoslavia as federal state. On November 29, 1945, the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly held a session where it was decided that Croatia would be joined by five other republics in Yugoslavia: Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia and Macedonia . Not long after,

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2266-501: The Basics of Social and Political Organization and on Republican Organs of Authority", actually a completely new constitution. The second (technically third) Constitution was adopted in 1963; it changed the name of the People's Republic of Croatia (NRH) into the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH). Major constitutional amendments were approved in 1971, and in 1974 followed a new Constitution of the SR Croatia which emphasized Croatian statehood as

2369-517: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia that Yugoslavia would be industrially stronger than Austria and Czechoslovakia. Both Kardelj and Bakarić advocated development of light industry, instead of Hebrang's idea for industry that would serve agriculture. The Five-Year Plan was indeed exaggerated; this plan did not have qualified personnel, market (placement) and capital; even so, the state continued with its implementation. All across

2472-583: The Communist Party started to prosecute those who opposed the communist one-party system. On January 30, 1946, the Constituent Assembly ratified the Constitution of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia . Croatia was the last of the republics to make its own constitution, which was mostly the same as the federal and other republic constitutions. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Croatia

2575-587: The Congress in protest and marked a culmination in the rift of the ruling party. Ethnic Serbs, who constituted 12% of the population of Croatia, rejected the notion of separation from Yugoslavia. Serb politicians feared the loss of influence they previously had through their membership of the League of Communists in Croatia (that some Croats claimed was disproportionate). Memories from the Second World War were evoked by

2678-610: The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Yugoslavia (and therefore Croatia) gradually abandoned Stalinism after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948. In 1963 the People's Republic of Croatia also accordingly became the Socialist Republic of Croatia . On December 22, 1990, a new Constitution was adopted, under which the Socialist Republic of Croatia

2781-905: The German invasion and fragmentation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Partisan resistance in occupied Yugoslavia formed a deliberative council, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) in 1942. On 29 November 1943 the AVNOJ proclaimed the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia , and appointed the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia (NKOJ), led by Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito , as its government. Josip Broz Tito

2884-510: The Greek army. Populations of ethnic Serbs and Albanians tended to shift following territorial conquests. As a result of the multi-ethnic composition of Kosovo, the new administrations provoked a mixed response from the local population. Serbs considered this a liberation. On November 29, 1913, the Drač County of the Kingdom of Serbia was established on the part of the territory of Albania taken from

2987-648: The HSS, wanted to enter the People's Front, a suprapolitical organization controlled by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia . Šubašić knew that this would put the HSS under control of the communists and ended the negotiations about unification. In the election campaign, the opposition parties wanted to unite with the Serbian Radical Party and other parties; however, communist activities, using various wiles, ruined their plan. On August 20, 1945, Grol resigned and accused

3090-672: The NKOJ in occupied Yugoslavia, and Ivan Šubašić leading the King's government-in-exile in London. With the Tito-Šubašić Agreement in 1944, the two prime ministers agreed that the new joint government would be led by Tito. After the liberation of Yugoslavia's capital Belgrade in October 1944, the joint government was officially formed on 2 November 1944, with Josip Broz Tito as the prime minister. After

3193-648: The Obrenović family were shot as well. This act resulted in the extinction of the House of Obrenović , which had been ruling Serbia since 1817. After the May Coup the Serbian Skupština invited Peter Karađorđević to assume the Serbian crown as Peter I of Serbia . A constitutional monarchy was created with the military Black Hand society operating behind the scenes. The traditionally good relations with Austria-Hungary ended, as

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3296-756: The Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War. Serbian Drač County had four districts ( Serbian : срез ): Drač (Durrës), Lješ (Lezhë), Elbasan and Tirana . After the First Balkan War of 1912, territories of Kosovo and north-western Macedonia were internationally recognised as a part of Serbia and northern Metohija as a part of Montenegro at the Treaty of London of May 1913. In a report to Rome , Lazër Mjeda , Archbishop of Skopje, estimated that 25,000 Albanians were killed by Serbian forces during and after

3399-578: The Ottoman held Macedonia. In May, a Serbian-Greek alliance was reached and in October 1912, a Serbia-Montenegro alliance was signed. After the war started, Serbia, together with Montenegro, conquered Pristina and Novi Pazar . At the Battle of Kumanovo Serbs defeated the Ottoman army and proceeded to conquer Skopje and the whole of Kosovo vilayet . The region of Metohija was taken by Montenegro. At Bitola and Ohrid Serbian army units established contact with

3502-495: The Parliament rejected the communist one-party system and adopted a liberal democracy through the Constitution of Croatia . It was under this Constitution that independence would be proclaimed on 25 June 1991 (after the Croatian independence referendum held on 19 May 1991). According to the Art. 1.2 of the 1974 Croatian Constitution, the Socialist Republic of Croatia was defined as "

3605-551: The SR Croatia was the branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia , the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH). Even though the party had a Croatian name, its membership was only 57% Croats, along with 43% Serb. The majority of members were peasants and the majority was half-educated. Soon after they gained power, the Communists started to persecute former officials of the Independent State of Croatia in order to compromise them to

3708-584: The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts , the emergence of Slobodan Milošević as the leader of Serbia, and everything else that followed provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia. The fifty-year-old rift was starting to resurface, and the Croats increasingly began to show their own national feelings and express opposition towards the Belgrade regime . On October 17, 1989, the rock group Prljavo kazalište held

3811-416: The Serbo-Bulgarian border precisely where it had been prior to the war. The peace treaty was signed on February 19, 1886, in Bucharest . As a result of the war, European powers acknowledged the act of Unification of Bulgaria which happened on September 6, 1885. Negotiations between Russia, Serbia and Bulgaria led to the Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of March 1912, which aimed to conquer and to divide

3914-408: The Serbs were overrepresented in the Croatian and Bosnian state and party leadership. In 1980, Josip Broz Tito died. Political and economic difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The federal government realised that it was unable to service the interest on its loans and started negotiations with the IMF that continued for years. Public polemics in Croatia concerning

4017-438: The Soviet Union and harbored sympathies towards it. In the CPY, it was generally thought that state ownership and centralism were the only ways to avoid economic breakdown and that without the state ownership and administrative control it would be impossible to accumulate vast resources, material and human, for economic development. Since every undeveloped country needs vast resources in order to start developing, and Yugoslavia

4120-436: The Soviet model. The whole economy, the creation of a system and the formulation of the strategy of development in the Five-Year Plan, was in the charge of Andrija Hebrang . As President of the Economy Council and President of the Planning Commission, Hebrang was in charge of all ministries that dealt with the economy. Alongside Tito, Edvard Kardelj and Aleksandar Ranković , he was the most influential person in Yugoslavia. As

4223-407: The Western countries and Yugoslavia were tense, significant help to the people of Yugoslavia came from the UNRRA , an American aid agency formed as a branch of the United Nations. They distributed food, clothes and shoes, which helped the country avoid mass starvation. Between 1945 and 1946, the UNRRA deployed 2.5 million tons of goods, mostly food, worth US$ 415 million. This amount was equal to twice

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4326-427: The Yugoslav federation in 1943 after the Second Session of the AVNOJ and through the resolutions of the ZAVNOH , Croatia's wartime deliberative body . It was officially founded as the Federal State of Croatia ( Croatian : Federalna Država Hrvatska, FD Hrvatska ) on May 9, 1944, at the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH . Yugoslavia, then called Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ( Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija , DFJ),

4429-475: The assassination, the conspirators were arrested in Bosnia-Herzegovina and tried in Sarajevo in October 1914. The political objective of the assassination was to break the southern Slav provinces off from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered a chain of international events that embroiled Russia and the major European powers in the conflict. On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia. In 1915 Serbia

4532-546: The assets of 199,541 Germans, the whole German minority, including 68,781 ha of land, were confiscated as well. Until the end of the war, the state controlled 55% of industry, 70% of mining, 90% of ferrous metallurgy and 100% of the oil industry. In the SR Croatia, material damage and losses were high. In the war, the SR Croatia lost 298,000 people, 7.8% of its total population. Because of the 4-year partisan war, bombings, over-exploitation of raw materials and agricultural resources, and destruction of roads and industrial facilities,

4635-416: The bourgeois class led to the disappearance of the middle class in the social structure, which had a negative effect on social life. Industrialization was the most significant process in the economic development of the SR Croatia, as communists promoted industrialization as the main factor in fast development. After the process of renewal, the process of industrialization and electrification started based on

4738-400: The collapse of Austria-Hungary , Serbia experienced a loss of 28 percent of its pre-war population and went through radical changes after the liberation, all within days. On November 28, 1918, it absorbed the Kingdom of Montenegro at the Podgorica Assembly . On December 1, 1918, Serbia united with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs to form a new southern Slav state,

4841-414: The communists and the third supporting Vladko Maček . However, communists had the majority in parliament and control over the army, leaving the opposition without any real power. Šubašić had his own supporters within the HSS and he tried to unite the party once again, believing that, once united, it would be a major political factor in the country. The Croatian Republican Peasant Party , a party split from

4944-433: The communists of breaking the Tito–Šubašić agreement. Šubašić himself was also soon forced to resign at the end of October as he also disassociated himself from Tito. Soon, the communists won the election. They won an absolute majority in the parliament which enabled them to create their own form of Yugoslavia. The People's Republic of Croatia adopted its first Constitution in 1947. In 1953 followed "The Constitutional Law on

5047-464: The conflict. The old disagreements regarding the territory of Macedonia among the members of the Balkan League and primarily Serbia and Bulgaria, led to the Second Balkan War . Here, Serbia, Greece, Romania, the Ottoman Empire, and Montenegro fought against Bulgaria in 1913. The final borders were ratified at the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913 . Serbia came to control the land which became known as Vardar Macedonia , and today stands independent as

5150-406: The country, the state built the sites, and all projects of industrialization and electrification were made with propaganda that the population would have lower poverty and unemployment. The unemployment was indeed reduced, however, new employees were not educated for their jobs, so many objects were built slowly and many of them were not built at all. Following the current views of the Communist Party,

5253-426: The country. Serbian and Serb-dominated representatives (Montenegro, Vojvodina and Kosovo) already in agreement with the army, voted for the proposal, but as representatives of Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia voted against, the plot failed. The dying country had yet to see a few more Serb leadership's attempts to push the plan for centralizing the power in Belgrade, but because of resistance in all other republics,

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5356-447: The crisis only deteriorated. The 1990 Croatian parliamentary election was held on April 22 and May 6, 1990. After the first multi-party elections, the creation of a constituent republic based on democratic institutions occurred. After the first free elections, in July 1990, the prefix "socialist" was dropped, and thereafter Croatia was named the Republic of Croatia . Franjo Tuđman was elected president and his government embarked on

5459-738: The crisis to an end. The crisis permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary on the one hand and Russia and Serbia on the other. The annexation and reactions to the annexation were some of the contributing causes of World War I. In 1890, it was divided into 15 districts ( okruzi ) which were further divided into counties ( srezovi ). Cities of Belgrade and Niš had special administrative status. The districts were: Valjevo , Vranje , Kragujevac , Krajina , Kruševac , Morava , Pirot , Podrinje , Podunavlje , Požarevac , Rudnik , Timok , Toplica , Užice and Crna Reka . In 1912 and 1913 Serbia enlarged its territory after victorious First Balkan War . In August 1913, 11 new districts were formed in

5562-408: The development of the state, a third the economy etc. Ostensibly, the system of government was representative democracy : people would elect councillors and members of parliaments. However, the real power was in the hands of executive organs. Representative organs (the Parliament and various councils on local and district levels) only served to give legitimacy to their decisions. The party that ruled

5665-436: The economy's renewal was mostly based on mass volunteer work. The recruitment for volunteer work was conducted with propaganda promising a better communist future, especially for members of Yugoslav partisans and youth. Another segment of these labourers were those who feared persecution, mainly opponents of the communist regime and Nazi collaborators. They entered volunteer labour in order to escape persecution. A third segment of

5768-414: The economy. The economy of one republic was depending on decisions made by the Politburo in Belgrade, thus Yugoslavia become a strictly centralized state. Moreover, the liquidation of the private sector, cleansing of the state apparatus and high officials and their replacement by half-educated partisans, drastic reduction of the gap between payments of ministers and workers (3:1), and emigration and deaths of

5871-415: The first head of government was Vladimir Bakarić . Ironically, even though communists promoted federalism , post-war Yugoslavia was strictly centralized. The main organ was the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia (from 1952 the League of Communists of Croatia ) made of around ten persons. Its members were assigned to certain fields: one controlled the armed forces, another

5974-435: The former Austria-Hungary ) on 1 December 1918. Until 6 January 1929, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was a parliamentary monarchy . On that day, King Alexander I abolished the Vidovdan Constitution (adopted in 1921), prorogued the National Assembly and introduced a personal dictatorship (so-called 6 January Dictatorship ). He renamed the country Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929, and although introduced

6077-488: The general public. On 6 June 1946, the Supreme Court of the SR Croatia sentenced some of the leading officials of the NDH, including Slavko Kvaternik , Vladimir Košak , Miroslav Navratil , Ivan Perčević, Mehmed Alajbegović , Osman Kulenović and others. Communists also had a number of major and minor show trials in order to deal with the fascist regime of the NDH. Also, local leaders of the civic parties would often "disappear" without any witness. Communists not only cleansed

6180-547: The government into the Federal Executive Council chaired by a President , who was still usually called "Prime Minister" in non-Yugoslav sources. Josip Broz Tito held the post from 1944 to 1963; from 1953 onward, he was also President of the Republic . Five out of nine heads of government of Yugoslavia in this period were of Croatian ethnicity. Three were from Croatia itself ( Josip Broz Tito , Mika Špiljak , and Milka Planinc ), while two were Bosnian Croats ( Branko Mikulić and Ante Marković ). Ante Marković however, though

6283-424: The greatest threat to the development of communism in Yugoslavia was nationalism. Because of that, the communists would crush even the slightest form of nationalism by repression. The communists made the most effort to crush nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and tried to suppress the hatred between Croats, Serbs and Muslims , but even so, their greatest supporters in this process were local Serbs. Soon,

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6386-399: The idea of a federal state, denied the right for Montenegrins and Macedonians to have their republics, and held that an agreement between Tito and Ivan Šubašić guaranteed that the opposition needed to have half of the ministers in the new government. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), part of the opposition, had divided into three branches: one supporting the Ustaše , the other supporting

6489-459: The imports of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1938, or 135% of its tax revenues. It is generally thought that UNRRA fed and clothed some 5 million people. At the same time as the persecution of political enemies, communist authorities conducted the Agrarian Reform, a reform made on 23 August 1945. This process included dispossession of wealthy citizens and peasants. Agrarian Reform changed the ownership relations of agricultural properties. Land that

6592-520: The industrial production by five times and agricultural production by 1.5 times, increase the GDP per capita by 1.8 times and the national revenues by 1.8 times. The plan also included the increase of qualified workers, from 350,000 to 750,000. For the SR Croatia, it was decided that its industrial production needed to be increased by 452%. The fast development in industry required a high number of workers, so from 461,000 workers in 1945, in 1949 there were 1,990,000 workers. On 17 January 1947, Kardelj stated to

6695-400: The last head of government of Yugoslavia in 1989 and spent two years implementing various economic and political reforms. His government's efforts were initially successful, but ultimately failed due to the incurable political instability of the SFRY. Ethnic tensions were on the increase and would result in the demise of Yugoslavia. The growing crisis in Kosovo , the nationalist memorandum of

6798-418: The majority of crafts had been nationalized, the private sector in the SR Croatia was liquidated to the end; out of 5,395 private shops, only 5 remained active. This decision was a double-edged sword: while the poor segment of society was satisfied by it, the large majority of the population was resistant and ready to revolt. Just like in the Soviet Union, the state controlled the entire economy, while free trade

6901-433: The mid-1950s, there were only four seated bishops in Croatia in three dioceses: Aloysius Stepinac , Franjo Salis-Seewiss, Mihovil Pušić, and Josip Srebrnič . Many priests accused of collaboration with the Ustaše and Axis during World War II were arrested after the end of World War II amid conflicts between the Catholic Church and the Allied Powers, including the Archbishop of Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac . Aloysius Stepinac

7004-478: The need to help poor and less developed regions became more frequent, as Croatia and Slovenia contributed about 60 percent of those funds. The debt crisis, together with soaring inflation, forced the federal government to introduce measures such as the foreign currency law for earnings of export firms. Ante Marković , a Bosnian Croat who at the time was the Croatian head of government, said that Croatia would lose around $ 800 million because of that law. Marković became

7107-501: The new dynasty relied on the support of the Russian Empire and closer cooperation with Kingdom of Bulgaria . In April 1904 the Friendship treaty and in June 1905 the customs union with Bulgaria were signed. In response Austria-Hungary imposed a Tariff War ( Pig war ) of 1906–1909. After the 1906 elections the People's Radical Party came to power. In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, where Serbia had hoped to expand its territory. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 (also referred to as

7210-486: The newly liberated areas: Bitola , Debar , Kavadarci , Novi Pazar , Kumanovo , Pljevlja , Prizren , Priština , Skopje , Tetovo and Štip . During its existence, the Kingdom was ruled by two competing dynasties: the House of Obrenović and the House of Karađorđević . King Milan Obrenović ruled from 6 March 1882 to 6 March 1889, when he abdicated the throne. He was succeeded by his son, Aleksandar Obrenović , who ruled from 6 March 1889 to 11 June 1903, when he

7313-440: The obligation to sign commercial contracts was imposed on Serbia, as well as a claim to carry out regulation works in Đerdap . Serbian Government approved this treaty by adopting the Law on Proclamation of the convention. Consequently, Serbian Railways were formed in 1881. The regular traffic on the railway line Belgrade–Niš started in 1884. The Kingdom of Serbia participated in the International Exhibition of Art of 1911 , with

7416-694: The officials who were working for the NDH, but also those who supported the Croatian Peasant Party and the Catholic Church. The only major civic party in Croatia, the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, was active only a few years after the election, but as a satellite of the Communist Party. The clash with the civic anti-communist forces stimulated the Communist Party's centralism and authoritarianism . When he took power, Tito knew that

7519-746: The overwhelming majority of the Muslims that lived in Smederevo , Kladovo and Ćuprija . The new state aimed to homogenize its population, especially after two Great Migrations of the Serbs also known as the Great Exoduses of the Serbs , in 1690 and in 18th century, between 1718 and 1739, from various territories under the rule of the Ottoman Empire , particularly the Kosovo Vilayet, to the Kingdom of Hungary under

7622-419: The peasant labour unions, formed based on the Soviet kolhozes . In such a manner, the state introduced forced collectivization of villages. This collectivization soon disappointed the poor peasants who got their land for free in the process of dispossession of wealthy peasants. Even though the communists thought that collectivization would solve the problem with food, on the contrary, the collectivization created

7725-402: The poor peasants, mostly Croatian and Bosnian Serbs . The confiscation of property was also conducted; people who were trading during the war were declared war profiteers and by this, the state gained factories, banks and large shops. The communists also introduced a new way of distribution of agricultural products. In order to supply the people who lived in towns and cities, they introduced

7828-567: The population were Orthodox Christians of the Serbian Patriarchy , with a small number of other religions. Due to strained relationships between the Holy See and communist Yugoslav officials, no new Catholic bishops were appointed in the People's Republic of Croatia until 1960. This left the dioceses of Križevci , Đakovo-Osijek , Zadar , Šibenik , Split-Makarska , Dubrovnik , Rijeka and Poreč-Pula without bishops for several years. From

7931-489: The reasons why King Milan I abdicated in 1889. His son Alexander I assumed the throne in 1893 and in 1894 dismissed the constitution. Jews from modern-day North Macedonia got their citizen rights after the region became a part of Kingdom of Serbia. King Alexander I of Serbia and his unpopular wife Queen Draga were assassinated inside the Royal Palace in Belgrade on the night of 28–29 May 1903. Other representatives of

8034-498: The redemption of those products. The policy of distribution was based on the idea that the working segment of society should have an advantage in quantity and diversity of goods over the non-working, parasitic segment. This led to development of black markets and speculation. The next step in the implementation of the Agrarian Reform was nationalization of the large assets of the bourgeoise. On 28 April 1948, when small shops and

8137-455: The rhetoric coming from the Belgrade administration. As Milošević and his clique rode the wave of Serbian nationalism across Yugoslavia , talking about battles to be fought for Serbdom, emerging Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman reciprocated with talk about making Croatia a nation state . The availability of mass media allowed for propaganda to be spread fast and spark jingoism and fear , creating

8240-483: The role of leading the economy was given to the directorate-generals , as a link between the ministries and the Party's leadership. By their implementation, the state gained even greater control over the economy. The companies had their legal person ; however, they did not have operational autonomy, since they were, as state organs, under state control. The majority of residents were Roman Catholics and approximately 12% of

8343-488: The same year. The war ended in defeat for Serbia, as it had failed to capture the Slivnitsa region which it had set out to achieve. Bulgarians successfully repelled the Serbs after the decisive victory at the Battle of Slivnitsa and advanced into Serbian territory taking Pirot and clearing the way to Niš . When Austria-Hungary declared that it would join the war on the side of Serbia, Bulgaria withdrew from Serbia leaving

8446-481: The so-called "Bread Crisis" in 1949. The process of dispossession in Yugoslavia lasted from the middle of 1945 until the end of 1949. It was the fastest process of dispossession, even compared to East European communist states. For this process, the state needed a large number of officials who were members of the Communist Party, receiving orders from the Politburo, thus leaving the Yugoslav republic without any power in

8549-522: The state entered into economic chaos. The peasantry that provided goods to all the conflicting sides in the war was devastated and human losses were also high. The damage to industry in Yugoslavia was the worst in Europe, while the SR Croatia was among the most damaged republics of Yugoslavia, along with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The communist authority needed to act in order to prevent hunger, disorder and chaos. Yugoslavia lacked qualified workers, so

8652-479: The tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia to a head. Behind the assassination in Sarajevo was the secret Serbian officers organization Black Hand . The assassins were supported by an "underground railroad" of Serbian civilians and military officers that provided transportation and hid them; members of the Serbian military that trained them, encouraged them, and provided weapons, maps, and other information. After

8755-467: The territory of Croatia were Croatian Serbs . However, in 1943 Croats started to join the partisans in larger numbers. In 1943, the number of Croat partisans in Croatia increased, so in 1944 they made up 61% of the partisans in the territory of Independent State of Croatia , while Serbs made up 28%; all other ethnicities made up the remaining 11%. On 13 June 1943 in Otočac , Lika , Croatian partisans founded

8858-410: The war, elections were held ending in an overwhelming victory for Tito's People's Front . The new parliament deposed King Peter II on 29 November 1945, and declared a Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (in 1963, the state was renamed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ). The government was first headed by a prime minister up to 14 January 1953, when major decentralization reforms reorganized

8961-409: The work force consisted of prisoners of war, who worked the hardest jobs. The distribution of food and material needed for industry depended on quick rebuilding of damaged roads. The Zagreb-Belgrade railway had been in reconstruction day and night, so the first train to travel this railway after the war, did it by the end of June 1945. Minefields also had to be cleared. Even though relations between

9064-466: Was de jure , the highest organ of the party; however, main decisions were made by the Politburo . The governments of the republics were only part of the mechanism which executed the Politburo's decisions. In post-war Yugoslavia, communists had a struggle for power with the opposition that supported King Peter. Milan Grol was the leader of the opposition; as the leading figure of the opposition he opposed

9167-413: Was a constituent republic and federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation. Along with five other Yugoslav republics, Croatia was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence ( see below ). By territory and population, it

9270-534: Was above 35 acres was taken from its owners. Nearly half of taken lands were transformed to agricultural areas (state property), while the other half was given to poor peasants. This reform also included the colonization in the SR Croatia where people from the so-called depressed areas moved to areas from which the Volksdeutsche had been expelled. In the SR Croatia, colonization occurred in Slavonia , while colonists were

9373-530: Was adopted by the Constituent Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia on January 18, 1947. In their constitutions, all republics were deprived of gaining independence. Republics had only formal autonomy; initially, communist Yugoslavia was a highly centralized state, based on the Soviet model . The Communist Party's officials were, at the same time, state officials, while the Party's Central Committee

9476-467: Was among them, communists thought that this was the only way to save the economy of Yugoslavia. Also, their ideology included elimination of the private sector, as they thought that such an economic system was historically wasteful. The first process of nationalization started on 24 November 1944, when Yugoslav Partisans dispossessed their enemies of their assets. The first victims of the confiscation were occupiers and war criminals. However, not long after,

9579-437: Was by the coup d'état . However, he finally did accept and was the Kingdom's sovereign from 15 June 1903 to 1 December 1918, the day that the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was proclaimed. The largest cities in the Kingdom of Serbia were (with population figures from c. 1910–1912): Serbia was geographically located in the path of several trade routes linking Western and Central Europe with Middle East. Morava Valley

9682-495: Was forbidden in favour of central planning. Because of this, the state started rational distribution of necessities for living, which were distributed among the population based on remittances, while consumers gained a certain amount of certificates each month for buying a certain amount of certain goods, including food, clothes and shoes. In the spring of 1949, the state introduced high taxes on private farmer's economies which farmers were unable to pay. This forced them to enter into

9785-500: Was in the strategically important terrestrial route that linked Central Europe with Greece and Constantinople. During the 19th century major efforts were made to improve the transport in this connections. At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Austria-Hungary helped Serbia to gain new territories, conditioning Serbia, however, to sign a new convention. The convention obliged Serbia to construct the railway line from Belgrade to Vranje and Turkish and Bulgarian borders in three years. In addition,

9888-500: Was killed by a group of officers. The slaughter of the royal couple (the king and Queen Draga ) by the Black Hand shocked Europe. This opened the way for the descendants of Karađorđe (Karageorge), regarded by Serbs throughout the Balkans as the man who threw off the Turkish yoke, to return to the throne. Petar Karađorđević was initially reluctant to accept the crown, disgusted as he

9991-641: Was not a constitutionally socialist state, or even a republic, in anticipation of the conclusion of the war, when these issues were settled. On November 29, 1945, Democratic Federal Yugoslavia became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia ( Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija , FNRJ), a socialist People's Republic. Accordingly, the Federal State of Croatia became the People's Republic of Croatia ( Narodna Republika Hrvatska , NR Hrvatska ). On April 7, 1963,

10094-461: Was occupied by foreign troops after a combined invasion by Austro-Hungarian , German , and Bulgarian troops. The 135,000 soldiers of the Serbian Army retreated through Albania and were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu , and in spring, 1916, they became part of a newly formed Salonika front . In 1916, the Kingdom of Montenegro was conquered by Austria-Hungary. At the end of the war and

10197-553: Was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Principality was ruled by the Obrenović dynasty (replaced by the Karađorđević dynasty for a short time). The Principality, under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire , de facto achieved full independence when the very last Ottoman troops left Belgrade in 1867. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 recognized the formal independence of the Principality of Serbia , and in its composition Nišava , Pirot , Toplica and Vranje districts entered

10300-535: Was quickly recognized by the Allies at the Tehran Conference , and the royalist government-in-exile in London was pressured into agreeing on a merge with the NKOJ. In order to facilitate this, Ivan Šubašić was appointed by the King to head the London government. For a period, Yugoslavia had two recognized prime ministers and governments (which both agreed to formally merge as soon as possible): Josip Broz Tito leading

10403-411: Was severely opposed by the Serbian public and intelligentsia , mainly gathered around Serbian Literary Herald ( Srpski književni glasnik ). Russia , the Ottoman Empire , Britain, the Kingdom of Italy , Serbia, the Principality of Montenegro , German Empire and France took an interest in these events. In April 1909, the 1878 Treaty of Berlin was amended to accept the new status quo and bringing

10506-466: Was simply renamed as the Republic of Croatia . It was under this constitution that Croatia became independent on June 25, 1991. The republic is commonly referred to simply as Croatia . In the first years of the war, the Yugoslav Partisans in Croatia did not have considerable support from Croats, with an exception of the Croats in the Croatian region of Dalmatia . The majority of partisans on

10609-451: Was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia . In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government – installed by the League of Communists – and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence , formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution . Croatia became part of

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