168-529: The Yugambeh ( / ˌ j ʊ ɡ ʌ m b ɛər / YOO -gum- BERR (see alternative spellings ) ), also known as the Minyangbal ( / ˌ m ɪ nj ʌ ŋ b ʌ l / MI -nyung- BUHL ), or Nganduwal ( / ˌ ŋ ɑː n d ʊ w ʌ l / NGAHN -doo- WUL ), are an Aboriginal Australian people of South East Queensland and the Northern Rivers of New South Wales , their territory lies between
336-587: A Holocene hunter-gatherer sample ("Leang Panninge") from South Sulawesi , which shares high amounts of genetic drift with Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. This suggests that a population split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. The sample also shows genetic affinity with East Asians and the Andamanese people of South Asia. The authors note that this hunter-gatherer sample can be modelled with ~50% Papuan-related ancestry and either with ~50% East Asian or Andamanese Onge ancestry, highlighting
504-442: A canoe. Long ago, Berruġ together with Mommóm (and) Yabúrong came to this land. They came with their wives and children in a great canoe, from an island across the sea. As they came near the shore, a woman on the land made a song that raised a storm which broke the canoe in pieces, but all the occupants, after battling with the waves, managed to swim ashore. This is how 'the men' the paiġål black race, came to this land.The pieces of
672-499: A deliberate effort to make maximum use of resources. This was achieved by a regular annual cycle in step with seasonal changes, and boosted with well-thought-out inter-clan trade. Tools and implements were produced from local material where possible. The traditional Yugambeh diet consisted of flora and fauna native to their region, almost anything that could be eaten was, though certain species were avoided for totemic reasons. The native Gulmorhan – fern-root ( Telmatoblechnum indicum )
840-461: A distinct group. Davies , noting that Crowley admitted to likely errors in his analysis, reconducted the analysis and found only a single Tweed-Albert Language, which is alternatively referred to as Yugam(beh) (also spelt Yugambir,) Minjangbal/Minyangbal , or Nganduwal ( as well by the various clan names, such as Manaldjali. ) Ngarangwal – spoken between the Logan River and Point Danger ,
1008-598: A distinct homogenous linguistic group, one of their distinctive features being a high percentage of Yagara language words. The language varieties spoken on the Gold Coast across to the Logan River could more appropriately be termed the Mibin dialects, according to Jefferies, the difference of Mibiny and Baygal for the word for "Man/people" is due to socio-political developments and not simply dialect splits, with Bannister commenting that
1176-556: A few cases however they were successful, with 10 Yugambeh people serving in World War I, then subsequently 47 in World War II, they have fought in every major conflict from World War I to the 1991 Gulf War. After service, their contributions were rarely recognised by historians or brought to the attention of the public, and they were not paid the same as other returned soldiers. A number of Yugambeh people sought refuge on Ukerabagh Island in
1344-440: A fire which was extinguished and cleared. Food would be placed on the heated earth until cooked, this was a common way of cooking shellfish like oysters or mud whelks . A fire was kept burning while larger portions of food like meat were cooked. Alternatively, the food was sealed inside an earth oven in a pit while it cooked. This is a suitable way to cook birds, especially emus ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ). Groups would gather on
1512-593: A gene flow from India to Australia: firstly, signs of South Asian components in Aboriginal Australian genomes, reported on the basis of genome-wide SNP data; and secondly, the existence of a Y chromosome (male) lineage, designated haplogroup C∗, with the most recent common ancestor about 5,000 years ago. The first type of evidence comes from a 2013 study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology using large-scale genotyping data from
1680-676: A group which said nyang for "what" might call the "Galibal" group Minyangbal, because these "Galibal" said minyang (miñang) for "what". Such was the case for the Gidhabal people at Woodenbong who referred to the Beaudesert and Logan people as the Yugambeh or Minyangbal, because the Gidhabal people said yagam for "no" and nyang for "what", while the Yugambeh people said yugam for "no" and minyang for "what". Other terms are not tribal names, like "Chepara", used by
1848-511: A healing agent, an infusion of Native Raspberry leaves was a stomach ache treatment, and chewing the leaves of the Grey Mangrove ( Avicennia marina ) relieved the pain of marine stingers. Some plants were also burned for medicinal purposes like Lemon Scented Barbwire Grass ( Cymbopogon refractus ) whose smoke provided an anaesthetic effect. Goats-foot ( Ipomea pes-caprae ) leaves were burnt to relieve headaches and charred Bracket Fungi ( Phellinus )
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#17328550687472016-575: A mediator to Haussmann's industrial mission at Nerang. In 1869, the German Lutheran Church, again led by Haussmann, secured land for a mission on the western bank of the Nerang River at Advancetown , here they established the "Nerang Creek Aboriginal Industrial Mission". Similar to what Haussmann had begun at Bethesda, the mission's purpose was to Christianise and provide support to the Yugambeh people. Starting at initial 1,000 acres (400 ha),
2184-450: A notorious record for brutality. On witnessing the murder of one of the trainees, the small group planned their escape and, one night, snuck away to embark on an epic walk of some 550 kilometres back home. Fearing betrayal, they shied clear even of other Aboriginal groups of their route which followed the coast on their left. After three months trekking, one youth climbed a tree and cried out Wollumbin! Wollumbin! (Mount Warning), much in
2352-647: A number of Yugambeh living at Cherbourg Mission in the 70s. In 1974, members of the Mununjali clan started the Beaudesert Aborigines and Islander Cooperative society. In the late 70s families who resided on Ukerabagh Island protested against proposed development, and in 1980 the area was gazetted as the Ukerebagh Island Nature Reserve. In the early 1980s a number of Yugambeh, sitting around a dining room table, discussed an idea that lead them to found
2520-464: A number of dialects of the Yugambeh language. There were nine clan groups:the Gugingin, Bullongin, Kombumerri , Tul-gi-gin , Moorang-Mooburra, Cudgenburra, Wanggerriburra , Mununjali and Migunberri. These clan groups were exogamous, and men found wives from a clan other than their own. Yugambeh people camped on the banks of rivers and along the coast where plentiful resources provided a stable living. It
2688-731: A person as Indigenous. (Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct, despite extensive cultural exchange with some of the Aboriginal groups, and the Torres Strait Islands are mostly part of Queensland but have a separate governmental status .) Some Aboriginal people object to being labelled Indigenous , as an artificial and denialist term, because some non-Aboriginal people have referred to themselves as indigenous because they were born in Australia. Australian Indigenous people have beliefs unique to each mob ( tribe ) and have
2856-588: A pool of Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians, and Indians. It found that the New Guinea and Mamanwa (Philippines area) groups diverged from the Aboriginal about 36,000 years ago (there is supporting evidence that these populations are descended from migrants taking an early "southern route" out of Africa, before other groups in the area). Also the Indian and Australian populations mixed long before European contact, with this gene flow occurring during
3024-615: A profound spiritual connection. Over the millennia, Aboriginal people developed complex trade networks, inter-cultural relationships, law and religions. Contemporary Aboriginal beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared through dancing , stories , songlines , and art that collectively weave an ontology of modern daily life and ancient creation known as
3192-652: A range of dialects spoken in the Albert and Logan River basins of South Queensland, stretching over the area from the Gold Coast west to Beaudesert , while also including the coastal area just over the border into New South Wales along the coast down to the Tweed Valley . Tindale listed a number of alternative names and spellings for the Jukambe including: Yugambir, Yugumbir, Yoocumbah, Yoocum, Jukam, Yukum, Yögum, Yuggum, Jugambeir, Chepara, Tjapera, Tjipara, Chipara . The Yugambeh use
3360-553: A river drainage system,. It is within these larger groupings where one would find commonality of marriage rules, collaboration in ceremonies, military allies, and many surface similarities among languages. Besides sharing their section system, both groups share ritual scarring patterns, with a dividing line running through the Yugambeh-Bundjalung language speakers with those to the north of the line have patterns that match groups further north (Yagara-speaking groups), while those to
3528-483: A single group. Aboriginal identity has changed over time and place, with family lineage, self-identification, and community acceptance all of varying importance. In the 2021 census , Indigenous Australians comprised 3.8% of Australia's population. Most Aboriginal people today speak English and live in cities. Some may use Aboriginal phrases and words in Australian Aboriginal English (which also has
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#17328550687473696-462: A specific group's name, was offered as a cover all term, Smythe did the same, calling the entire linguistic group "Bandjalang" for convenience Each speech community originally had their own distinctive names for their dialects, and adopted the term "Bundjalung" in the period after European arrival with Crowley believing that originally, Bandjalang was only the name of the dialect spoken on the South Arm of
3864-411: A spirit creates the earth then tells the humans to treat the animals and the earth in a way which is respectful to land. In Northern Territory this is commonly said to be a huge snake or snakes that weaved its way through the earth and sky making the mountains and oceans. But in other places the spirits who created the world are known as wandjina rain and water spirits. Major ancestral spirits include
4032-470: A strong connection to the land. Contemporary Indigenous Australian beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared by dancing , stories , songlines and art —especially Papunya Tula (dot painting)—collectively telling
4200-781: A successful application to the Indigenous Land Corporation which purchased a 100 acres (40 ha) of land at the bottom of Tamborine their behalf, this land was declared the Guanaba Indigenous Protected Area in November 2000. The Guanaba Indigenous Protected Area, part of Kombumerri traditional land, is located at the base of Mount Tamborine , west of the suburb of Guanaba and covers 100 hectares of dense rainforest, vine thickets, eucalypt woodlands, picturesque creeks and indigenous wildlife species. Early colonial timber harvesting and cattle grazing devastated much of
4368-427: A tangible influence of Aboriginal languages in the phonology and grammatical structure ). Many but not all also speak the various traditional languages of their clans and peoples. Aboriginal people, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of severe health and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community. DNA studies have confirmed that "Aboriginal Australians are one of
4536-777: A total of 9, or 8 clans across the Yugambeh area. According to Anthony Jefferies, the Mibiny (Yugambeh/Ngarangwal/Nganduwal) are part of a larger extra-linguistic group he referred to as a "confederacy" or "messmate"; he called the Chepara (Djipara) this confederacy which combined the Yagara -speaking groups north of the Logan River with the Mibiny dialect groups south of the river. Jefferies, quoting Sutton, defines these large groups as sets of hundreds to few thousands people who intermarried each other regularly, shared many if not all of each other's languages, and whose countries tended to cover adjacent parts of
4704-508: A tree in order to recite hymns and prayer and reading from the New Testaments, which Haussmann would then explain to them. Haussmann's reports record a number of identities at Bethesda, from October to December 1867 a man named Jack was taught by Haussmann regularly, and had learnt to read and write, a King Rohma (a chief of the tribe), and a Kingkame (or Kingkema, or Kingcame) who brought his family to attend devotions each day, he also acted as
4872-423: A variety of purposes and were made in a number of sizes, some being quite large. The sap of the hoop pine ( Araucaria cunninghami ) was used as a cement, and Xanthorrhoea species were valued as well a source of glue. Shelters were made from a light frame covered in sheets of bark tied down with rope; native ginger leaves ( Alpinia caerulea ) were used in hut making and paperbark bark ( Melaleuca quinquenervia )
5040-437: Is a plentiful supply of fish, shellfish, crabs, and other animal food in general. The clan group boundaries tend to follow noticeable geological formations such as river basin systems and mountain ranges. There were a number of permanent camps owned by each clan, which were frequented in a set yearly planned pattern. For everyday living the clan usually broke into smaller family-based groups. They would aggregate at certain times of
5208-750: Is an increase in allele sharing between the Denisovan and Aboriginal Australian genomes, compared to other Eurasians or Africans. Examining DNA from a finger bone excavated in Siberia , researchers concluded that the Denisovans migrated from Siberia to tropical parts of Asia and that they interbred with modern humans in Southeast Asia 44,000 years BP, before Australia separated from New Guinea approximately 11,700 years BP. They contributed DNA to Aboriginal Australians and to present-day New Guineans and an indigenous tribe in
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5376-471: Is based on the Aboriginal peoples' geographical isolation, with little or no interaction with outside cultures before some contact with Makassan fishermen and Dutch explorers up to 500 years ago. The Rasmussen study also found evidence that Aboriginal peoples carry some genes associated with the Denisovans (a species of human related to but distinct from Neanderthals ) of Asia; the study suggests that there
5544-402: Is difficult because there are who groups stopped using names altogether. This was compounded by the fact that what one group may call itself may be different from what another group calls it, which may again be different from what a third group uses. Margaret Sharpe noted that one group which said gala for "this" might refer to another as Galibal, because they pronounced the word gali. Similarly,
5712-463: Is estimated there were between 1,500 and 2,000 Aboriginal people in the watersheds of the Logan, Albert, Coomera and Nerang before the 1850s. The 2016 Australian census records 12,315 Aboriginal people in the four local government areas, a portion of these are non-Yugambeh Aboriginal peoples who have moved into the area for work, or as a result of forced removals. Yugambeh is the traditional language term for
5880-417: Is made between cross-cousins called Yirabung and parallel cousins called Gujarang, parallel cousins are not considered marriageable. In the Yugambeh system, a mother's brother is called Gawang and a father's sister is called Ngaruny, they call their nephews/nieces, burrijang/burrijanggan , and nyugun and nyugunmahn respectively. The Ngaruny-Nyugun/Nyugunmahn relationship is of special importance as it
6048-480: Is no evidence for South Asian gene flow to Australia .... Despite Sahul being a single connected landmass until [8,000 years ago], different groups across Australia are nearly equally related to Papuans, and vice versa, and the two appear to have separated genetically already [about 30,000 years ago]." Aboriginal Australians possess inherited abilities to adapt to a wide range of environmental temperatures in various ways. A study in 1958 comparing cold adaptation in
6216-571: Is now the McLean Bridge, by a blackfellow known as "Nelson." The murderer was coming back from Brisbane on horseback and met the woman and boy on the road walking to Brisbane. The man was caught soon after committing the crime, but escaped from custody. He was a Coomera black, but sometimes lived with the Albert and Nerang tribes. The black troopers knew this, and were constantly on his tracks but never caught him. They had no scruples in shooting any blacks in
6384-453: Is only in the last two hundred years that they have been defined and started to self-identify as a single group, socio-politically. While some preferred the term Aborigine to Aboriginal in the past, as the latter was seen to have more directly discriminatory legal origins, use of the term Aborigine has declined in recent decades, as many consider the term an offensive and racist hangover from Australia's colonial era. The definition of
6552-469: Is said by Davies to only differ by a few words, e.g. the third-person singular female pronoun . Livingstone's Minyung, spoken at Byron Bay and on the Brunswick River and called a "sister dialect" to that spoken to the north, which he alternatively called Nghendu, is considered by Davies to be part of a separate linguistic branch. For Norman Tindale , the term Nganduwal was an alternative name of
6720-497: Is that the desert people are able to have a higher body temperature without accelerating the activity of the whole of the body, which can be especially detrimental in childhood diseases. This helps protect people to survive the side-effects of infection. Aboriginal people have lived for tens of thousands of years on the continent of Australia , through its various changes in landmass. The area within Australia 's borders today includes
6888-574: Is used to identified suitable marriageable partners, a ngaruny will find one of her sisters and make a match for her nyugun/nyugunmahn . This is distinct from the southern Wahlubal system used by the Bundjalung with Jefferies finding that whilst the Waalubal system has a single term /nyugu:n/ "nephew/niece", without gender distinction, the northern systems which have the same term but differentiated for gender. In common with their northerly neighbours, i.e.
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7056-454: The Australian native police under their colonial leaders. According to the informant John Allen, over 60 years old at the time, and referring to his earliest memories sometime in the 1850s, a group of his tribe were surprised by troopers at Mount Wetheren and fired upon. The blacks—men, women, and children—were in a dell at the base of a cliff. Suddenly a body of troopers appeared on the top of
7224-570: The Bundjalung to their south. According to Tindale, the Minyungbal held some 600 square miles (1,600 km) of territory running northwards from Cape Byron as far as Southport . Their inland extension ran to Murwillumbah and Nerang Creek . Linguistically, the Yugambeh speak language varieties of the wider Yugambeh-Bundjalung language group, their language forming a discrete dialect group. Culturally researchers, like Anthony Jefferies, have noted
7392-534: The CC BY 4.0 license. Misnomer A misnomer is a name that is incorrectly or unsuitably applied. Misnomers often arise because something was named long before its correct nature was known, or because an earlier form of something has been replaced by a later form to which the name no longer suitably applies. A misnomer may also be a word that is used incorrectly or misleadingly. The word "misnomer" does not mean " misunderstanding " or " popular misconception ", and
7560-486: The CSIRO stressed the importance of taking a demand-driven approach to services in desert settlements, and concluded that "if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and ineffective in the long term." [REDACTED] This article incorporates text by Anders Bergström et al. available under
7728-531: The Clarence River are said by linguists to be a single language or linguistic group. In traditional culture, there was no general name for this "language", this being noted as early as 1892. Smythe, writing in the 1940s in the Casino area, noted that some of his informants stated "Beigal" (Man or People) was the tribal name, others though stated there never was a shared named in use. As "Bandjalang", aside from being
7896-573: The Initial Upper Paleolithic . They are most closely related to other Oceanians , such as Melanesians . The Aboriginal Australians also show affinity to other Australasian populations, such as Negritos , as well as to East Asian peoples . Phylogenetic data suggests that an early initial eastern lineage (ENA) trifurcated somewhere in South Asia , and gave rise to Australasians (Oceanians), Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI), Andamanese and
8064-688: The Kimberley region in what is now Western Australia about 60,000 years ago. They migrated across the continent within 6,000 years. A 2018 study using archaeobotany dated evidence of continuous human habitation at Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) in the Carnarvon Range in the Little Sandy Desert in WA from around 50,000 years ago. Genetic studies have revealed that Aboriginal Australians largely descended from an Eastern Eurasian population wave during
8232-544: The Logan and Tweed rivers. A term for an Aboriginal of the Yugambeh tribe is Mibunn (also written as Miban/Mibanj , Mibin, Mibiny, Mebbon, Meebin ), which is derived from the word for the wedge-tailed eagle . Historically, some anthropologists have erroneously referred to them as the Chepara (also written as Chipara, Tjapera ), the term for a first-degree initiate . Archaeological evidence indicates Aboriginal people have occupied
8400-632: The Makassar people of modern-day Indonesia. Aboriginal Australians have a wide variety of cultural practices and beliefs that some scientists believe make up the oldest continuous cultures in the world, although this is disputed. At the time of European colonisation of Australia, the Aboriginal people consisted of complex cultural societies with more than 250 languages and varying degrees of technology and settlements. Languages (or dialects) and language-associated groups of people are connected with stretches of territory known as "Country", with which they have
8568-657: The Northern Territory to study their genetic makeup (which is not representative of all Aboriginal peoples in Australia). The study concluded that the Warlpiri are descended from ancient Asians whose DNA is still somewhat present in Southeastern Asian groups, although greatly diminished. The Warlpiri DNA lacks certain information found in modern Asian genomes, and carries information not found in other genomes. This reinforces
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#17328550687478736-453: The Pleistocene epoch and lived over large sections of the Australian continental shelf when the sea levels were lower. At that time, Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea were part of the same landmass, known as Sahul . As sea levels rose, the people on the Australian mainland and nearby islands became increasingly isolated, some on Tasmania and some of the smaller offshore islands when
8904-611: The Rainbow Serpent , Baiame , Dirawong and Bunjil . Similarly, the Arrernte people of central Australia believed that humanity originated from great superhuman ancestors who brought the sun, wind and rain as a result of breaking through the surface of the Earth when waking from their slumber. Taken as a whole, Aboriginal Australians, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of health and economic deprivations in comparison with
9072-401: The Yagara , Quandamooka , Kabi-Kabi , and Wakka-Wakka , the Yugambeh are divided into a number of subgroups. Each nation was divided into a number of locality groups, with each group occupying a designated area of the territory. Each locality had a unique name, derived from a feature of the group's territory, i.e. its geography, geology, flora, or fauna. Family groups did not often travel into
9240-406: The Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages there were two kinship systems a Wahlubal/Inland system and a Mibiny system, with Anthony Jefferies documenting an Aluridja type system, found in south Bandjalang dialect groups while a Senior Cousin/Junior Cousin kinship system was found amongst the Yugambeh (Mibiny), Yagara , and Ngugi groups. The Yugambeh kinship system is classificatory , i.e. all members of
9408-537: The 1850/60s By the 20th century, they were being forced onto missions and reserves despite local resistance. Other Yugambeh people found refuge in the mountains or gained employment among the Europeans. The last of the missions/reserves in the area closed in 1948 and 1951, though people continued to occupy them. Throughout the 70s-90s, the Yugambeh founded organisations and businesses in culture/language, housing and community care, wildlife and land preservation, and tourism. It
9576-774: The 1970s and 1980s, when Aboriginal people moved to tiny remote settlements on traditional land, brought health benefits, but funding them proved expensive, training and employment opportunities were not provided in many cases, and support from governments dwindled in the 2000s, particularly in the era of the Howard government . Indigenous communities in remote Australia are often small, isolated towns with basic facilities, on traditionally owned land . These communities have between 20 and 300 inhabitants and are often closed to outsiders for cultural reasons. The long-term viability and resilience of Aboriginal communities in desert areas has been discussed by scholars and policy-makers. A 2007 report by
9744-405: The 19th century anthropologist Alfred William Howitt , which is actually "Gibera" – a first-degree initiate , the initial consonant being realised as a fricative. When asked who the local people were, the informant, who at the time would not have had a very effective command of English, had simply told him the group he was meeting were all first-degree initiates. The Yugambeh language (also termed
9912-655: The 19th century. Scholars believe that most Aboriginal Australians originated from Southeast Asia. If this is the case, Aboriginal Australians were among the first in the world to have completed sea voyages. A 2017 paper in Nature evaluated artefacts in Kakadu . Its authors concluded "Human occupation began around 65,000 years ago." A 2021 study by researchers at the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage has mapped
10080-539: The Aboriginal people that inhabit the territory between the Logan river and the Tweed river . Their ethnonym derives from the Yugambeh word for "no", namely yugam/yugam(beh) , reflecting a widespread practice in Aboriginal languages to identify a tribe by the word they used for a negative, this is typical of the area, as Kabi , Wakka , Jandai , Guwar all mean "no" as well. Yugambeh refers to people descended from speakers of
10248-463: The Blue Quandong ( Elaeocarpus grandis ), Crab Apple ( Schizomeria ovata ), Blueberry Lily ( Dianella caerulea ), Native Cherry ( Exocarpos cupressiformis ), Tuckeroo ( Cupaniopsis anacardioides ), Lilli Pilli ( Acmena smithii ), Scrub Cherry ( Syzygium australe ), Native Tamarind ( Diploglottis australis ), Wombat Berry ( Eustrephus latifolius ) and various Ficus species were consumed, in addition to
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#173285506874710416-804: The Byron Bay Minyungbal tribe, which he regarded as a distinct group. The Logan area ran along its western edges, while its eastern limits were on the Tamborine Plateau , Canungra and just short of the Coomera River. It was first recorded in substantial form by the Jimboomba schoolteacher John Allen on the basis of a vocabulary supplied to him by the Wangerriburra clansman Bullum in 1913, and later described in more detail by Margaret Sharpe who took down detail notes from her informant Joe Culham, one of
10584-491: The Dreaming . Studies of Aboriginal groups' genetic makeup are ongoing, but evidence suggests that they have genetic inheritance from ancient Asian but not more modern peoples. They share some similarities with Papuans , but have been isolated from Southeast Asia for a very long time. They have a broadly shared, complex genetic history, but only in the last 200 years were they defined by others as, and started to self-identify as,
10752-599: The East/Southeast Asian lineage, including ancestors of the Native Americans . Papuans may have received approximately 2% of their geneflow from an earlier group (xOOA) as well, next to additional archaic admixture in the Sahul region. Aboriginal people are genetically most similar to the indigenous populations of Papua New Guinea , and more distantly related to groups from East Indonesia. They are more distinct from
10920-482: The Gold Coast, and is fully owned and operated by the local Aboriginal community. The same year of Kalwun's founding, the Beaudesert Aborigines and Islander society started Mununjali housing, the society continued to exist, however is solely run by Mununjali under a Memorandum of Understanding. Mununjali Housing and Development Company Ltd is the umbrella for: In 1998 the Ngarangwal, operating Ngarang-Wal Land Council made
11088-864: The Holocene ( c. 4,200 years ago). The researchers had two theories for this: either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those Indian genes to Aboriginal Australians, or a group of Indians migrated from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals directly. However, a 2016 study in Current Biology by Anders Bergström et al. excluded the Y chromosome as providing evidence for recent gene flow from India into Australia. The study authors sequenced 13 Aboriginal Australian Y chromosomes using recent advances in gene sequencing technology. They investigated their divergence times from Y chromosomes in other continents, including comparing
11256-544: The Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture which grew into one of Australia's most successful Aboriginal-owned language organisations, and is a major contributor to the indigenous cultural landscape of south east Queensland. The Yugambeh, represented by the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture with the support and assistance from the Gold Coast City Council, erected a War Memorial on
11424-558: The Logan River from Rathdowney to its mouth, and running south as far as the vicinity of Southport . Their western frontier lay around Boonah and the slopes of the Great Dividing Range . Tindale places his Kalibal in the upper Nerang and western Tweed valley, and Minyungbal in the Lower Nerang and eastern Tweed valley . There are problems with Tindale's mapping, since he generally located his groups where Margaret Sharpe puts
11592-407: The Maori farewell ceremony. Yugambeh culture was incorporated into the Queens Baton with the use of native macadamia wood, known in Yugambeh language as gumburra . A story given by Patricia O'Connor served as the inspiration for the Baton, as Macadamia nuts were often planted by groups travelling through country, to mark the way and provide sustenance to future generations – upon hearing the story,
11760-421: The Mibin dialects) is a dialect cluster of the wider Bandjalangic branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family , which is neutrally called the Tweed-Albert Group. Yugambeh was included in the Australian Standard Classification of Languages as Yugambeh (8965) in 2016. Results from the 2021 Census indicated there were 208 Yugambeh speakers, up from the 2016 results of 18 speakers. The northern dialects represent
11928-461: The Minjungbal Aboriginal Cultural Centre, which is a popular meeting place for Goori people and other Aboriginal peoples . Built next to a Bora Ring, which can be seen from the walking tracks. The museum exhibits informative videos, Aboriginal art, and traditional dance and song on the outdoor performance area. Aboriginal tour guides offer tours through the museum and site, telling you about its relics, plants and animals, explaining how Aboriginal life
12096-505: The Nerang mission grew to a reserve of 5,000 acres (2,000 ha), it was not successful however, with only some minor works occurring before the reserve was cancelled in 1879. Due to an inability to make their mortgage repayments on their sugar business, Haussmann's Bethesda Mission saw its demise. The discouraging progress of indigenous conversion at Bethesda hindered the Mission-work and there
12264-849: The Northern, Southern and Central cultural areas. The Northern and Southern areas, having richer natural marine and woodland resources, were more densely populated than the Central area. There are various other names from Australian Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography , known as demonyms , including: Other group names are based on the language group or specific dialect spoken . These also coincide with geographical regions of varying sizes. A few examples are: However, these lists are neither exhaustive nor definitive, and there are overlaps. Different approaches have been taken by non-Aboriginal scholars in trying to understand and define Aboriginal culture and societies, some focusing on
12432-759: The Philippines known as Mamanwa . This study confirms Aboriginal Australians as one of the oldest living populations in the world. They are possibly the oldest outside Africa, and they may have the oldest continuous culture on the planet. A 2016 study at the University of Cambridge suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached Sahul (the supercontinent consisting of present-day Australia and its islands and New Guinea ). The sea levels rose and isolated Australia about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP, possibly because
12600-667: The Queen's Baton Relay- marking the first time traditional owners had attended the ceremony. After a 288-day journey, the Queen's Baton was passed from New Zealand to Australia in the Māori Court of the Auckland Museum, wherein a traditional farewell ceremony to farewell and handover the baton the Ngāti Whātua elders of Auckland passed the Queen's Baton to representatives of the Yugambeh people. Yugambeh performers were present to respond to
12768-571: The Richmond River (that is Bungawalbin Creek), but in time, other group local groups amalgamated under the term in the face of the European invasion. Bundjalung would eventually supplanted most other local dialect names. The Aboriginal people who lived in the area that became Queensland never used the name Bundjalung, and northern groups have maintained their dialect names. While some Bundjalung people refer to
12936-500: The Silky Oak and Tea Tree and the correlation of their flowering to the turtle and mullet seasons respectively. Knowledge of cultural practices, inter-relations, beliefs, and laws was held in stories. These stories, known as Bujeram ( The Dreaming ), stretch across clan groups, creating what are known as songlines and in some cases explain the creation of prominent features of the landscape or other natural phenomena. In Yugambeh tradition
13104-536: The Tweed paigål say ġando to the present day. This is how the blacks came to have different dialects. Berrúġ and his brothers came back to the Brunswick River, where he made a fire, and showed the paiġål how to make fire. He taught them their laws about the kippåra , and about marriage and food. After a time, a quarrel arose, and the brothers fought and separated, Mommóm going south, Yaburóng west, and Berrúġ keeping along
13272-473: The Yugambeh as (Northern) Bundjalung, local Aboriginal people emphatically prefer to use Yugambeh. There are terms used for more than one group, like "Minyangbal", – those who say minyang "what", which is used to refer to the Yugambeh, Galibal , and Wiyabal people, while also being the self-name for the Minyungbal people at Byron Bay and on the Brunswick River. Discussion about the correct names for dialects
13440-517: The Yugambeh differed from the Bandjalang proper and Gidabal , due to distinct terms for basic concepts such man and woman, while grammatical studies show that the Yugambeh dialects did differ in some degree from other Bandjalang groups both lexically and morphologically.' The particular number of dialects (and their degree of mutual intelligibility) are differently described depending on the source. The Minyungbal of Byron are regarded by Tindale as
13608-452: The Yugambeh have more affinity with their northern Yagara -speaking neighbours. Anthony Jefferies, having noted the Yugambeh, as well as Gidhabal, seem to have more linguistic and cultural affinity with the Durubulic language speakers to their north than with their southern Bundjalung neighbours, observed key differences between them: R. H. Mathews visited the Yugambeh in 1906 and picked up
13776-522: The Yugambeh people. Fison and Howitt writing in the late 19th century describe their country as "to the south of Brisbane , somewhat inland, but also along the coast" to as far as Point Danger, and "about the head of the Albert, Logan and Tweed rivers". The Yuggera are to their west and north, the Quandamooka to their north-east ( North Stradbroke and Moreton Island ), the Githabul to their south-west, and
13944-444: The ancient people expanded and differentiated into distinct groups, each with its own language and culture. More than 400 distinct Australian Aboriginal peoples have been identified, distinguished by names designating their ancestral languages, dialects, or distinctive speech patterns. According to noted anthropologist , archaeologist and sociologist Harry Lourandos , historically, these groups lived in three main cultural areas,
14112-537: The area for tens of thousands of years. By the time European colonisation began, the Yugambeh had a complex network of groups, and kinship. The Yugambeh territory is subdivided among clan groups with each occupying a designated locality, each clan having certain rights and responsibilities in relation to their respective areas. Europeans arrived within their proximity in the 1820s, before formally entering Yugambeh territory c.1842. Their arrival displaced Yugambeh groups, and conflict between both sides soon followed throughout
14280-410: The area were hunters, gatherers and fishers. The Quandamooka of Stradbroke Island had dolphins aid them in the hunting and fishing processes. On sighting a shoal of mullet, they would hit the water with their spears to alert their dolphins, to whom they gave individual names, and the dolphins would then chase the shoal towards the shore, trapping them in the shallows and allowing the men to net and spear
14448-474: The area, which remains a key habitat for the endangered Fleay's frog , and is said to be one of the last places where breeding colonies of the endangered Long-nosed potoroo still exist. The Yugambeh train young people of their community in traditional ways at Guanaba, and work with conservation experts to ensure the conservation of the area's landscape integrity. Members of the Tweed Aboriginal community run
14616-522: The armed forces. The Gold Coast Aboriginal and Islander Housing Co-operative was founded in 1981, the result of a successful local movement of Aboriginal people on the Gold Coast lobbying for affordable housing to help those in need, this society went on to come Kalwun Development Corporation in 1994. With authorisation from the Yugambeh people, Kalwun operates the Jellurgal Aboriginal Cultural Centre which offers bus and walking tours of
14784-532: The baton's designers decided to use macadamia wood as a symbol of traditional sustainable practice. When I was a little girl, probably seven or eight years old, I was cracking Queensland nuts. My grandmother said "when I was a little girl I planted those nuts as I walked with my father along the Nerang river" and she said "you call them Queensland nuts, I call them Goomburra". She planted them when she walked with her dad, and as an adult she saw them bearing fruit. The native economy can be described as well-planned, with
14952-747: The berries of the Barbwire Vine ( Smilax australis ), Passionfruit ( Passiflora aurantia ), Raspberry ( Rubus hillii ), Roseleaf Bramble ( Rubus rosifolius ) and Pink-Flowered Raspberry ( Rubus parvfolius ). The seeds of certain wattles species were ground into flour and mixed with water into a paste, and Banksia flowers were swirled in water to make a honey flavoured drink. The leaves of the David's Heart ( Macaranga tanarius ) were used as serving plates for food. Conical fishing nets were used for catching fish, and larger nets, some 15m wide, were used for catching kangaroos. The most basic way of cooking involved ground heated by
15120-584: The best time for oysters, Silk Oak ( Grevillea robusta ) indicated turtles and eels, while Tea Tree ( Melaleuca bracteata ) indicated the mullet were available. Species, like Macadamia , had dual uses, such as being planted along travel routes as a food source as well as functioning as markers for travellers. Local groups used oral poems to encode this information. An example of one was recorded by J.A. Gresty, which goes: Kambullumm wongara Woojerie bingging Woodooroo wongara Woojerie kunneeng Gresty explained this poem as encoding seasonal information relating to
15288-435: The canoe are to be seen to this day. If any one will throw a stone and strike a piece of the canoe, a storm will arise, and the voices of Berrúġ and his boys will be heard calling to one another, amidst the roaring elements. The pieces of the canoe are certain rocks in the sea. At Ballina, Berrúg looked around and said, nyuġ? and all the paiġål about there say nyuġ to the present day. On the Tweed he said, ġando? (ngahndu)and
15456-416: The cliff and without warning opened fire on the defenceless party below. Bullumm remembers the horror of the time, of being seized by a gin and carried to cover, of cowering under the cliff and hearing the shots ringing overhead, of the rush through the scrub to get away from the sound of the death-dealing guns. In this affair only two were killed, an old man and a gin. Those sheltered under the cliff could hear
15624-710: The coast to fish during the annual autumn/winter run of sea mullet ( Mugil cephalus ). Similarly, the Yugambeh clans would travel to the biennial bunya nut ( Araucaria bidwillii ) feasts held at the Bunya Mountains . Other species consumed were freshwater mullet, the long-necked turtle ( Chelodina longicollis ) and the short-necked turtle ( Emydura ), and eel. The eggs of the Brush Turkey ( Alectura lathamii ) were highly sought. Most waterbird species were eaten; ducks were hunted using boomerangs to frighten them into carefully positioned nets. The teredo worm ( Teredo navalis )
15792-477: The coast. This is how the paiġål were separated into tribes. Aboriginal Australian Aboriginal Australians are the various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the Torres Strait Islands . Humans first migrated to Australia at least 65,000 years ago, and over time formed as many as 500 language-based groups . In
15960-660: The corner of Martens Street and Plantation Road in Beenleigh . It was opened in 1995 by Senator Neville Bonner , Australia's first Aboriginal Federal Parliamentarian . The museum is the main resource for objects and information relating to the ongoing story of the Yugambeh people, their spiritual and cultural history, and their language. The museum organises education programs, exhibitions and events, including traditional ceremonies. The Museum houses over 20 distinct exhibits composed of over 300 panels. The Yugambeh Museum also maintains records and research on Yugambeh descendants who served in
16128-480: The country of other Yugambeh family groups without reason. Clans would frequently visit and stay on each other's estates during times of ceremony, dispute resolution, resource exchange, debt settlement and scarcity of resources, but followed strict protocols governing announcing their presence and their use of other's lands. Each group also has ceremonial responsibilities in their respective countries, like those that ensure that food and medicinal plants grow and that there
16296-437: The crushed bark of Acacia falcata , Acacia melanoxylon , and Acacia tomentosus ; the inner bark of the foam tree ( Jagera pseudorhus ), a noted fish poison, has high concentrations of saponins . These paralysed the lungs of the fish, making them float to the top of the water, and easier to catch. The seasonal pattern of plants and animals varied, appearing at particular times of the year, and were used as indicators of
16464-511: The deep split between Leang Panninge and Aboriginal/Papuans. Mallick et al. 2016 and Mark Lipson et al. 2017 study found the bifurcation of Eastern Eurasians and Western Eurasians dates to least 45,000 years ago, with indigenous Australians nested inside the Eastern Eurasian clade. Two genetic studies by Larena et al. 2021 found that Philippines Negrito people split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans before
16632-497: The desert-dwelling Pitjantjatjara people compared with a group of European people showed that the cooling adaptation of the Aboriginal group differed from that of the white people, and that they were able to sleep more soundly through a cold desert night. A 2014 Cambridge University study found that a beneficial mutation in two genes which regulate thyroxine , a hormone involved in regulating body metabolism , helps to regulate body temperature in response to fever. The effect of this
16800-491: The dominant notes everywhere. In many places the physical features of the places were changed or entirely obliterated; watercourse and chain of ponds of my day were, nearly all, filled in with the accumulated debris of the past half century or so. Non-indigenous arrival brought a negative impact on the local people, like alcohol and disease; conflict and displacement of Yugambeh groups from traditional food sources as settlers acquired land for agricultural purposes. The struggles of
16968-568: The fish. Some traditions state that this practice was shared by the Yugambeh Kombumerri clan. The dolphin is known to have played an important role in a legend of the Nerang River Yugambeh, according to which the culture hero Gowonda was transformed into one on his death. A penal colony was established by European settlers in 1824, just north of the Yugambeh clans, which was encircled by a 50-mile exclusion zone. The Brisbane area
17136-403: The following information concerning their social divisions , which were fourfold. Mathews noted specific animals, plants and stars as associated with the divisions. This system of social divisions was shared with the neighboring Gidabal , and Yagara people. To the south, the Bundjalung section names were different, being Wirroong , Marroong , Woomboong , and Kurpoong respectively. Among
17304-694: The haplogroup C chromosomes. They found a divergence time of about 54,100 years between the Sahul C chromosome and its closest relative C5, as well as about 54,300 years between haplogroups K*/M and their closest haplogroups R and Q. The deep divergence time of 50,000-plus years with the South Asian chromosome and "the fact that the Aboriginal Australian Cs share a more recent common ancestor with Papuan Cs" excludes any recent genetic contact. The 2016 study's authors concluded that, although this does not disprove
17472-503: The hope that the victim might be the escaped murderer. From 30 to 40 blacks were killed by troopers in this way, but "Nelson" died a natural death in spite of it all, some years after in Beenleigh.' In 1857, he recalled, again under the direction of Frederick Wheeler, a further massacre took place on the banks of the Nerang River (which may have followed theft on William Duckett White's Murry Jerry run there): A party of " Alberts," among whom
17640-401: The idea of ancient Aboriginal isolation. Genetic data extracted in 2011 by Morten Rasmussen et al., who took a DNA sample from an early-20th-century lock of an Aboriginal person's hair, found that the Aboriginal ancestors probably migrated through South Asia and Maritime Southeast Asia , into Australia, where they stayed. As a result, outside of Africa, the Aboriginal peoples have occupied
17808-653: The increased suicide rate, many researchers have suggested that the inclusion of more cultural aspects into suicide prevention programs would help to combat mental health issues within the community. Past studies have found that many indigenous leaders and community members, do in fact, want more culturally-aware health care programs. Similarly, culturally-relative programs targeting indigenous youth have actively challenged suicide ideation among younger indigenous populations, with many social and emotional wellbeing programs using cultural information to provide coping mechanisms and improving mental health. The outstation movement of
17976-506: The indigenous populations of Borneo and Malaysia , sharing drift with them than compared to the groups from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. This indicates that populations in Australia were isolated for a long time from the rest of Southeast Asia. They remained untouched by migrations and population expansions into that area, which can be explained by the Wallace line . In a 2001 study, blood samples were collected from some Warlpiri people in
18144-566: The islands of Tasmania , K'gari (previously Fraser Island) , Hinchinbrook Island , the Tiwi Islands , Kangaroo Island and Groote Eylandt . Indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, however, are not Aboriginal. In the 2021 census , people who self-identified on the census form as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin totalled 812,728 out of a total of 25,422,788 Australians, equating to 3.2% of Australia's population and an increase of 163,557 people, or 25.2%, since
18312-450: The land was inundated at the start of the Holocene , the inter-glacial period that started about 11,700 years ago. Scholars of this ancient history believe that it would have been difficult for Aboriginal people to have originated purely from mainland Asia. Not enough people would have migrated to Australia and surrounding islands to fulfill the beginning of the size of the population seen in
18480-406: The last 10,000 years it may have occurred—newer analytical techniques have the potential to address such questions. Bergstrom's 2018 doctoral thesis looking at the population of Sahul suggests that other than relatively recent admixture, the populations of the region appear to have been genetically independent from the rest of the world since their divergence about 50,000 years ago. He writes "There
18648-561: The last speakers (d.1968) of this variety of the dialect. Nils Holmer completed his Linguistic survey of south-eastern Queensland in 1983, a chapter of which included vocabulary and an analysis of grammar of the language as spoken by the Manandjali (Mununjali) living in Beaudesert and the surrounding area. The Yugambeh territory lies between the Logan and Tweed Rivers, while Norman Tindale estimated their territorial reach as extending over roughly 1,200 square miles (3,100 km), along
18816-518: The latter two diverged from each other, but after their common ancestor diverged from the ancestor of East Asian peoples . The dingo reached Australia about 4,000 years ago. Near that time, there were changes in language (with the Pama-Nyungan language family spreading over most of the mainland), and in stone tool technology. Smaller tools were used. Human contact has thus been inferred, and genetic data of two kinds have been proposed to support
18984-496: The likely migration routes of the peoples as they moved across the Australian continent to its southern reaches and what is now Tasmania , then part of the mainland. The modelling is based on data from archaeologists , anthropologists , ecologists , geneticists , climatologists , geomorphologists , and hydrologists . It is intended to compare this data with the oral histories of Aboriginal peoples, including Dreaming stories, Australian rock art , and linguistic features of
19152-518: The manner of the Greeks in Xenophon 's Anabasis . They had made it back home. One of the youths, Keendahn, who was ten years old at the time, was so traumatised by the experience that he would hide in the bush for decades later, whenever word of police in the vicinity reached their camps. William E. Hanlon's family of English immigrants settled there around 1863. He states that the Yugambeh were friendly from
19320-423: The many Aboriginal languages which reveal how the peoples developed separately. The routes, dubbed "superhighways" by the authors, are similar to current highways and stock routes in Australia. Lynette Russell of Monash University believes that the new model is a starting point for collaboration with Aboriginal people to help reveal their history. The new models suggest that the first people may have landed in
19488-403: The micro-level (tribe, clan, etc.), and others on shared languages and cultural practices spread over large regions defined by ecological factors. Anthropologists have encountered many difficulties in trying to define what constitutes an Aboriginal people/community/group/tribe, let alone naming them. Knowledge of pre-colonial Aboriginal cultures and societal groupings is still largely dependent on
19656-460: The mountains of the hinterland, while others were employed on farms, in the timber industry or as domestic servants. On the coast, others were able to be involved in the fishing, oyster and tourism industries. At the advent of both world wars, Yugambeh people attempted to enlist but, like other Aboriginal Australians, had their efforts to join the armed forces resisted due to official policy that saw them as unsuitable because of their "racial origin". In
19824-730: The mouth of the Tweed River, which provided any isolated environment to maintain their culture, and by the early 1920s a small community had grown. Australia's first indigenous member of the Australian parliament Neville Bonner was born on Ukerabagh in 1922. In 1927, the NSW Aborigines Protection Board declared the island an Aboriginal Reserve, which allowed to be serviced with government rations. Not all Aboriginal people moved to Ukerabagh by choice, some were sent there by local police to keep them away from white settlements. The island
19992-550: The nation became broken up into clans. After some time however, the clans became again friendly once more, and had been so ever since. Bullum, a Yugambeh man from the Wanggeriburra clan helped draw a map of his clans territory in 1913, which shows the names and general locations of 7 neighbouring clans. The exact number of clans was not noted in the earlier literature, Howitt, noting at least 7 clans in 1904 stating that not all could be remembered by his informants Recent sources mention
20160-430: The now highly prized tulip wood were burnt off as "useless". Returning to the area in the early 1930s after a half century absence, he wrote: I found the rivers denuded of all their old and glorious scrubs, and their whilom denizens were neither to be seen nor heard. The streams themselves seemed to be sullen and sluggish, and polluted, and wore an air of being ashamed of their now-a-days nudity. Utility and ugliness were
20328-411: The observers' interpretations, which were filtered through colonial ways of viewing societies. Some Aboriginal peoples identify as one of several saltwater, freshwater, rainforest or desert peoples . The term Aboriginal Australians includes many distinct peoples who have developed across Australia for over 50,000 years. These peoples have a broadly shared, though complex, genetic history, but it
20496-633: The oldest living populations in the world, certainly the oldest outside of Africa." Their ancestors left the African continent 75,000 years ago. They may have the oldest continuous culture on earth. In Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory , oral histories comprising complex narratives have been passed down by Yolngu people through hundreds of generations. The Aboriginal rock art , dated by modern techniques, shows that their culture has continued from ancient times. The ancestors of present-day Aboriginal Australian people migrated from Southeast Asia by sea during
20664-421: The original 250–400 Aboriginal languages (more than 250 languages and about 800 dialectal varieties on the continent) are endangered or extinct, although some efforts are being made at language revival for some. As of 2016, only 13 traditional Indigenous languages were still being acquired by children, and about another 100 spoken by older generations only. Dispersing across the Australian continent over time,
20832-500: The original inhabitants was recognised by government authorities, but too often efforts failed to achieve much. Pastor Johann Gottfried Haussmann founded the first mission in the newly separate colony of Queensland in 1866 at Beenleigh, this mission Bethesda was said by Haussmann to be a "heathen mission" to the local Aboriginals in the wider Albert-Logan area: My main tasks shall be, provided the Lord permit me to live, to do Mission work amongst
21000-478: The other side, and hid in the scrub. The black troopers again were bad marksmen—probably with intent—as the only casualties were one man shot in the leg and one boy drowned. The old blind man had been hidden under a pile of skins in a hut, but was found by the troopers and dragged out by the heels. The gins told the troopers he was blind from birth. The troopers begged the officer not to order the poor fellow to be killed. The gins crowded round Wheeler imploring mercy for
21168-420: The other studies had utilised complete Y chromosome sequencing, which has the highest precision. For example, use of a ten Y STRs method has been shown to massively underestimate divergence times. Gene flow across the island-dotted 150-kilometre-wide (93 mi) Torres Strait, is both geographically plausible and demonstrated by the data, although at this point it could not be determined from this study when within
21336-499: The outstart: There were many blacks in the district, but on no occasion did they give us any trouble. On the contrary, we were always glad to see them, for they brought us fish, kangaroo tails, crabs, or honey, to barter for our flour, sugar, tea, or "tumbacca." Hanlon wrote of the areas rich resources. In a single morning he and 4 friends shot down 200 bronzewing pigeons and large stands of much sought after red cedar, pine and beech were harvested by incoming woodcutters, while stands of
21504-424: The past, Aboriginal people lived over large sections of the continental shelf . They were isolated on many of the smaller offshore islands and Tasmania when the land was inundated at the start of the Holocene inter-glacial period , about 11,700 years ago. Despite this, Aboriginal people maintained extensive networks within the continent and certain groups maintained relationships with Torres Strait Islanders and
21672-490: The people descend from one of three brothers, Yarberri or Jabreen who travelled to the north and established the sacred site of Jebbribillum, the point at which he emerged from the waters onto the land. The origin story concerns the legend of three brothers, each of whom established one of the tribes of the area. It tells of the arrival to this part of the eastern Australian coastline by 3 men/mythical culture heroes ( Berruġ, Mommóm and Yaburóng )and their wives and children in
21840-412: The poor heathen. This was the reason I actually came to Australia. In 1866, a large corroboree of 200 was held nearby which Haussmann attended, meeting a few men whom he had instructed at Zion Hill Mission . Since November, the Yugambeh of the Logan and Albert rivers had started gathering at Bethesda (Wherever missions were established in Australia, Aboriginal people understood very quickly that Christmas
22008-440: The presence of any Holocene gene flow or non-genetic influences from South Asia at that time, and the appearance of the dingo does provide strong evidence for external contacts, the evidence overall is consistent with a complete lack of gene flow, and points to indigenous origins for the technological and linguistic changes. They attributed the disparity between their results and previous findings to improvements in technology; none of
22176-414: The previous census in 2016. Reasons for the increase were broadly as follows: Most Aboriginal people speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English (which also has a tangible influence of Aboriginal languages in the phonology and grammatical structure ). Some Aboriginal people, especially those living in remote areas, are multi-lingual. Many of
22344-487: The remaining land bridge was impassable. This isolation makes the Aboriginal people the world's oldest culture. The study also found evidence of an unknown hominin group, distantly related to Denisovans, with whom the Aboriginal and Papuan ancestors must have interbred, leaving a trace of about 4% in most Aboriginal Australians' genome. There is, however, increased genetic diversity among Aboriginal Australians based on geographical distribution. Carlhoff et al. 2021 analysed
22512-514: The removal of many of the remaining Yugambeh people from their land to Aboriginal missions and reserves throughout Queensland, but Yugambeh people did resis pressure to move, like Bilin Bilin who was able to stay on his country until old age forced him to relocate to the mission at Deebing Creek . Deebing creek had a school and a number of huts and continued to operate until 1948. With many uncertainties and difficulties, some Yugambeh people found refuge in
22680-601: The same social division are classificatory siblings, and not marriageable. Their genealogical terms are extended beyond all blood relatives to include the members of that relatives social division. I.e. a woman of the same division of your mother is her sister, and therefore one's mother as well. The Mibiny kinship system is similar to the Iroquois kinship system , your mother's sisters are called Waijang "mother", and your father's brother's are called Biyang "father", they in turn will call you muyum/muyumgan "son/daughter". A distinction
22848-406: The same territory continuously longer than any other human populations. These findings suggest that modern Aboriginal Australians are the direct descendants of the eastern wave, who left Africa up to 75,000 years ago. This finding is compatible with earlier archaeological finds of human remains near Lake Mungo that date to approximately 40,000 years ago. The idea of the "oldest continuous culture"
23016-510: The season. The migratory patterns of birds was well known, and their seasonal migrations were used to determine if certain resources were available/unavailable. For the Wanggeriburra, the lorikeet indicated the forthcoming mullet season along the coast, while the Pied Currawong indicated Black Bream were available. The flowering of particular plant species was also used to indicate resource availability; Hop Bush ( Dodonaea triquetra ) indicated
23184-577: The site of the Jebribillum Bora Park Burleigh Heads at Burleigh Heads in 1991, now known as Jebribillum Bora Park . The memorial consists of a stone taken from nearby Mt Tamborine, a sacred site to the Yugambeh clans. Sources provide three transcriptions for the inscription, which means "Many Eagles (Yugambeh warriors) Protecting Our Country": The corporation established the Yugambeh Museum, Language and Heritage Research Centre at
23352-446: The south have patterns which align with groups further south (Gumbaynggiric-speaking groups). The Mibiny and Yagara also share their kinship system (with each group employing their own language). Archaeological evidence indicates that Aboriginal people have lived in the Gold Coast region for tens of thousands of years. When early European settlers first arrived in the region they found a complex network of Aboriginal family groups speaking
23520-554: The spotted gum ( Corymbia citriodora ) and grey mangrove ( Avicenia marina ). Where it was impractical to use a spear or net to fish (such as small waterholes or broken creeks), various species of plants were used as fish poisons, these included peeled stalks of smartweed ( Persicaria hydropiper ), crushed leaves of soap tree ( Alphitonia excelsa ), tie bush ( Wickstroemia indica ), snake vine ( Stephania japonica ), white cedar ( Melia azederach ), cunjevoi ( Alocasia macrorrhizos ), and quinine bush ( Petalostigma pubescens ) and
23688-572: The story of creation known as The Dreamtime . Additionally, traditional healers were also custodians of important Dreaming stories as well as their medical roles (for example the Ngangkari in the Western desert ). Some core structures and themes are shared across the continent with details and additional elements varying between language and cultural groups. For example, in The Dreamtime of most regions,
23856-412: The talk of the black troopers, who really did not want to kill, but who tried to impress upon the white officer in charge the big number they had slaughtered. In 1855 an incident caused by a local tribesman sparked off a running spree of killings as troopers sought to kill the culprit. Allen recounted the story thus: 'About 1855. A German woman and her boy were killed at Sandy Creek, Jimboomba, near where
24024-409: The term Aboriginal has changed over time and place, with the importance of family lineage, self-identification and community acceptance all being of varying importance. The term Indigenous Australians refers to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and the term is conventionally only used when both groups are included in the topic being addressed, or by self-identification by
24192-631: The turn of the century they were being forced to go to these reserves. Many Yugambeh remained in their traditional country and found employment with farmers, oyster producers and fishermen, timber cutters and mills constructed for the production of resources like sugar and arrowroot . Yugambeh people protested their removal from the lands of their fathers and mothers, with protests occurring from groups at Boonah, Beaudesert , Beenleigh and Southport . These arguments were not accepted by European authorities and groups were sent to centralised reserves 'for their own beneft'. The Aborigines Protection Act of 1897 saw
24360-429: The upkeep of resources, and the maintenance and visitation of djurebil – sacred personal or increase sites. Waterholes were an important economic resource, and would later be the subject of much conflict between Yugambeh people and the European arrivals. Each family group had a number of permanent camps established and moved from camp to camp in response to seasonal changes, their movements were not unplanned wandering but
24528-517: The wider Australian community. Due to the aforementioned disadvantage, Aboriginal Australian communities experience a higher rate of suicide, as compared to non-indigenous communities. These issues stem from a variety of different causes unique to indigenous communities, such as historical trauma, socioeconomic disadvantage, and decreased access to education and health care. Also, this problem largely affects indigenous youth, as many indigenous youth may feel disconnected from their culture. To combat
24696-520: The wild- and plant life of the general area, which the Yugambeh relied on for their sustenance, but plants and animals, such as the Brush-tailed rock-wallaby , the three-toed snake-tooth skink and the spotted-tail quoll in Guanaba escaped much of this early damage given the steepness of the escarpment, which made accessing its timber reserves very difficult. Feral dogs and cane toads are a major threat to
24864-464: The word Miban/Mibanj / Mibin meaning wedge-tailed eagle to denote an indigenous person of the group, and is the preferred endonym for the people; Gurgun Mibinyah (Language of Mibin [Man/Eagle]) being used to describe their dialects; Yugambeh, Nganduwal, and Ngarangwal. Yugambeh descendants state that the name Bundjalung , applied by Europeans and adjacent peoples, is a misnomer . The Aboriginal dialects spoken from Beenleigh /Beaudesert south to
25032-532: The wretched victim; some hung on to the troopers to prevent them firing. But prayers were useless; Wheeler was adamant. The gins were dragged off or knocked off with carbines, and the blind man was then shot by order of the white officer.' In another incident, which took place in 1860, six Yugambeh youths were kidnapped from camps in the area of the Nerang River area and forcibly transported to Rockhampton where they were to be inducted into, and trained to carry out punitive missions, by Frederick Wheeler, an officer with
25200-458: The year for annual celebrations, which were also a time for inter-clan trade. Co-operation of smaller groups or extended families for large-scale activities occurred when appropriate, such as kangaroo drives. The Yugambeh clans annually gathered on the coast for the mullet feast. The Anthropologist Alfred William Howitt offers a brief traditional history of how the Yugambeh, came to be subdivided into clans, stating that in consequence of internal feuds
25368-455: Was a lack of financial support from the government and the wider Christian network. Falling sugar prices, rust infestations at Bethesda, the incompetency of the mission's machinery and increased competition from neighbours all combined to push the Haussmann's operation into an irreparable financial situation and Bethesda Mission closed in 1881. Deebing Creek Aboriginal Mission and Industrial School
25536-483: Was a planned and logical response to environmental conditions. The Gugingin of the Logan area were noted as expert net makers, using fine cone-shaped nets to trap fish and larger nets 15 metres (49 ft) wide to trap kangaroos. When moving between camps, groups would leave their excess equipment and other belongings behind in a small shelter made like a tripod covered with bark; it was a point of honour that belongings left in this way were never stolen. The coastal clans of
25704-464: Was a staple and major source of starch, and its preparation required careful pounding so as not to break the internal rhizomes which could pierce the throat. Other plant roots were also eaten, like Bulrush , Native Rosella ( Hibiscus heterophyllus ), Club rush ( Schoenoplectus litoralis ), Cotton Tree ( Hibiscus tiliaceus ). Pink Swamp Lily (Murdannia graminea) and Fringed Lily ( Thysanotus tuberosus ) tubers were taken to eat as well. The native fruits of
25872-455: Was also home to Torres Strait Islanders who had come to work on the Tweed. Its status as an Aboriginal Reserve was revoked in 1951, but families continued to live there. Through 1968 to 1983, Yugambeh people were studied by linguists, those interviewed were living in the Beaudesert and surrounding areas, Woodenbong, and the Tweed. Anthropologists mapping Aboriginal groups in Queensland also found
26040-426: Was an excellent time to visit – there would be festivities, ceremonies and an all-pervading spirit of gift giving.) Pastor Haussmann is said to have used this increase of visitors as an opportunity to negotiate a contract with the "chief" to pay him five shillings weekly, presumably work was expected in return, but he used the time also to "speak to them about the well being of their souls", gathering them every day under
26208-504: Was attained by the deliberate felling of Swamp Oaks ( Casuarina glauca ) into estuaries which attracted the worm. Dozens of species of plants were used for medicinal purposes, and local people continue to use them to this day. Animals byproducts were also used like the fat from the Lace Monitor ( Varanus varius ) which was rubbed into the body, while inorganic substances like clay was used a vermifuge . The inner bark of Acacia melanoxylon
26376-416: Was determined they were not government representatives. Henry Stobart commented: The Aborigines in this part rarely see white men, except very bad specimens of them – sawyers chiefly, engaged in cutting timber – from whom they have learnt little else of our language excepting oaths, and by whom, they are, I fear, in too many cases treated very inhumanely The Yugambeh suffered from violent attacks undertaken by
26544-695: Was established in 1887, it operated at South Deebing Road until 1915 when it was moved to Carmichael Road, and became known as Purga. Deebing creek saw the mixing of numerous tribes, the Chief Protector of the Aborigines – Archibald Meston , removed Aboriginal people from the Brisbane, Fassifern and Logan areas to Deebing Creek, a place where, he hoped that Aboriginals from different tribes would be able to live amicably with one another. As settlers encroached Yugambeh lands were alienated from their traditional users and by
26712-493: Was in the area before colonisation. From early 2015, three years before the 2018 Commonwealth Games , the Yugambeh people were involved with the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation's (GOLDOC) community consultation establishing a Yugambeh Elders Advisory Group (YEAG) consisting of nine local aunts and uncles. A Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP) was developed for the Commonwealth Games 2018, and endorsed by YEAG, this
26880-408: Was noted by early visitors that the local people used a variety of technology in their daily lives, including canoes. Each Yugambeh clan had their own allocated area of country, and domain over that area, it was typically where they hunted and lived. Visitations between clans was frequent for a variety of reasons. Each group also had ceremonial responsibilities in their respective countries, connected to
27048-403: Was old blind Nyajum, was there camped on a visit to their friends and neighbours of the Nerang and Tweed. There had been a charge of cattle-killing brought against the local tribes, and someone had to pay. The police heard of this camp, and, under command of Officer Wheeler, cut it off on the land side with a body of troopers. The alarm was given. The male aboriginals plunged into the creek, swam to
27216-565: Was open to free settlement in 1842. Reverend Henry Stobart wrote of the Yugambeh in 1853, remarking on the abundance of resources in the area, and noted in particular thriving stands of walking stick palms , endemic to the Numinbah Valley and in Yugambeh called midyim , a resource already being harvested for sale in England. By this time the Yugambeh were already cautious of government officials, with women and children hiding from strangers until it
27384-488: Was the first International Sporting Event and Commonwealth Games to have a RAP. The Games Mascot was named Borobi , a word from the local Yugambeh language, meaning Koala ; it was the first Australian sporting mascot to have an indigenous name, which was described as "a huge credit to our Elders and their work to revive language in everyday use", and "a powerful message to the rest of the world". Yugambeh elders Patricia O'Connor and Ted Williams, travelled to London to launch
27552-446: Was used for fishing line. Kangaroo sinew was used to fasten implements or sowing possum skins and echidna spines were used to pierce the skins. These manufactured ropes were used for net production – nets with large meshes were made from strong ropes and used for dugong and wallaby hunts, while finer rope was used in fish nets. Mat rush ( Lomandra longifolia and Lomandra hystrix ) was used to weave dillybags . These bags were used for
27720-571: Was used for skin disorders, as was the bark of Acacia falcata , while the bark from Moreton Bay Ash ( Corymbia tesselaris ) was infused to treat dysentery. Gum procured from the Bloodwood ( Corymbia gummifera ) was used to treat ringworm, while Spotted Gum ( Corymbia citriodora ) resin was used for toothaches. Insect bites were treated with the sap of Bungwall ( Blechnum indicum ) or Bracken ( Pteridium esculentum ); prepared bungwall may have been an antihelminthic . Milky Mangrove ( Excoecaria agallocha ) sap
27888-399: Was used in healing. Plant material, animal parts and various inorganic compounds were the raw materials of much Yugambeh technology. The inner bark of many tree trunks was used for rope production, and fine strings were made from grasses. The Cotton Tree ( Hibiscus tiliaceus ) was used to produce rope for all kinds of purposes, while the inner bark of the kurrajong ( Brachychiton populneus )
28056-409: Was used to thatch the roofs. Weapons like spears were made from various Acacia species and hardened in fire, while boomerangs and nullahs were made from the lancewood tree ( Dissiliaria baloghioides '). The women's implements digging sticks are made from the hardest woods, often ironbark ; their points, like those of spears, were hardened by fire. Shields, worked from large lumps of wood, were made from
28224-508: Was used to treat heat ulcers. A poultice was made from the a rhizome paste of the Cunjevoi ( Alocasia macrorrhizos ) which was used for burns, and a lather was made from rubbing the leaves of the Soap Tree ( Alphitonia excelsa ) which was used to disinfect skin. The leaves of multiple plants were used in a variety of medicinal ways, an infusion of Water Chestnut ( Eleocharis dulcis ) leaves was used
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