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34-507: Chicago was one of many American industrial cities that experienced an influx of White Southerners who came seeking employment throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1970, Chicago and the neighboring city of Gary had about 280,000 residents who had been born in the South ; they were particularly concentrated in the Uptown neighborhood of Chicago, where they made up 80% of the population. The group

68-519: A patient advocate who would provide home visits and accompaniment to later appointments. The clinic provided dental and medical care to about 150 people in the first few months it was open, but by December it had been forced to close due to noise complaints from neighboring tenants. The Patriots alleged the closing was solely due to continued harassment from the police, which they said had scared away clients and staff alike. The clinic relocated, though many of their volunteers did not return. After reopening,

102-660: A broad-based, multi-racial political coalition. It formed after the United Front Against Fascism conference held in Oakland , California , in 1969. The coalition included the Young Lords, the Brown Berets and I Wor Kuen . Hampton's intention was to have multi-ethnic gangs working together to accomplish peaceful solutions, rather than battling each other. The Patriot Party borrowed strategies of community organizing from

136-455: A city could be created on paper, and then industry found to locate there. In the United States, which had much sparsely populated land, the industry typically preceded the town; the town grew up around a factory, mine, or source of water power. As the industry grew, and it and its employees needed goods and services, the town grew with and often around it, until in some cases the town became

170-557: A city. It is a capitalistic and typically unplanned expansion. Examples are Scranton, Pennsylvania , and the mill towns of New England . Many American industrial cities are located in the Great Lakes region of the country, often referred to as the Rust Belt , referring to the declining industry and overall economy of many cities in the region. "The industrial city" as a nickname, though, most frequently refers to South San Francisco , where

204-673: A leader among the Patriots. After joining the Rainbow Coalition, The Young Patriots maintained their focus on White Southerners and those in the Uptown, but usually were joined by one or both of the Black Panthers or the Young Lords in public appearances. The Young Patriots were one of several groups in the Rainbow Coalition to mimic various activities of the Black Panthers. In addition to providing free breakfast programs for children, organizing clothing drives, and monitoring police activities,

238-639: A major blow with the 1969 assassination of Fred Hampton during a police raid of his apartment. In late 1970, the internal security subcommittee of the United States Senate charged a local church association, the North Side Cooperative Ministry, with financially supporting both the Young Patriots and the Young Lords. Although the consortium maintained that they had only supported free breakfast programs and legal defense funds and rebutted

272-527: Is a town or city in which the municipal economy, at least historically, is centered around industry, with important factories or other production facilities in the town. It has been part of most countries' industrialization process. Air pollution and toxic waste have contributed to the lower life expectancy in some industrial cities. Industrial cities are distinguished from port cities or other transportation hubs , which deal in services. In countries with strong central planning, such as China, India ,

306-562: The Journal of African American Studies , as somewhat incongruous with their strong focus on Appalachian and southern heritage and their adoption of symbols including cowboy hats and the Confederate battle flag . However, according to Krzywy, this was not dissimilar from inconsistencies between the Black Panthers' and Young Lords' stated beliefs on cultural nationalism and the practices of some of their members. The Confederate battle flag also served

340-555: The Students for a Democratic Society and the Southern Student Organizing Committee , who were largely focused on campus organizing. The Patriots denigrated their work as " petty bourgeoisie " and their members as having "had all the education, had all the schooling." The Young Patriots Organization described their membership as a diverse collection of people including Italians, Latinos, and American Indians. However,

374-534: The 1950s and 1960s, a number of which formed among the Southern newcomers. The gangs formed "not only along the color line, but also along interfaces between different European American groups—between, for example, communities of Irish and Poles, Poles and Italians, Swedes and Italians, Jews and Poles". Inter-gang violence was particularly noticeable as Black Americans began to move into Chicago neighborhoods. Amidst this environment, community organizers tried to address

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408-528: The Black Panthers. For instance, they established a Free Breakfast for Children program. They established "liberation schools" to teach their ideology to children. The Eugene , Oregon , chapter, location of the University of Oregon , garnered much community support with its "Free Lumber" program. At this time in the Northwest, some poor people still relied on wood-stoves for cooking and heating, and cheap wood

442-834: The National Community Union), an interracial and working-class group that rallied around issues including free medical and childcare, higher corporate taxes, rank-and-file union leadership, and the end of the draft . When the Young Patriots Organization and Bob Lee of the Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party were accidentally double-booked to speak at the Church of the Three Crosses in Lincoln Park on

476-742: The Panthers' opposition to the Vietnam War , police oppression, and capitalist exploitation. The two platforms also shared welfare-related goals including improved education, housing, medical care, and access to clothing, and union reform that would address issues of racism and inefficacy in the existing unions. The Young Patriots' platform included points that spoke about cultural nationalism and revolutionary solidarity, and denounced racism. The Young Patriots' condemnation of cultural nationalism has since been described by Martin Alexander Krzywy, publishing in

510-404: The Young Patriots also followed the Panthers' model of providing social services such as medical clinics directly to their communities. In October 1969, the Patriots opened a medical clinic to provide free care to Uptown residents. The Young Patriots Uptown Health Service's medical staff were primarily volunteer medical personnel from outside the group, and each patient also was assigned a Patriot as

544-472: The Young Patriots as a recruiting tool, attracting other white southerners. Though the multiracial groups among the Rainbow Coalition did not raise the Confederate imagery as an issue in the intergroup organizing, many radicals outside of the coalition saw the flag as incompatible with solidarity with the Black Panthers. The Young Patriots were extremely focused on class and were critical of activist groups like

578-476: The backgrounds of its leaders and the symbols adopted by the group made it clear that the group was primarily centered around shared White Southerner identity. The Patriots were largely perceived by outsiders to be a group of white hillbilly gang members turned revolutionaries. Krzywy, publishing in the Journal of African American Studies , wrote that "the Young Patriots tended to conflate Southernness and whiteness, to

612-425: The claims that they had been supporting violent revolutionaries, the press coverage widely describing the two groups as "street gangs" reduced outside support for the community services run by the Patriots and other groups. Media attention to the Young Patriots diminished following the success of their medical clinic, and though they continued to provide community services, none would be as effective or widely known as

646-405: The clinic. The strongly Appalachian Uptown neighborhood gradually became more diverse as people from other countries immigrated to the area, and White Southerners moved elsewhere. By 1973, the Young Patriots Organization was, for the most part, defunct. In 1970, the Young Patriots formed an 11-point platform similar to the Black Panther Party's 1969 Ten-Point Program . The Patriots' platform shared

680-493: The exclusion of both poor white ethnics in Chicago and black Southerners who had moved to the city and shared many folkways with the Uptown residents." However, despite the group's exclusive intragroup identity, through the Rainbow Coalition the group organized effectively along with Blacks and Latinos in Chicago. Revolutionary Hillbilly.Hy Thurman, Regent Press, 2021. Industrial city An industrial city or industrial town

714-458: The industrial revolution, these subsidiaries remain important similarly. With this by the end of the nineteenth century the shape and functions of most cities, along with social relations and groving industries, naturally rebuilted Manchester , England, is considered to be the archetype of the industrial city on the basis of Friedrich Engels ' observations. In the Chinese-speaking world ,

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748-564: The issues of poverty and unemployment in the area in groups like the Jobs or Income Now (JOIN) community union, which grew out of the Students for a Democratic Society organization that encouraged local activism in Uptown. Both co-founders of the Young Patriots, Jack "Junebug" Boykin and Doug Youngblood, as well as other members had been involved with JOIN. Boykin and other Young Patriots were also active in Youngblood's National Organizing Committee (later

782-486: The leftist Young Patriots Organization in Chicago. The group sought to improve the condition of disadvantaged whites, particularly recent immigrants, drug-users, the unemployed, welfare-recipients, blue-collar workers, and "dislocated hillbillies" who had left Appalachia . The Patriot Party was a member of the original Rainbow Coalition , formed by Fred Hampton of the Black Panther Party and others to create

816-476: The most well-known accomplishment by the Young Patriots. In 1969, a new branch of the Young Patriots emerged, calling themselves the Patriot Party . Over the next year, branches of the Patriots emerged in several cities across the United States, though they generally dissolved fairly quickly due to lack of momentum or were absorbed by other radical groups. The groups in the Rainbow Coalition had already suffered

850-611: The owning class". Buttons with the slogan "Resurrect John Brown " – a reference to the avowed abolitionist – were also commonly used. Pamphlets contained slogans such as "The South will rise again, only this time with the North and all the oppressed people of the world." In 1970, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested the entire central committee of the Patriot Party and charged them with various felonies. They later dropped

884-486: The police harassed their members by crashing meetings between the Patriots and medical staff and arresting the Patriots for trespassing in their own buildings or for allegedly assaulting other members of the organization. Eventually the clinic was allowed to remain open and unlicensed in a July 10, 1970, decision that determined that "ordinance covering dispensaries was so vague as to be unenforceable". The clinic treated nearly 2,000 people by November of that year and came to be

918-461: The same night, the two ended up discussing poverty among impoverished White Southerners in Chicago, shared experiences between White Southerners in Uptown and Black people in the South and West Sides , and comparisons between poverty in Chicago and the Vietnam War . This meeting, which was captured on film and later included in the 1969 documentary film American Revolution 2 , was the precursor to

952-636: The spring 1969 formation of the Rainbow Coalition by Bob Lee and Fred Hampton . At the outset the coalition was made up of the Young Patriots, the Illinois Black Panthers, and the Young Lords , and over the years they were joined by other community organizations. As the coalition expanded, so did the groups themselves, with the Young Patriots earning new members including the skilled speaker William "Preacherman" Fesperman, who would go on to become

986-548: The term "industrial city" refers to cities in which the municipal economy is led by heavy industries or the heavy industry is a significant impression of the city to people other than its local residents. Patriot Party (1970s) The Patriot Party was a socialist organization of the early 1970s in the United States that organized poor, rural whites in the Appalachian South and Pacific Northwest . The party

1020-510: The term is inscribed on a hillside sign . In Europe, where industries more frequently arose within existing cities, industrialization affected the internal structure of many of them. Potential needs such as raw materials, transportation and labor required for the establishment of industrial zones require consultation of the local and general public. Therefore, special policies are needed. This situation causes industrial zones and industrialists to take on an additional role in terms of policy. Since

1054-478: The unlicensed clinic faced issues with the Board of Health, who were concerned the Patriots would use the facility to "treat gunshot wounds, hand out drugs irresponsibly, perform abortions or give shots with unsterile needles". As the Patriots battled with the Board of Health, they alleged that police harassed their patients, seizing prescribed medications and arresting them for narcotics possession. The Patriots also claimed

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1088-454: Was culturally isolated, treated as outsiders by other Chicagoans. They often experienced severe poverty and were targets of police brutality . They were derided as " hillbillies ", particularly among the press: the group was summarized in a subtitle to a 1958 article in Harper's Magazine as "proud, poor, primitive, and fast with a knife". The Uptown neighborhood was home to several youth gangs in

1122-599: Was formed after a split with the Young Patriots Organization . The YPO's membership was drawn from street gangs of Appalachian whites in the Uptown neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois ; it became politicized after working with the Young Lords , an ethnic Puerto Rican gang, and the African-American Black Panther Party . The Patriot Party was founded in 1970 after infighting among members of

1156-437: Was hard to come by. The Patriot Party believed that whites would abandon racist beliefs after identifying the capitalist system as their true enemy. Despite the Confederate flag 's association with white supremacism , the Patriot Party used it as a symbol. In addition to easy access at military surplus stores, the flag was used, according to Amy Sonnie and James Tracy, "as a symbol of southern poor people's revolt against

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