26-480: The Yiwen Leiju , or translated as Encyclopedia of Literary Collections , is a Chinese leishu encyclopedia completed by Ouyang Xun in 624 under the Tang dynasty . Other contributors include Linghu Defen and Chen Shuda . Yiwen Leiju is divided into 47 sections and many subsections, covering a vast number of subjects and including many quotations from older works, which are well cited. This article about
52-562: A millenarian Buddhist sect that launched a failed attack on the Forbidden City , with the intention of assassinating the Emperor upon his return from a hunting trip. The Jiaqing Emperor was intrigued by the leader of the rising, Lin Qing, and summoned him to a private interrogation. Lin was later executed by slicing. In 1816, William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst was sent as ambassador extraordinary to
78-498: A non-fiction book on literature or literary criticism is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a reference book is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Leishu The leishu ( traditional Chinese : 類書 ; simplified Chinese : 类书 ; lit. 'category books') is a genre of reference books historically compiled in China and other East Asian countries. The term
104-527: A single leishu , in which entire works, rather than excerpts, were copied and classified by category. The largest leishu ever compiled, on the order of the Yongle Emperor of Ming, was the Yongle Dadian containing a total of 370 million Chinese characters . The project involved 2,169 scholars, who worked for four years under general editor Yao Guangxiao . It was completed in 1408, but never printed, as
130-440: Is generally translated as "encyclopedia", although the leishu are quite different from the modern notion of encyclopedia . The leishu are composed of sometimes lengthy citations from other works, and often contain copies of entire works, not just excerpts. The works are classified by a systematic set of categories, which are further divided into subcategories. Leishu may be considered anthologies , but are encyclopedic in
156-670: The Confucian elite, were also compiled in the later imperial era. Today, they provide scholars with valuable information on non-elite culture and attitudes. According to Jean-Pierre Diény , the Jiaqing reign (1796–1820) of the Qing dynasty saw the end of the publication of leishu . Other countries in East Asia also adopted the genre of leishu . In 1712, the Sancai Tuhui , a richly illustrated leishu compiled by Ming scholar Wang Qi ( 王圻 ) in
182-573: The Daoguang Emperor . The Jiaqing Emperor was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs , 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing , in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex. Empress Imperial Noble Consort Consort Concubine Noble Lady First Class Attendant Enthroned in 1626 as Khan , Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed
208-533: The Yongle Dadian is itself largely lost, the remnants still contain 385 complete books that have been otherwise lost. The leishu also provide a unique view of the transmission of knowledge and education, and an easy way to locate traditional materials on any given subject. Approximately 600 leishu were compiled, from the Cao Wei period (early third century) until the 18th century, of which 200 have survived. Among
234-556: The Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing , where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke , as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as
260-503: The Jiaqing Emperor promoted ministers on the basis of their commitment to a 'purist' approach to Confucian rule. The impact of the Jiaqing Emperor's reforms are questionable, with the Emperor described by Jonathan Spence as having 'relied on rhetoric more than specific policies to cleanse his empire', with Heshen's clique soon replaced by other bureaucratic factions. At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly
286-440: The Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen , a favourite official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates. The Jiaqing Emperor commuted
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#1732854629618312-588: The Qianlong Emperor instated Yongyan as "Prince Jia of the First Rank " (嘉親王; or simply "Prince Jia"). In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor , who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended
338-466: The corrupt favorite of his father and attempted to restore order within the empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into China. Assessments of his reign are mixed, either seen as the "beginning of the end" of the Qing dynasty, or as a period of moderate reform that presaged the intellectual movements of the 1860s. Yongyan was born in the Old Summer Palace , 8 km (5 mi) northwest of
364-573: The court, intending to establish more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. The Amherst Embassy proved a failure as a result of Amherst's refusal to perform a kowtow to the Emperor, but would prove to have a significant impact on British views of China and the Qing dynasty. The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler Gia Long 's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, but agreed that it could be changed to Việt Nam instead. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains
390-633: The death sentence of the scholar Hong Liangji who had criticised the policies of the Qianlong Emperor and Heshen, instead exiling him to a remote part of northern China and pardoning him altogether in 1800. Heshen was described as the 'primary evil' effecting the Empire, and after his removal the Emperor pursued a series of reforms of the court, civil service and treasury. He was a traditionalist in terms of his role as an ethnic Manchu leader, taking parts in imperial hunts, inspection tours, and upholding strict court protocol. As part of this traditionalist approach,
416-755: The diplomatic correspondence over the naming. The Great Qing Legal Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811, a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor , and repealed in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor . It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang , to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys . The Jiaqing Emperor granted
442-604: The early 17th century, was printed in Japan as Wakan Sansai Zue . The Japanese version was edited by Terajima Ryōan ( 寺島良安 ), a physician born in Osaka . The leishu have played an important role in the preservation of ancient works, many of which have been lost, only preserved completely or partially as part of a leishu compilation. The 7th-century Yiwen Leiju is especially valuable. It contains excerpts from 1,400 pre-7th century works, 90% of which have been otherwise lost. Even though
468-550: The early third century. The earliest known was the Huanglan ("Emperor's mirror" ). Sponsored by the emperor of Cao Wei , it was compiled around 220, but has since been lost . However, the term leishu was not used until the Song dynasty (960–1279). In later imperial China dynasties, such as the Ming and Qing , emperors sponsored monumental projects to compile all known human knowledge into
494-616: The imperial family during ancient China period. Yongyan was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Ling , the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an ethnic Han Chinese official whose family had been long integrated into the Manchu Eight Banners as part of a Han Banner . The Qianlong Emperor originally had two other sons in mind for succeeding him, but both of them died early from diseases, hence in December 1773 he secretly chose Yongyan as his successor. In 1789,
520-534: The imperial treasury had run out of money. The Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China ( Qinding Gujin Tushu Jicheng ) is by far the largest leishu ever printed, containing 100 million characters and 852,408 pages. It was compiled by a team of scholars led by Chen Menglei , and printed between 1726 and 1728, during the Qing dynasty. The riyong leishu (encyclopedias for daily use), containing practical information for people who were literate but below
546-480: The large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, although this came at a steep fiscal cost. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. In 1813, the Jiaqing Emperor also faced the threat of the Eight Trigrams uprising , led by
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#1732854629618572-518: The most important, in chronological order, are: Jiaqing Emperor The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his temple name Emperor Renzong of Qing , personal name Yongyan , was the seventh emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper . He was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor . During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen ,
598-582: The sense that they may comprise the entire realm of knowledge at the time of compilation. Approximately 600 leishu were compiled from the early third century until the eighteenth century, of which 200 have survived. The largest leishu ever compiled was the 1408 Yongle Encyclopedia , containing 370 million Chinese characters , and the largest ever printed was the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China , containing 100 million characters and 852,408 pages. The genre first appeared in
624-460: The throne and adopted the era name "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a Taishang Huang (emperor emeritus) after his abdication. After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799,
650-545: The title Wujing Boshi ( 五經博士 ; Wǔjīng Bóshì ) to the descendants of Tang essayist Han Yu . The Jiaqing Emperor commissioned printed compendia of courtly collections, which are an important source for our present understanding of Qing court art. He was a keen scholar of the Confucian classics (to which he devoted much of his time in the early years of his reign when the Qianlong Emperor remained de facto ruler), with 15,267 poems attributed to him. On 2 September 1820,
676-441: The walls of Beijing . His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The Chinese character for yong in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo in
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