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46-488: The famous Yuanmou Man was found in Yuanmou County in 1965. Yuanmou County has 3 towns and 7 townships. Besides the big discovery of Yuanmou Man, Yuanmou County is also famous for its Tulin, which literally means earth forest .It is a natural landscape composed of earth columns or pillars forming like immense forest. The unique landscape was formed by geological movement and soil erosion one or two million years ago. It

92-522: A cobble conglomerate. Conglomerates are deposited in a variety of sedimentary environments . In turbidites , the basal part of a bed is typically coarse-grained and sometimes conglomeratic. In this setting, conglomerates are normally very well sorted, well-rounded and often with a strong A-axis type imbrication of the clasts. Conglomerates are normally present at the base of sequences laid down during marine transgressions above an unconformity , and are known as basal conglomerates . They represent

138-560: A conglomerate are in contact with each other, it is called an orthoconglomerate. Unlike paraconglomerates, orthoconglomerates are typically cross-bedded and often well-cemented and lithified by either calcite , hematite , quartz , or clay. The differences between paraconglomerates and orthoconglomerates reflect differences in how they are deposited. Paraconglomerates are commonly either glacial tills or debris flow deposits. Orthoconglomerates are typically associated with aqueous currents. Conglomerates are also classified according to

184-598: A different dispersal event than the Peking Man who had colonised China by 780,000 years ago. The Sangiran teeth were notably more reminiscent of the early H. habilis from Africa than those of the Peking Man. This would mean that H. erectus dispersed across East Asia multiple times. For the teeth, only the left and right first incisors are preserved for the Yuanmou Man. The left incisor measures 11.4 mm (0.45 in) in breadth and 8.1 mm (0.32 in) in width, and

230-464: A layer 50 cm (20 in) in elevation below the incisors, and an additional one about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) above the incisors. Three similar tools were recovered at the surface of the Shangnabang site. Within 15 km (9.3 mi), cores , flakes , choppers , pointed tools, and scrapers were found, totaling 16 tools. They were made of quartz and quartzite probably gathered from

276-496: A layer just overlying layer 25 in Member 4. The tibia was described in 1991, and was determined to belong to a young female H. e. yuanmouensis . The Yuanmou Formation has been identified as a fossil-bearing site since the 1920s, and palaeontological work on the area suggest a Lower Pleistocene age. Because the formation is faulted (several rock masses have been displaced), biostratigraphy (dating an area based on animal remains) of

322-430: A mixed environment featuring grassland, bushland, marshland, and forest dominated by pine and alder . They lived alongside chalicotheres , deer , the elephant Stegodon , rhinos , cattle , pigs , and the giant short-faced hyaena . The site currently sits at an elevation of 1,050–1,150 m (3,440–3,770 ft). They manufactured simple cores , flakes , choppers , pointed tools, and scrapers which paralleled

368-419: A mixture composed of varying amounts of silt, sand, and clay, known as matrix . If the individual gravel clasts in a conglomerate are separated from each other by an abundance of matrix such that they are not in contact with each other and float within the matrix, it is called a paraconglomerate. Paraconglomerates are also often unstratified and can contain more matrix than gravel clasts. If the gravel clasts of

414-407: A mixture of rounded and angular gravel clasts are sometimes called breccio-conglomerate. Conglomerates contain at least 30% of rounded to subangular clasts larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter, e.g., granules , pebbles , cobbles , and boulders . However, conglomerates are rarely composed entirely of gravel-size clasts. Typically, the space between the gravel-size clasts is filled by

460-415: A shoreline. Finally, conglomerates are often differentiated and named according to the dominant clast size comprising them. In this classification, a conglomerate composed largely of granule-size clasts would be called a granule conglomerate; a conglomerate composed largely of pebble-size clasts would be called a pebble conglomerate; and a conglomerate composed largely of cobble-size clasts would be called

506-609: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Yuanmou Man Yuanmou Man ( simplified Chinese : 元谋人 ; traditional Chinese : 元謀人 ; pinyin : Yuánmóu Rén , Homo erectus yuanmouensis ) is a subspecies of H. erectus which inhabited the Yuanmou Basin in Yunnan Province , southwestern China, roughly 1.7 million years ago. It is the first fossil evidence of humans in China, though they probably reached

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552-444: Is a conglomerate that is composed largely of clasts of rounded mud chips and pebbles held together by clay minerals and created by erosion within environments such as within a river channel or along a lake margin. Flat-pebble conglomerates (edgewise conglomerates) are conglomerates that consist of relatively flat clasts of lime mud created by either storms or tsunami eroding a shallow sea bottom or tidal currents eroding tidal flats along

598-542: Is divided into four members and 28 layers. The human teeth were discovered in the silty clay and sandy conglomerates of Member 4 (the uppermost member) near the bottom of layer 25. In December 1984, a field team dispatched by the Beijing Natural History Museum to survey the Guojiabao site, just 250 m (820 ft) away from the original Yuanmou Man teeth, unearthed a left human tibial shaft in

644-477: Is named for its shape like immense forest and the main composition of the expansion is earth.There are three scenic areas, which are Wumao Earth Forest, Langbapu Earth Forest and Banguo Earth Forest. Wumao and Langbapu have been developed as scenic areas. Yuanmou Earth Forest has been more and more popular these years. 25°43′04″N 101°51′40″E  /  25.71778°N 101.86111°E  / 25.71778; 101.86111 This Yunnan location article

690-571: Is often called a fanglomerate . Glaciers carry a lot of coarse-grained material and many glacial deposits are conglomeratic. tillites , the sediments deposited directly by a glacier, are typically poorly sorted, matrix-supported conglomerates. The matrix is generally fine-grained, consisting of finely milled rock fragments. Waterlaid deposits associated with glaciers are often conglomeratic, forming structures such as eskers . An example of conglomerate can be seen at Montserrat , near Barcelona . Here, erosion has created vertical channels that give

736-742: Is only slightly younger than the Dmanisi hominins from the Caucasus , 1.77–1.75 million years old, who are the oldest fossil evidence of human emigration out of Africa. These dates could therefore mean that humans spread rather rapidly across the Old World , over a period of less than 70,000 years. Yuanmou Man could also indicate humans dispersed from south to north across China, but there are too few other well-constrained early Chinese sites to test this hypothesis. Humans likely already settled in China at earliest 2.12 million years ago evidenced by stone tools recovered from

782-408: Is round and obtuse, and has a weak S-curve. The interosseous crest (which separates the muscles on the back of the leg from those of the front of the leg) is shallow. On the posterior (back) aspect, there is a ridge running down the middle, developed attachment (where the muscle used to attach to the bone) for the flexor digitorum longus muscle (which flexes the toes), and a defined soleal line . It

828-567: Is somewhat similar to tibiae assigned to H. habilis . Like other H. erectus , the tibia is quite thick, constricting the medullary cavity where the bone marrow is stored. At the probable midpoint of the shaft, the circumference is 78 mm (3.1 in), the breadth from left to right is 17 mm (0.67 in), and from front to back is 29 mm (1.1 in). The individual may have stood roughly 123.6–130.4 cm (4 ft 1 in – 4 ft 3 in). A total of 35 other animals have been reported from layer 25. The mammals are:

874-535: The Loess Plateau in northwestern China. The teeth were formally described in 1973 by Chinese palaeoanthropologist Hu Chengzhi , who identified it as a new subspecies of Homo erectus , distinct from and much more archaic than the Middle Pleistocene Peking Man , H. ("Sinanthropus") e. pekinensis , from Beijing. He named it H. ("S.") e. yuanmouensis , and believed it represents an early stage in

920-483: The alloisoleucine/isoleucine protein ratio in animal bones and produced a date of 0.8 million years ago for the Yuanmou Man. In 1983, Liu Dongsheng and Ding Menglin — using palaeomagnetism, biostratigraphy, and lithostratigraphy — reported a date of 0.6–0.5 million years ago during the Middle Pleistocene , despite the animal remains pointing to an older date. In 1988, Q. Z. Liang agreed with Cheng on dating it to

966-483: The chalicothere Nestoritherium ; the deer Cervocerus ultimus , Procapreolus stenosis , Paracervulus attenuatus , Rusa yunnanensis , Cervus stehlini , Muntiacus lacustris , M. nanus , gazelle , and chital ; cattle ; pigs ; the elephant Stegodon ; rhino ; the giant short-faced hyaena Pachycrocuta brevirostris licenti ; pika ; and small rodents . Various mollusks , turtles , crustaceans , and plants were also found. Fossil pollen deposits on

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1012-483: The Middle Pleistocene. Later that year, the boundary was re-dated to 0.79–0.78 million years ago by geophysicist Brad Singer and colleagues. In 2003, Ri Xiang Zhu and colleagues made note of the inconsistency among previous palaeomagnetic studies, and in 2008 palaeomagnetically dated it to roughly 1.7 million years ago. They believed Middle Pleistocene dates were probably caused by too small a sample size. The tibia

1058-514: The Olduvai subchron. In 1991, Qian and Guo Xing Zhou came to the same conclusion as Liang. In 1998, R. Grün and colleagues, using electron spin resonance dating on 14 horse and rhino teeth, calculated an interval of 1.6–1.1 million years ago. In 2002, Masayuki Hyodo and colleagues, using palaeomagnetism, reported a date of 0.7 million years ago near the Matuyama–Brunhes geomagnetic boundary during

1104-500: The Yuanmou teeth and artefacts can largely be assigned to herbaceous plants, pine , and alder . Altogether, they suggest Yuanmou Man inhabited a mixed environment featuring open grassland, bushland, forest, marshland, and freshwater, not unlike what is suggested for the Dmanisi hominins. In 1973, three retouched tools were found within 20 m (66 ft) of the incisors, two of them in

1150-816: The characteristic jagged shapes the mountain is named for (Montserrat literally means "jagged mountain"). The rock is strong enough to use as a building material, as in the Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey . Another example, the Crestone Conglomerate , occurs in and near the town of Crestone , at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Range in Colorado 's San Luis Valley . The Crestone Conglomerate consists of poorly sorted fanglomerates that accumulated in prehistoric alluvial fans and related fluvial systems. Some of these rocks have hues of red and green. Conglomerate cliffs are found on

1196-416: The clasts of metastable and unstable rocks and minerals, it is called either a petromict or petromictic conglomerate. In addition, conglomerates are classified by source as indicated by the lithology of the gravel-size clasts If these clasts consist of rocks and minerals that are significantly different in lithology from the enclosing matrix and, thus, older and derived from outside the basin of deposition,

1242-424: The composition of their clasts. A conglomerate or any clastic sedimentary rock that consists of a single rock or mineral is known as either a monomict, monomictic, oligomict, or oligomictic conglomerate. If the conglomerate consists of two or more different types of rocks, minerals, or combination of both, it is known as either a polymict or polymictic conglomerate. If a polymictic conglomerate contains an assortment of

1288-469: The conglomerate is known as an extraformational conglomerate. If these clasts consist of rocks and minerals that are identical to or consistent with the lithology of the enclosing matrix and, thus, penecontemporaneous and derived from within the basin of deposition, the conglomerate is known as an intraformational conglomerate. Two recognized types of intraformational conglomerates are shale-pebble and flat-pebble conglomerates. A shale-pebble conglomerate

1334-706: The domed hills of Kata Tjuta , in Australia's Northern Territory or in the Buda Hills in Hungary. In the nineteenth century a thick layer of Pottsville conglomerate was recognized to underlie anthracite coal measures in Pennsylvania. On Mars , slabs of conglomerate have been found at an outcrop named " Hottah ", and have been interpreted by scientists as having formed in an ancient streambed. The gravels, which were discovered by NASA 's Mars rover Curiosity , range from

1380-591: The east coast of Scotland from Arbroath northwards along the coastlines of the former counties of Angus and Kincardineshire . Dunnottar Castle sits on a rugged promontory of conglomerate jutting into the North Sea just south of the town of Stonehaven . Copper Harbor Conglomerate is found both in the Keweenaw Peninsula and Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior . Conglomerate may also be seen in

1426-530: The evolution of Chinese H. erectus . In 1985, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Wu Rukang said that few authors in the field recognise H. e. yuanmouensis as valid, with most favouring there having been only one subspecies of H. erectus which inhabited China. However, in 2011, Indonesian palaeoanthropologist Yahdi Zaim and colleagues, based on dental comparisons, concluded that the Sangiran H. erectus —which had colonised Java by 1.6 million years ago—had descended from

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1472-510: The finer sediment surrounding the clasts is called the matrix. The clasts and matrix are typically cemented by calcium carbonate , iron oxide , silica , or hardened clay. Conglomerates form when rounded gravels deposited by water or glaciers become solidified and cemented by pressure over time . They can be found in sedimentary rock sequences of all ages but probably make up less than 1 percent by weight of all sedimentary rocks. They are closely related to sandstones in origin, and exhibit many of

1518-608: The human-bearing layer is impossible. In 1976, Li Pu and colleagues palaeomagnetically dated the incisors to the Gilsa geomagnetic polarity event (when the Earth's magnetic polarity reversed for a short interval) roughly 1.7 million years ago. In 1977, with a much larger sample size, Cheng Guoliang and colleagues instead placed the area during the Olduvai subchron, and dated it to 1.64–1.63 million years ago. In 1979, Li Renwei and Lin Daxing measured

1564-495: The middle like H. (e?) ergaster and H. habilis . The cross section at the neck of the tooth (at the gum line) is nearly elliptical. Similar anatomy is also exhibited in Late Pleistocene archaic human specimens from Xujiayao , China; and Neanderthals from Krapina , Croatia. The tibia is a 227 mm (8.9 in) long mid-shaft fragment. It is gracile and laterally (on the sides) flattened. The anterior (front) aspect

1610-614: The nearby river. Most were modified with direct hammering (using a hammerstone to flake off pieces), but a few were modified with the bipolar technique (smashing the core with the hammerstone, creating several flakes). The tools feature simple conchoidal fracture , not unlike contemporary Oldowan tools from Africa. In 1985, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Jia Lanpo described two probably burnt mammal bones as well as considerable charcoal remnants from Yuanmou. He suggested this could represent extremely early fire usage by humans. These bones and similarly aged burnt remnants from various parts of

1656-416: The position of the shoreline at a particular time and are diachronous . Conglomerates deposited in fluvial environments are typically well rounded and poorly sorted. Clasts of this size are carried as bedload and only at times of high flow-rate. The maximum clast size decreases as the clasts are transported further due to attrition , so conglomerates are more characteristic of immature river systems. In

1702-523: The region by at least 2 million years ago. Yuanmou Man is known only from two upper first incisors presumed to have belonged to a male, and a partial tibia presumed to have belonged to a female. The female may have stood about 123.6–130.4 cm (4 ft 1 in – 4 ft 3 in) in life. These remains are anatomically quite similar to those contemporary early Homo in Africa, namely H. habilis and H. (e?) ergaster . Yuanmou Man inhabited

1748-416: The right incisor 11.5 mm (0.45 in) and 8.6 mm (0.34 in). The incisors are overall robust. They notably flare out in breadth from bottom to top. The labial (lip) side is mostly flat with the exception of some grooves and depressions, and the base is somewhat convex like that of the Peking Man. The lingual (tongue) side caves in like that of the Peking Man, but has a defined ridge running down

1794-505: The same types of sedimentary structures , such as tabular and trough cross-bedding and graded bedding . Fanglomerates are poorly sorted, matrix-rich conglomerates that originated as debris flows on alluvial fans and likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record. Breccias are similar to conglomerates, but have clasts that have angular (rather than rounded) shapes. Conglomerates may be named and classified by the: The classification method depends on

1840-446: The sediments deposited by mature rivers, conglomerates are generally confined to the basal part of a channel fill where they are known as pebble lags . Conglomerates deposited in a fluvial environment often have an AB-plane type imbrication. Alluvial deposits form in areas of high relief and are typically coarse-grained. At mountain fronts individual alluvial fans merge to form braidplains and these two environments are associated with

1886-401: The technology of their African contemporaries. On May 1, 1965, geologist Qian Fang recovered two archaic human upper first incisors (catalogue number V1519) from fossiliferous deposits of the Yuanmou Basin near Shangnabang village, Yuanmou County , Yunnan Province , China. When they were formally described in 1973, they were determined to have belonged to a young male. Qian's field team

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1932-408: The thickest deposits of conglomerates. The bulk of conglomerates deposited in this setting are clast-supported with a strong AB-plane imbrication . Matrix-supported conglomerates, as a result of debris-flow deposition, are quite commonly associated with many alluvial fans. When such conglomerates accumulate within an alluvial fan, in rapidly eroding (e.g., desert ) environments, the resulting rock unit

1978-501: The type and detail of research being conducted. A sedimentary rock composed largely of gravel is first named according to the roundness of the gravel. If the gravel clasts that comprise it are largely well-rounded to subrounded, it is a conglomerate. If the gravel clasts that comprise it are largely angular, it is a breccia . Such breccias can be called sedimentary breccias to differentiate them from other types of breccia, e.g. volcanic and fault breccias. Sedimentary rocks that contain

2024-433: The world are now considered to be the products of natural wildfires, making it unlikely that the Peking Man was using fire. Conglomerate (geology) Conglomerate ( / k ən ˈ ɡ l ɒ m ər ɪ t / ) is a sedimentary rock made up of rounded gravel -sized pieces of rock surrounded by finer-grained sediments (such as sand , silt , or clay ). The larger fragments within conglomerate are called clasts, while

2070-571: Was funded by the Chinese Academy of Geosciences. The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology funded further excavation of the site, and reported 16 stone tools , of which six were found in situ and 10 nearby. The Yuanmou Basin sits just to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau , and is the lowest basin on the central Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau at an elevation of 1,050–1,150 m (3,440–3,770 ft). The Yuanmou Formation

2116-681: Was probably found somewhere in layers 25–28, and by Zhu's calculations would date to 1.7–1.4 million years ago. The date of 1.7 million years ago is widely cited. This makes the Yuanmou Man the earliest fossil evidence of humans in China, and roughly contemporaneous with the oldest humans in Southeast Asia. It was part of a major expansion of H. erectus across Asia, the species extending from 40°N in Xiaochangliang to 7°S in Java , and inhabiting temperate grassland to tropical woodland. The Yuanmou Man

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