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25-545: Yamal may refer to: Yamal Peninsula , a peninsula in Siberia Yamal Airlines , an airline based in Salekhard, Russia Yamal (icebreaker) , a nuclear-powered Arktika -class Russian icebreaker Yamal (satellite constellation) , a satellite communication constellation by Gazprom Space Systems Yamal project , a long-term project open the large natural gas fields in

50-410: A thaw lake , tundra lake , thaw depression , or tundra pond , refers to a body of freshwater, usually shallow, that is formed in a depression formed by thawing ice-rich permafrost. A key indicator of thermokarst lakes is the occurrence of excess ground ice as well as having an ice content with greater than 30% by volume. Thermokarst lakes tend to form and disappear in a cyclical manner, resulting in

75-429: A predictable life cycle (see "life cycle" below). Continued thawing of the permafrost substrate can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of thermokarst lakes, leaving them, in such cases, a geomorphologically temporary phenomenon, formed in response to a warming climate. These lakes are typically found in arctic and subarctic lowlands, including the western Canadian Arctic (e.g. Banks Island, Victoria island),

100-401: Is best preserved. Nenets and Khanty reindeer herders hold about half a million domestic reindeer. The area is largely undeveloped, but work is ongoing with several large infrastructure projects, including a gas pipeline and several bridges. Yamal holds Russia's biggest natural gas reserves. The 572 km Obskaya–Bovanenkovo railway , completed in 2011, is the northernmost railway in

125-713: Is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of northwest Siberia , Russia . It extends roughly 700 km (435 mi) and is bordered principally by the Kara Sea , Baydaratskaya Bay on the west, and by the Gulf of Ob on the east. At the northern end of this peninsula lie the Malygina Strait and, beyond it, Bely Island . Across the river lies the Gyda Peninsula . In the language of its indigenous inhabitants,

150-461: Is variable, with some thaw lakes oriented, meaning they are generally elongated in a specific direction. Though their formation mechanism has not been definitively proven, it is believed to be related to the prevailing winds or storms. The disturbance (of either kind) leads to overall warming and melting of ground ice, after which surface subsidence occurs allowing for water infiltration of either surface water or melted ground ice. Teshekpuk Lake on

175-420: Is when thaw occurs in palsas (frozen peat cores) or in lithalsas (mineral core mounds). Permafrost degradation is typically linked to a surface disturbance, either natural or artificial, in combination with site-specific factors, such as permafrost ice-content, ground temperature, etc. Development of thaw lakes tends to be slow at first, but once the average lake bottom temperature exceeds 0 °C (32 °F)

200-609: The Alaska North Slope within the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska is the largest thermokarst lake in the world. The initiation of a thaw lake begins with the degradation of ice-rich permafrost. The natural inception of thermokarst lakes can be demarcated into two separate processes; whether in continuous or discontinuous permafrost. In continuous permafrost, water accumulates when ice veins and polygonal ground are present. Through discontinuous permafrost, it

225-559: The Nenets , "Yamal" means "End of the Land". The Yamal peninsula is inhabited by a multitude of migratory bird species. The well-preserved remains of Lyuba , a 37,000-year-old mammoth calf, were found by a reindeer herder on the peninsula in the summer of 2007. The animal was female and was determined to be one month old at the time of death. The peninsula consists mostly of permafrost ground and there are numerous lakes of thermokarst origin,

250-452: The Alaskan coastal plain, interior Yukon Territory and the alluvial lowlands of northern Eurasia and Siberia. The presence of thaw lakes in a region results in a thermal disturbance as the water warms the ground. The depth of permafrost below a lake will generally be shallower and if the lake is of sufficient depth, a talik is present. The general morphology (shape, depth, circumference)

275-618: The Siberian permafrost , which extends to the seabed of the Kara Sea , a section of the Arctic Ocean between the Yamal Peninsula and Novaya Zemlya , is thawing. According to a CAGE researcher, Aleksei Portnov: "The permafrost is thawing from two sides... [T]he interior of the Earth is warm and is warming the permafrost from the bottom up. It is called geothermal heat flux and it is happening all

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300-605: The Yamal Peninsula Yamal–Europe pipeline Yamal LNG Yamal , Russian warship (1988–2024) See also [ edit ] Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , a district in Tyumen Oblast, Western Siberia, Russia Yamalsky District , Tyumen Oblast, Western Siberia, Russia Lamine Yamal , Spanish footballer Princesa Yamal , Argentine vedette Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

325-533: The attention of world media. The sinkhole appeared to be the result of a huge explosion and several hypotheses were suggested to explain the formation of the crater, including a hit by a meteorite or a UFO, or the collapse of an underground gas facility. A spokesperson for the Yamal branch of the Emergencies Ministry said, "We can definitely say that it’s not a meteorite.". Cryovolcanism has been pointed out as

350-494: The biggest of which are Neito and Yambuto in the central part. Many hydrocarbon fields have been discovered on the Yamal Peninsula, including large gas fields. The main hydrocarbon resources are concentrated in the permeable Aptian-Cenomanian complex. According to anthropologist Sven Haakanson , the Yamal peninsula is the place within the Russian Federation where traditional large-scale nomadic reindeer husbandry

375-484: The bottom of the sinkhole. The destabilization of gas hydrates containing huge amounts of methane gas is believed to have caused the craters on the Yamal Peninsula. As of 2015, the Yamal peninsula had at least five similar craters. Another crater appeared in August 2020. According to researchers at Norway's Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate  [ no ] (CAGE), through a process called geothermal heat flux ,

400-591: The lake ceases freezing to the bottom and thaw becomes continuous. The lake grows as ice thaws, which may result in the slumping of shorelines or submergence of vegetation, which is why thaw lakes in the boreal forest tend to be surrounded by " drunken trees ". It should be specified that "drunken trees" (also known as drunken forests ) occur within Yedoma regimes. This feature is not present throughout all thermokarst regions. Upon expansion in this stage, thermokarst lakes often take on an elongated shape with ordered alignment in

425-771: The literature on orientation and morphology of thermokarst lakes. However, there are clearly a multitude of reasons beyond wind movement only, that contribute to the shape of lakes. Grosse et al . (2013) summarize endogenous and exogenous elements that are key factors in orientation including: Before complete drainage, lake edges recede through retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS) and subaerial debris flows. Actual drainage may be triggered by fluvial erosion or expansion of adjacent basins at inland locations. In coastal areas, drainage may be due to coastal retreat leading to thermal abrasion or erosion due to wave action. More gradual drainage (partial or complete) may be caused by local permafrost degradation and erosion. Lakes stop growing once drainage

450-658: The long axis. If lakes form in an area of ice-rich permafrost, coalescence of several smaller lakes may occur, producing a larger body of water, magnifying the thermal disturbance. Development may be further facilitated by lateral bank erosion. Additionally, thermal abrasion of thermokarst lake edges can expand the lake size, as well as lake bottom subsidence. Oriented morphology of lakes can take on shapes such as "elliptical, egg-shaped, triangular, rectangular, clam-shaped, or D-shaped", and commonly occur in terrain with sandy sediments. Polemic scholastic discussions pertaining to development of lakes’ shapes are commonplace throughout

475-628: The most probable cause in recent researches. The 60-meter (66-yard) crater is believed by a senior researcher from the Scientific Research Center of the Arctic, Andrei Plekhanov, in remarks to the Associated Press , to be likely the result of a "buildup of excessive pressure" underground because of warming regional temperatures in that portion of Siberia. Tests conducted by Plekhanov's team showed unusually high concentrations of methane near

500-425: The shore however, where the permafrost seal tapers to a depth of as little as 20 m (66 ft), there are significant amounts of gas leakage. Thermokarst These pitted surfaces resemble clusters of small lakes formed by dissolution of limestone in some karst areas, which is how they came to have " karst " attached to their name, even though no limestone is actually present. Small domes that form on

525-481: The surface due to frost heaving with the onset of winter are only temporary features. They collapse during the following summer thaw, leaving a small surface depression. Some ice lenses grow and form larger surface hummocks (" pingos ") which can last for many years, and sometimes become covered with grasses and sedges , until they begin to thaw. These domed surfaces eventually collapse – either annually or after longer periods – and form depressions which become part of

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550-448: The time, regardless of human influence." "The thawing of permafrost on the ocean floor is an ongoing process, likely to be exaggerated by the global warming of the world´s oceans." Methane is leaking in an area of at least 7500 m . In some areas gas flares extend up to 25 m (82 ft). Prior to their research it was proposed that methane was tightly sealed into the permafrost by water depths up to 100 m (330 ft). Close to

575-694: The title Yamal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamal&oldid=1242276286 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yamal Peninsula 70°40′15″N 70°08′12″E  /  70.67088°N 70.13672°E  / 70.67088; 70.13672 The Yamal Peninsula ( Russian : полуостров Ямал , romanized :  poluostrov Yamal )

600-457: The uneven terrains included under the general category of thermokarst . The formation of permafrost thaw lakes due to warming climate is a positive feedback loop, as methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are released as permafrost thaws, contributing to further climate warming. The Batagaika crater in Siberia is an example of a large thermokarst depression. A thermokarst lake, also called

625-536: The world. Russian gas monopolist Gazprom had planned to develop the Yurkharovskoye gas field by 2011–2012. The peninsula's gas reserves are estimated to be 55 trillion cubic meters (tcm). Russia's largest energy project in history, known as the Yamal project , puts the future of nomadic reindeer herding at considerable risk. In 2014, Yamal was the discovery site of a distinct sinkhole , or pingo , which quickly drew

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