The Shuar , also known as Jivaro , are an indigenous ethnic group that inhabits the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazonia . They are famous for their hunting skills and their tradition of head shrinking, known as Tzantsa.
67-692: Yaupi is a primarily Shuar village with a few hundred residents in the province of Morona Santiago , Logroño Canton , Yaupi Parish , Ecuador . This Ecuador location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Shuar The Shuar language belongs to the Jivaroan linguistic family and is spoken by over 50,000 people in the region. The Shuar are known for their skill in warfare, both in defending their territories and in offensive actions against external enemies. Currently, many Shuar live in communities organized around agriculture and hunting, although there are also some who work in mining and
134-480: A self-sufficient farmer . The Shuar are popularly depicted in a wide variety of travelogue and adventure literature because of Western fascination with their former practice of shrinking human heads ( tsantsa ). From the time of first contact with Europeans in the 16th century, to the formation of the Shuar Federation in the 1950s and 1960s, Shuar were semi- nomadic and lived in separate households dispersed in
201-521: A Native South American Beer". In Chile, there are two main types of chicha: apple chicha produced in southern Chile and grape chicha produced in central Chile. Both are alcoholic beverages with no distillation, only fermentation. Chicha is mostly consumed in the countryside and during festivities, such as Fiestas Patrias on September 18. Chicha is usually not found in formal supermarkets unless close to September 18. Sites like Máfil in southern Chile were traditional centres of apple chicha produce that
268-459: A community was another important aspect to the way the Incas went about everyday life. It was incorporated into the meals that the Incas ate. The production of chicha was a necessity to all because it was a sacred item to the people. "Among the Incas , corn was a divine gift to humanity, and its consumption as a fermented beverage in political meetings formed communion between those where drinking and
335-511: A fruit puree. Locally, among the Kuna or Gundetule of the San Blas chain of islands "chicha fuerte" refers to the fermented maize and Grandmother Saliva mixture, which chicha is enjoyed in special or Holy days. While chicha fuerte most traditionally refers to chicha made of germinated corn (germination helps to convert starch to sugar), any number of fruits can be fermented into unique, homemade versions of
402-666: A means to defend Shuar land claims against those of non-indigenous settlers. In 1964 representatives of Shuar centros formed a political Federation to represent their interests to the Ecuadorian state, non-governmental organizations, and transnational corporations. In the 19th century muraiya Shuar became famous among Europeans and Euro-Americans for their elaborate process of shrinking the heads of slain Achuar . Although non-Shuar characterized these shrunken heads ( tsantsa ) as trophies of warfare , Shuar insisted that they were not interested in
469-405: A more liquory taste. This variety is commonly referred to as Chicha Andina and is a typical Christmastime beverage. Chicha use can reveal how people perceive their own cultural identity and express ideas about gender , race , nationality , and community . Chicha use contributes to how people build community and a collective identity for maintaining social networks . It is often consumed in
536-576: A strong, purple-colored liquid, which is then mixed with sugar and lemon. This beverage is usually taken as a refreshment. Chicha morada is common in Bolivian and Peruvian cultures and is generally drunk as an accompaniment to food. Women are most associated with the production of chicha. Men and children are still involved with the process of making chicha, but women control the production and distribution. For many women in Andean society, making and selling chicha
603-455: A variety of maize landraces has been the most common form of chicha . However, chicha is also made from a variety of other cultigens and wild plants , including, among others, quinoa ( Chenopodium quinia ), kañiwa ( Chenopodium pallidicaule ), peanut , manioc (also called yuca or cassava), palm fruit, rice, potato, oca ( Oxalis tuberosa ), and chañar ( Geoffroea decorticans ). There are many regional variations of chicha . In
670-511: A variety of ailments. The discovery of oil in the upper Amazon has motivated Ecuadorian and Peruvian interest in the region. In the 20th century Ecuadorian Shuar and Peruvian groups like the Achuar have had significantly different histories. There are at least 40,000 Shuar, 5,000 Achuars and 700 Shiwiars in Ecuador. At the end of the 19th century Catholic Jesuits re-established missions among
737-525: Is a key part of their identity because it provides a substantial amount of political power and leverage. Chicha de jora has been prepared and consumed in communities throughout in the Andes for millennia. The Inca used chicha for ritual purposes and consumed it in vast quantities during religious festivals. Mills in which it was probably made were found at Machu Picchu . During the Inca Empire women were taught
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#1732851513131804-557: Is democratic and hierarchically organized, most of its leaders are salaried by the Ecuadorian state. In 1969 the Federation signed an accord with the Ecuadorian government in which the Federation assumed administrative jurisdiction over the Shuar reserve. The Federation assumed the duties of educating children, administering civil registration and land-tenure, and promoting cattle-production and other programs meant to further incorporate Shuar into
871-408: Is made of boiled rice, milk, sugar; it is generally of white color and has the consistency of eggnog. It is usually served as a sweet, refreshing beverage with ground cinnamon or condensed milk toppings. This chicha de arroz contains no alcohol as it is not fermented. Sometimes it is made with pasta or semolina instead of rice and is commonly called chicha de pasta . In most large cities, chicha
938-486: Is made with the same ingredients, but without allowing it to ferment. In Honduras, the Pech people practiced a ritual called Kesh where a shaman contacted the spiritual world. A Kesh could be held for various reasons, a few including to help appease the angry spirits or to help a deceased member of the community on his or her journey after death. During this ritual, they drank Chicha made of yuca, minia, and yuca tamales. The ritual
1005-416: Is no longer practiced, but the drink is still reserved for special occasions with family only. In Managua and Granada , "chicha de maiz" is a typical drink, unfermented and served very cold. It is often flavored with banana or vanilla flavors, and its saleswomen can be heard calling "¡Chicha, cafe y jugo frio!" in the squares. Nicaraguan "chicha de maiz" is made by soaking the corn in water overnight. On
1072-461: Is offered by street vendors, commonly referred to as chicheros ; these vendors usually use a flour-like mix and just add water, and generally serve them with chopped ice and a straw and may ask to add cinnamon, chocolate chips or sugared condensed milk on top. It can also be found in commercial presentations just like milk and juices. The Venezuelan Andean regions (such as Mérida ) prepare an alternative version, with added fermented pineapple, which has
1139-502: Is reserved for men. In Bolivia chicha is most often made from maize, especially in the highlands, but amaranth chicha is also traditional and popular. Chicha made from sweet manioc, plantain, or banana is also common in the lowlands. Bolivian chicha often has alcohol. A good description of the preparation of a Bolivian way to make chicha can be found in Cutler, Hugh and Martin Cardenas, "Chicha
1206-623: Is the entity in charge of training indigenous people from the Amazon region. Located in Shell , Pastaza Province , around 35 Iwia soldiers graduate from this school annually. Chicha Chicha is a fermented (alcoholic) or non-fermented beverage of Latin America , emerging from the Andes and Amazonia regions. In both the pre- and post- Spanish conquest periods, corn beer ( chicha de jora ) made from
1273-483: The Inca could allow a family to be provided with supplementary goods that not everyone had access to. The Inca would give chicha to families and to the males that that contributed to mit'a . In the economy of the Incas it was important that there was a steady flow of chicha, amongst other goods that were important to everyday life. In the fields of the Andes, there was special emphasis where maize would be planted and it
1340-585: The Inca Empire , chicha had ceremonial and ritual uses. The exact origin of the word chicha is debated. One belief is that the word chicha is of Taino origin and became a generic term used by the Spanish to define any and all fermented beverages brewed by indigenous peoples in the Americas. It is possible that one of the first uses of the term chicha was from a group of people who lived in Colombia and Panama,
1407-488: The Incas themselves were to by leading their army to victory and chicha was at the forefront. After major military victories the Incas would celebrate by drinking chicha. When the Incas and the Spanish conquistadors met, the conquistadors would not understand the significance of chicha. Titu Cusi explains how his uncle, Atahualpa reacted when the intruders did not respect chicha. Kusi says, "The Spaniard, upon receiving
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#17328515131311474-704: The Kuna . However, according to the Real Academia Española and other authors, the word chicha comes from the Kuna word chichab, or “chiab” which means maize. According to Don Luis G. Iza it comes from the Nahuatl word chichiatl , which means “fermented water”; the verb chicha meaning “to sour a drink“ and the noun atl meaning “water”. These etymologies are not mutually exclusive. The Spanish idiom ni chicha ni limonada (neither chicha nor lemonade) means “neither one thing nor another” (roughly equivalent to
1541-589: The achu (swamp-palm) Shuar (or Achuar ) are people who live in the wetter lowlands east of the Andes (Ecuador). Shuar refer to Spanish-speakers as apach , and to non-Spanish and non-Shuar speakers as inkis . Europeans and European Americans used to refer to Shuar as " jívaros " or " jíbaros "; this word probably derives from the 16th century Spanish spelling of shuar (see Gnerre 1973), but has taken other meanings including "savage"; outside of Ecuador, jibaro has come to mean "rustic", and in Puerto Rico to describe
1608-572: The acllas was considered sacred because of the women who produced it. This was a special privilege that many women did not have except for the "most attractive women." The Incas themselves show the importance of chicha. The lords or royalty probably drank chicha from silver and gold cups known as keros . Also, after defeating an enemy Inca rulers would have heads of the defeated enemy converted into cup to drink chicha from. An example of this could be seen when Atawallpa drank chicha from opposing foes skull. By doing this it showed how superior
1675-498: The 1995 Cenepa War between Ecuador and Peru. The name Iwia means "Jungle Demon"; it comes from the Shuar mythology: the Iwia is a feared demon that devours people. According to its culture, young men become soldiers when they shrink the head of their enemies. The motto of IWIAS is "Never defeated"; this marks his warrior history defeating intruders e.g. Incas led by Huayna Capac . in 1527. EWIAS ( Escuela de Iwias Crnl. Gonzalo Barragán )
1742-405: The Andes. The specific type or combination of corn used in the making of chicha de jora shows where it was made. Some add quinoa or other adjuncts to give it consistency; then it is boiled. During the boiling process, the chicha is stirred and aerated so as to prevent overboiling. Chancaca , a hard form of sugar (like sugar cane), helps with the fermentation process. After the milling of
1809-505: The English “neither fish nor fowl”). Chicha de jora is a corn beer prepared by germinating maize, extracting the malt sugars, boiling the wort , and fermenting it in large vessels, traditionally huge earthenware vats, for several days. The original Quechua name is aqa ~ aqha (Ayacucho vs. Cuzco-Bolivia varieties), and it is traditionally made and sold in chicherías, called also aqa wasi or aqha wasi (lit. “chicha house”). Usually,
1876-477: The Shuar defeated an incursion by the Inca armies of Huayna Capac . When Shuar first made contact with Spaniards in the 16th century, they entered into peaceful trade relations. They violently resisted taxation, and drove Spaniards away in 1599. Colonization and missionization in the 20th century have led Shuar to reorganize themselves into nucleated settlements called centros . Centros initially facilitated evangelization by Catholic missionaries but also became
1943-416: The Shuar diet, women's labor was crucial to Shuar biological and social life. In the late 19th century and early 20th century Europeans and Euro-Americans began trading manufactured goods, including shotguns, asking in return for shrunken heads. The result was an increase in local warfare, including head hunting , that has contributed to the perception of the Shuar as violent. In 1961 Edmundo Bielawski made
2010-441: The Shuar, and poor and landless Euro-Ecuadorians from the highlands ( colonos ) began to settle among Shuar. Shuar entered into peaceful trade relations, exchanged land for manufactured goods, and began sending their children to mission boarding schools to learn Spanish. In 1935 the Ecuadorian government created a Shuar reserve, in part to regulate Euro-Ecuadorian access to land, and gave Salesian (Catholic) missionaries charge over
2077-435: The Spanish, it left with Atawallpa saying, "Since you don't respect me I won't respect you either." This story recorded by Titu Cusi shows the significant relationship the Incas had with chicha. If someone insulted this beverage they would take it personally because it offended their beliefs and community. In the economy of the Incas , there was not an exchange of currencies. Rather, the economy depended on trading products,
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2144-426: The beverage. In rural areas, chicha fuerte is the refreshment of choice during and after community work parties ( juntas ), as well as during community dances ( tamboritos ). Chicha's importance in the social and religious world of Latin America can best be seen by focusing on the drink's central role in ancient Peru. Corn was considered a sacred crop, but Chicha, in particular, was considered very high status. Chicha
2211-422: The brewer makes chicha in large amounts and uses many of these clay vats to do so. These vats break down easily and can only be used a few times. The brewers can arrange their vessels in rows, with fires in the middle, to reduce heat loss. The process for making chicha is essentially the same as the process for the production of malted barley beer. It is traditionally made with Jora corn, a type of malted corn from
2278-605: The central plaza. The chicha cascaded down this “gullet of the Sun God” to the Temple of Sun, as awestruck spectators watched the high god quaff the precious brew. At most festivals, ordinary people participated in days of prodigious drinking after the main feast, as the Spanish looked on aghast at the drunkenness. Human sacrifices first had to be rubbed in the dregs of chicha, and then tube-fed with more chicha for days while lying buried alive in tombs. Special sacred places, scattered throughout
2345-415: The context of feasts and festivals , which are valuable contexts for strengthening social and cultural connections. The production and consumption of chicha contributes to social organization and can affect social status. Chicha consumption included its use in rites of passage for indigenous peoples such as the Incas . Chicha was important in ceremonies for adolescent boys coming of age, especially for
2412-443: The corn and the brewing of the drink, the chicha is then sieved. Traditionally, it is sieved through a large cloth. This is to separate the corn from the desired chicha. In some cultures, instead of germinating the maize to release the starches therein, the maize is ground, moistened by saliva in the chicha maker's mouth, and formed into small balls, which are then flattened and laid out to dry. Naturally occurring ptyalin enzymes in
2479-553: The degree of liquor desired. Chicha was outlawed in Colombia in 1949 and remains formally illegal, but brewing continued underground and the drink is openly available in some areas. A major chicha beer festival, Yamor , is held in early September in Otavalo . It has its roots in the 1970s, when the locals decided to revive an ancient tradition of marking the maize harvest before the September equinox. These locals spoke Quechua, and "Yamor"
2546-478: The drink in his hand, spilled it which greatly angered my uncle. And after that, the two Spaniards showed my uncle a letter, or book, or something, saying that this was the inscription of God and the King and my uncle, as he felt offended by the spilling of the chicha, took the letter and knocked to the ground saying: I don't know what you have given me. Go on, leave." Another instance like this occurred between Atawallpa and
2613-460: The empire, and mummies of previous kings and ancestors were ritually bathed in maize flour and presented with chicha offerings, to the accompaniment of dancing and panpipe music. Even today, Peruvians sprinkle some chicha to “mother earth” from the communal cup when they sit down together to drink; the cup then proceeds in the order of each drinker's social status, as an unending succession of toasts are offered. In Venezuela chicha or chicha de arroz
2680-423: The exchanging of services, and the Inca distributing items out to the people that work for him. Chicha that was produced by men along the coastline in order to trade or present to their Inca . This differed from the women that were producing the chicha inland because they were doing so for community gathers and other important ceremonies. Relationships were important in the Inca community and good relations with
2747-440: The following day it is ground and placed in water, red food coloring is added, and the whole mixture is cooked. Once cooled, sugar and more water is added. On the following day, one adds further water, sugar and flavoring. Although fermented chicha is available, the unfermented type is the most common. In Panama, chicha can simply mean "fruit drink". Unfermented chicha often is called batido , another name for any drink containing
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2814-529: The government provided loans for Shuar to purchase cattle which they would raise for market. In the 1960s Salesian missionaries encouraged leaders of the centros to meet and form a new organization. In 1964 they formed the Federación Interprovincial de Centros Shuar-Achuar ("Interprovincial Federation of Shuar and Achuar Centros"; many Achuar live in Ecuador, although most live in Peru). The Federation
2881-418: The heads themselves and did not value them as trophies. Instead, they sought the muisak , or soul of the victim, which was contained in and by the shrunken head. Shuar men believed that control of the muisak would enable them to control their wives' and daughters' labor. Since women cultivated manioc and made chicha (manioc beer), which together provided the bulk of calories and carbohydrates in
2948-516: The hope that he would then see momentary visions, or arútam . These visions were believed to be produced by a wakaní or ancestral spirit. If the boy was brave enough he could touch the arútam , and acquire the arútam wakaní . This would make the boy very strong, and possession of several arútam wakaní would make the boy invincible. Shuar, however, believed that they could easily lose their arútam wakaní , and thus repeated this ritual several times. A Shuar warrior who had lived to kill many people
3015-432: The interiors of Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil), chicha is usually made from cassava, but also cooking plantain is known to be used. Traditionally, the women chew the washed and peeled cassava and spit the juice into a bowl. Cassava root is very starchy, and therefore the enzymes in the preparer's saliva rapidly convert the starch to simple sugar, which is further converted by wild yeast or bacteria into alcohol. After
3082-466: The invitee. In this way, the drinking of chicha via qeros cemented relationships of power and alliances between people and groups. Chicha can be mixed with Coca Sek , a Colombian beverage made from coca leaf. There are a number of regional varieties of chicha, which can be roughly divided into lowland (Amazonia) and highland varieties, of which there are many. Throughout the Amazon Basin (including
3149-438: The juice has fermented in the bowl for a few hours, the result will be mildly sweet and sour chicha, similar in appearance to defatted milk. In Colombian Amazonia, the drink is called masato . It is traditional for families to offer chicha to arriving guests. Children are offered new chicha that has not fermented, whereas adults are offered fermented chicha; the most highly fermented chicha, with its significant alcohol content,
3216-547: The maker's saliva catalyses the breakdown of starch in the maize into maltose . This process of chewing grains or other starches was used in the production of alcoholic beverages in pre-modern cultures around the world, including, for example, sake in Japan. Chicha prepared in this manner is known as chicha de muko . Chicha morada is a non-fermented chicha usually made from ears of purple maize ( maíz morado ), which are boiled with pineapple rind, cinnamon, and cloves. This gives
3283-442: The market economy. Since that time the Federation has splintered into several groups, including a separate Achuar Federation, although the various groups maintain cordial relations. Thanks to the work of the Federation, Shuar identity is very strong. Most Shuar also identify strongly to the Ecuadorian nation-state and have entered Ecuadorian electoral politics. In the last few years, conflict emerged as result of mining projects in
3350-650: The north and east. To control tsentsak , Shuar must ingest natem ( Ayahuasca ). Many Shuar believe that illness is caused when someone hires a shaman to shoot tsentsak into the body of an enemy. This attack occurs in secret and few if any shamans admit to doing this. If someone takes ill they may go to a shaman for diagnosis and treatment. They have many plants that they use for common everyday illnesses. Most people know these plants and how to prepare and use them. Occasionally, an older woman will be asked for advice or help especially with fertility control, childbirth and new infants. Piripiri (Cyperus species) are used for
3417-462: The only footage showing what appears to be their head-shrinking process. Prior to missionization in the 1940s and 1950s Shuar culture functioned to organize and promote a warrior society. Boys of about eight years would be taken by their fathers or uncles on a three- to five-day journey to a nearby waterfall, during which time the boy would drink only tobacco water. At some point the child would be given maikua ( Datura arborea , Solanaceae ), in
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#17328515131313484-503: The practice of shamanism. By the 1950s Shuar had lost a considerable amount of land to settlers. At this time they abandoned their semi-nomadic and dispersed settlement pattern and began to form nucleated settlements of five to thirty families, called centros (Spanish for "centers"). These centros facilitated missionary access to Shuar. They also provided a basis for Shuar petitions to the Ecuadorian government for land; in return Shuar promised to clear rainforest to convert to pasture, and
3551-605: The provinces of Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe On 20 November 2018, Diana Atamaint , a Shuar woman, became the president of the National Electoral Council . Many Shuar also serve in the Ecuadorian Army , and the Army has appropriated the perception of Shuar as "fierce warriors", forming elite "Iwia" units of Shuar soldiers (although all commissioned officers are non-Shuar). These units distinguished themselves in
3618-470: The rainforest, linked by the loosest of kin and political ties, and lacking corporate kin-groups or centralized or institutionalized political leadership. The center of Shuar life was a relatively autonomous household consisting of a husband, his wives (usually two), unmarried sons, and daughters. Upon marriage sons would leave their natal household, and sons-in-law would move in (see matrilocal residence ). Men hunted and wove clothes; women gardened. In 1527,
3685-430: The region—also believed that they could be killed by tsentsak , invisible darts. Any unexplained death was attributed to such tsentsak . Although tsentsak are animate, they do not act on their own. Shamans (in Shuar, uwishin ) are people who possess and control tsentsak . To possess tsentsak they must purchase them from other shamans; Shuar believe that the most powerful shamans are Quichua -speakers, who live to
3752-537: The reserve. Missionaries were largely successful in the acculturation process, teaching Shuar Spanish, converting Shuar to Christianity , encouraging the Shuar to abandon warfare and the production of shrunken heads, encouraging Shuar to abandon the puberty rites through which Shuar acquired an arútam wakaní , and encouraging Shuar to participate in the market economy . They were largely but not completely successful in encouraging Shuar to abandon polygyny for monogamy . They were relatively unsuccessful in discouraging
3819-422: The sons of Inca nobility . Young men would get their adult names in ceremonies using chicha. One thing that these boys did was to go on a pilgrimage to mountains such as Huanacauri that had significant meaning. Boys did this about a month before a ceremony honoring maturation . After the pilgrimage, the boys chewed maize to make the chicha they would drink at the end of the month-long ceremony. One activity
3886-465: The techniques of brewing chicha in Aqlla Wasi (feminine schools). Chicherias ( chicha taverns ) were places to consume chicha . Many have historically been unlicensed, home-based businesses that produce chicha on site. Normally sold in large caporal (1/2 liter) glasses to be drunk on location, or by liter, if taken home, chicha is generally sold straight from the earthenware chomba where it
3953-546: The timber industry. Shuar, in the Shuar language , means "people". The people who speak the Shuar language live in tropical rainforest between the upper mountains of the Andes , and in the tropical rainforests and savannas of the Amazonian lowlands, in Ecuador . Shuar live in various places — thus, the muraiya (hill) Shuar are people who live in the foothills of the Andes;
4020-653: Was brewed. On the Northern coast of Peru, it is often served in a dried gourd known as a Poto while in the Peruvian Andes it is often served in a qero. Qeros are traditionally made from wood with intricate designs carved on the outside. In colonial times qeros transitioned to be painted with figurative depictions on the exterior instead of carving. Some qeros were also made of metals and many are now made of glass. Inca leaders used identical pairs of qeros to extend invitations to drink. These invitations represented an indebtedness upon
4087-538: Was called a kakáram . Shuar believed that if a person in possession of an arútam wakaní died a peaceful death, they would give birth to a new wakaní ; if someone in possession of an arútam wakaní were killed, they would give birth to a muísak . Shuar generally do not believe in natural death, although they recognize that certain epidemics such as measles and scarlet fever are diseases introduced through contact with Europeans or Euro-Americans. They fought primarily with spears and blowguns , but—like many other groups in
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#17328515131314154-447: Was consumed in great quantities during and after the work of harvesting, making for a festive mood of singing, dancing, and joking. Chicha was offered to gods and ancestors, much like other fermented beverages around the world were. For example, at the Incan capital of Cuzco, the king poured chicha into a gold bowl at the navel of the universe, an ornamental stone dais with throne and pillar, in
4221-478: Was extracted from their family-homes and taken to the acllahuasi or "House of the Chosen Women". These women were dedicated to Inca religion , weaving, cooking and chicha- brewing . Much of the chicha they brewed would go to ceremonies, or when the community would get together to worship their god. They started the chicha process by chewing maize to create mushy texture that would be fermented . The product of
4288-508: Was running down the side of a mountain to get a kero of chicha given to them by young women in order to encourage them. The use of chicha can also be seen when looking at women who lived during the Incas reign before the arrival of the Spanish. Women were important to the community of the Incas. There was a select group of women that would receive formal instruction, these women were the aclla , also known as "Chosen Women". This group of women
4355-549: Was sold in the nearby city of Valdivia . With the introduction of beer by the German settlers who arrived in the second half of the 19th century the chicha production in Máfil declined and is now done by few and mostly for consumption within the family. In Bogotá, the capital of present-day Colombia, the recipe is simple; cooked maize is ground with black panela in a large pot. The mix is let to ferment for seven to eight days depending on
4422-415: Was taken seriously where the maize fields would be located. "Agricultural rituals linked the production of maize to the liquid transfer of power in society with chicha." The ability to plant maize showed an important social role someone had amongst their community. Due to the significance of planting maize, the state would probably be in charge of these farms. The significance of drinking chicha together as
4489-417: Was the name for chicha. The festival includes bands, parades, fireworks, and chicha sampling. In El Salvador, chicha usually refers to an alcoholic drink made with maize, panela , and pineapple. It is used as a drink and also as an ingredient on many traditional dishes, such as gallo en chicha , a local version of coq au vin . A non-alcoholic version usually named fresco de chicha (chicha soft drink)
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