The Yalakom River is a tributary of the Bridge River , which is one of the principal tributaries of the Fraser River , entering it near the town of Lillooet, British Columbia . In frontier times it was also known as the North Fork of the Bridge River , and joins the Bridge River proper at Moha , a rural community with a history in ranching, farming and mining. The river is approximately 50km (30 mi) in length. The valley's climate is semi-arid in character and lodgepole pine predominates below treeline.
36-638: The name Yalakom comes from the Statimc language word for the ewe of the mountain sheep and is also applied to one of the major peaks of the Camelsfoot Range , which rises along the east bank of the Yalakom. West of the river is the Shulaps Range , which is similarly named for the ram of the mountain sheep in Statimc . The upper part of the valley's east bank, in the area of Yalakom Mountain, had been for many years
72-466: A consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract , except for the h sound, which is pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Examples are [p] and [b], pronounced with the lips ; [t] and [d], pronounced with the front of the tongue ; [k] and [g], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h] , pronounced throughout the vocal tract; [f] , [v], and [s] , pronounced by forcing air through
108-419: A syllable : The most sonorous part of the syllable (that is, the part that is easiest to sing ), called the syllabic peak or nucleus , is typically a vowel, while the less sonorous margins (called the onset and coda ) are typically consonants. Such syllables may be abbreviated CV, V, and CVC, where C stands for consonant and V stands for vowel. This can be argued to be the only pattern found in most of
144-610: A Lil’wat-language program." St̓át̓imcets has 44 consonants : St'at'imcets has 8 vowels : Post-velar Harmony (retraction): There are two orthographies, one based on Americanist Phonetic Notation that was developed by the Mount Currie School and used by the Lillooet Council, and a modification by Bouchard that is used by the Upper St̓át̓imc Language, Culture and Education Society. The latter orthography
180-559: A combination of these features, such as "voiceless alveolar stop" [t] . In this case, the airstream mechanism is omitted. Some pairs of consonants like p::b , t::d are sometimes called fortis and lenis , but this is a phonological rather than phonetic distinction. Consonants are scheduled by their features in a number of IPA charts: Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to the left are voiceless . Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. The recently extinct Ubykh language had only 2 or 3 vowels but 84 consonants;
216-527: A consonant that is very similar. For instance, an areal feature of the Pacific Northwest coast is that historical *k has become palatalized in many languages, so that Saanich for example has /tʃ/ and /kʷ/ but no plain /k/ ; similarly, historical *k in the Northwest Caucasian languages became palatalized to /kʲ/ in extinct Ubykh and to /tʃ/ in most Circassian dialects. Symbols to
252-817: A mile West of the Yalakom River. Surrey B.C. Where a Ministry Wildlife Biologist Identified it as a Boreal Owl. This specimen came from Big Dog Mountain Within the Yalakom Drainage. 50°51′48″N 122°10′20″W / 50.86333°N 122.17222°W / 50.86333; -122.17222 This article related to a river in the Interior of British Columbia , Canada is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Statimc language Lillooet ( / ˈ l ɪ l oʊ ɛ t / ; Lillooet: St̓át̓imcets / Sƛ̓aƛ̓imxǝc , [ˈʃt͡ɬʼæt͡ɬʼjəmxət͡ʃ] )
288-416: A narrow channel ( fricatives ); and [m] and [n] , which have air flowing through the nose ( nasals ). Most consonants are pulmonic , using air pressure from the lungs to generate a sound. Very few natural languages are non-pulmonic, making use of ejectives , implosives , and clicks . Contrasting with consonants are vowels . Since the number of speech sounds in the world's languages is much greater than
324-457: A range of functions such as expressing plural, diminutive, aspect, etc. A more complicated type of reduplication is the internal reduplication used to express the diminutive. In this case the consonant before a stressed vowel is reduplicated after the stressed vowel and usually the vowel then changes to e (IPA: [ə] ). Examples are below: More than one reduplicative process can occur in a given word: St’át’imcets has several other variants of
360-401: A vowel. The word consonant may be used ambiguously for both speech sounds and the letters of the alphabet used to write them. In English, these letters are B , C , D , F , G , J , K , L , M , N , P , Q , S , T , V , X , Z and often H , R , W , Y . In English orthography , the letters H, R, W, Y and the digraph GH are used for both consonants and vowels. For instance,
396-469: A vowel. He divides them into two subcategories: hēmíphōna ( ἡμίφωνα 'half-sounded'), which are the continuants , and áphōna ( ἄφωνος 'unsounded'), which correspond to plosives . This description does not apply to some languages, such as the Salishan languages , in which plosives may occur without vowels (see Nuxalk ), and the modern concept of "consonant" does not require co-occurrence with
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#1732847963185432-480: A wildlife preserve and the area remains rich in game. The rural farming and ranching community of Moha is located at the confluence of the Yalakom and Bridge Rivers , at the mouth of the Big Canyon of the latter river. Copper prospects at Poison Mountain and Red Mountain at the head of the valley remain undeveloped, although there is a major reactivated gold claim on the flanks of Big Dog Mountain to their southwest at
468-612: Is Ucwalmicwts . The "Clao7alcw" (Raven's Nest) language nest program at Mount Currie , home of the Lil’wat , is conducted in the Lil̓wat language and was the focus of Onowa McIvor 's Master's thesis. As of 2014, "the Coastal Corridor Consortium— an entity made up of board members from First Nations and educational partners to improve aboriginal access to and performance in postsecondary education and training— ... [has] developed
504-470: Is Máma I am going to talk about. She went that way to get some food from her roothouse. So she took along her bucket. She got there, and she stayed around, taking potatoes. She was doing that, and then a mouse ran by there. So she grabbed it, she squeezed it. So she said: "You get all squashed now!" So she opened her hand and she let go of what turned out to be a potato, it was a rotten potato that she had caught... Consonant In articulatory phonetics ,
540-751: Is a Salishan language of the Interior branch spoken by the Stʼatʼimc in southern British Columbia , Canada, around the middle Fraser and Lillooet Rivers. The language of the Lower Lillooet people uses the name Ucwalmícwts , because St̓át̓imcets means "the language of the people of Sat̓ ", i.e. the Upper Lillooet of the Fraser River. Lillooet is an endangered language with around 580 fluent speakers, who tend to be over 60 years of age. St̓át̓imcets has two main dialects: Upper St̓át̓imcets
576-431: Is a (perhaps allophonic) difference in articulation between these segments, with the [j] in [ˈjɛs] yes and [ˈjiʲld] yield and the [w] of [ˈwuʷd] wooed having more constriction and a more definite place of articulation than the [ɪ] in [ˈbɔɪ̯l] boil or [ˈbɪt] bit or the [ʊ] of [ˈfʊt] foot . The other problematic area is that of syllabic consonants, segments articulated as consonants but occupying
612-1106: Is glossed as 'subjunctive' by van Eijk (1997) and Davis (2006) The following is a portion of a story in van Eijk (1981:87) told by Rosie Joseph of Mount Currie. St̓át̓imcets: Nilh aylh lts7a sMáma ti húz̓a qweqwl̓el̓tmínan. N̓as ku7 ámlec áku7 tsípunsa. Nilh t̓u7 st̓áksas ti xláka7sa. Tsicw áku7, nilh t̓u7 ses wa7, kwánas et7ú i sqáwtsa. Wa7 ku7 t̓u7 áti7 xílem, t̓ak ku7 knáti7 ti pú7y̓acwa. Nilh ku7 t̓u7 skwánas, lip̓in̓ás ku7. Nilh ku7 t̓u7 aylh stsuts: "Wa7 nalh aylh láti7 kapv́ta!" Nilh ku7 t̓u7 aylh sklhaka7mínas ku7 láti7 ti sqáwtsa cwilhá k̓a, nao7q̓ spawts ti kwanensása... International Phonetic Alphabet: /neɬ ɛjɬ lʧʔɛ ˈʃmɛmɛ te ˈhoˀzɛ qʷəqʷˀləˀltˈmenɛn. ˀnɛʃ koʔ ˈɛmləx ˈɛkoʔ ˈʧeponʃɛ. neɬ tɬʼoʔ ˈʃtɬʼɛkʃɛʃ te ˈχlɛkɛʔʃɛ. ʧexʷ ˈɛkoʔ neɬ tɬʼoʔ ʃəʃ ɣʷɛʔ ˈkʷɛnɛʃ ətˈʔo e ˈʃqɛɣʷʧɛ. ɣʷɛʔ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ˈɛteʔ ˈχeləm tɬʼɛk koʔ ˈknɛteʔ te ˈpoʔˀjɛxʷɛ. neɬ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ˈʃkʷɛnɛʃ lepʼeˀnˈɛʃ koʔ. neɬ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ɛjɬ ʃʧoʧ ɣʷɛʔ nɛɬ ɛjɬ ˈlɛteʔ kɛˈpʌtɛ neɬ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ɛjɬ ʃkɬɛkɛʔˈmenɛʃ koʔ ˈlɛteʔ te ˈʃqɛɣʷʧɛ xʷeɬˈɛ kʼɛ naʔqχʼ ʃpɛɣʷʧ te kʷɛnənˈʃɛʃɛ/ English translation: This time it
648-563: Is less common in non-rhotic accents.) The most frequent consonant in many other languages is /p/ . The most universal consonants around the world (that is, the ones appearing in nearly all languages) are the three voiceless stops /p/ , /t/ , /k/ , and the two nasals /m/ , /n/ . However, even these common five are not completely universal. Several languages in the vicinity of the Sahara Desert , including Arabic , lack /p/ . Several languages of North America, such as Mohawk , lack both of
684-567: Is spoken around Fountain , Pavilion , Lillooet , and neighboring areas. Lower St̓át̓imcets is spoken around Mount Currie and neighboring areas. An additional subdialect called Skookumchuck is spoken within the Lower St̓át̓imcets dialect area, but there is no information available in van Eijk (1981, 1997) (which are the main references for this article). A common usage used by the bands of the Lower Lillooet River below Lillooet Lake
720-465: Is unusual in that /tɬʼ/ is written ⟨t̓⟩ , but it is preferred in many modern Lillooet-speaking communities. St'at'imcets has two main types of words: The variable word type may be affected by many morphological processes, such as prefixation , suffixation , infixation , reduplication , and glottalization . St̓át̓imcets, like the other Salishan languages, exhibits predicate/argument flexibility. All full words are able to occur in
756-514: The Taa language has 87 consonants under one analysis , 164 under another , plus some 30 vowels and tone. The types of consonants used in various languages are by no means universal. For instance, nearly all Australian languages lack fricatives; a large percentage of the world's languages lack voiced stops such as /b/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ as phonemes, though they may appear phonetically. Most languages, however, do include one or more fricatives, with /s/ being
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#1732847963185792-426: The 80-odd consonants of Ubykh , it lacks the plain velar /k/ in native words, as do the related Adyghe and Kabardian languages. But with a few striking exceptions, such as Xavante and Tahitian —which have no dorsal consonants whatsoever—nearly all other languages have at least one velar consonant: most of the few languages that do not have a simple /k/ (that is, a sound that is generally pronounced [k] ) have
828-605: The B.C. Hunting & Trapping Regulations Synopsis which is published for the ministry of Forests lands and natural operations By Munday Tourism Publications . These M.U. boundaries are approximate only. For a more precise definition consult the BC Recreational Atlas, 6th edition. department branch in Surrey B.C. where a Ministry Wildlife Biologist Identified it as the Pygmy Shrew. This specimen came from near Rataskit Creek about
864-561: The Congo , and China , including Mandarin Chinese . In Mandarin, they are historically allophones of /i/ , and spelled that way in Pinyin . Ladefoged and Maddieson call these "fricative vowels" and say that "they can usually be thought of as syllabic fricatives that are allophones of vowels". That is, phonetically they are consonants, but phonemically they behave as vowels. Many Slavic languages allow
900-594: The above types. Reduplication is further complicated by consonant glottalization (see van Eijk (1997) for details). The subjunctive mood appears in nine distinct environments, with a range of semantic effects, including: The St̓át̓imcets subjunctive also differs from Indo-European subjunctives in that it is not selected by attitude verbs. St̓át̓imcets has a complex system of subject and object agreement. There are different subject agreement paradigms for transitive vs. intransitive predicates. For intransitive predicates, there are three distinct subject paradigms, one of which
936-693: The alphabet, though some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example, the sound spelled ⟨th⟩ in "this" is a different consonant from the ⟨th⟩ sound in "thin". (In the IPA, these are [ð] and [θ] , respectively.) The word consonant comes from Latin oblique stem cōnsonant- , from cōnsonāns 'sounding-together', a calque of Greek σύμφωνον sýmphōnon (plural sýmphōna , σύμφωνα ). Dionysius Thrax calls consonants sýmphōna ( σύμφωνα 'sounded with') because in Greek they can only be pronounced with
972-555: The head of the Shulaps Range . The yalakom River watershed is located within The British Columbian Wildlife Management Unit number 3-32 as depicted in the B.C Data Catalogue Wildlife Management Units. Published by the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development - Fish, Wildlife and Habitat Management and Licensed under Open Government License - British Columbia. And within
1008-636: The labials /p/ and /m/ . The Wichita language of Oklahoma and some West African languages, such as Ijo , lack the consonant /n/ on a phonemic level, but do use it phonetically, as an allophone of another consonant (of /l/ in the case of Ijo, and of /ɾ/ in Wichita). A few languages on Bougainville Island and around Puget Sound , such as Makah , lack both of the nasals [m] and [n] altogether, except in special speech registers such as baby-talk. The 'click language' Nǁng lacks /t/ , and colloquial Samoan lacks both alveolars, /t/ and /n/ . Despite
1044-449: The letter Y stands for the consonant/semi-vowel /j/ in y oke , the vowel /ɪ/ in m y th , the vowel /i/ in funn y , the diphthong /aɪ/ in sk y , and forms several digraphs for other diphthongs, such as sa y , bo y , ke y . Similarly, R commonly indicates or modifies a vowel in non-rhotic accents . This article is concerned with consonant sounds, however they are written. Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of
1080-479: The most common, and a liquid consonant or two, with /l/ the most common. The approximant /w/ is also widespread, and virtually all languages have one or more nasals , though a very few, such as the Central dialect of Rotokas , lack even these. This last language has the smallest number of consonants in the world, with just six. In rhotic American English, the consonants spoken most frequently are /n, ɹ, t/ . ( /ɹ/
1116-650: The nucleus of a syllable. This may be the case for words such as church in rhotic dialects of English, although phoneticians differ in whether they consider this to be a syllabic consonant, /ˈtʃɹ̩tʃ/ , or a rhotic vowel, /ˈtʃɝtʃ/ : Some distinguish an approximant /ɹ/ that corresponds to a vowel /ɝ/ , for rural as /ˈɹɝl/ or [ˈɹʷɝːl̩] ; others see these as a single phoneme, /ˈɹɹ̩l/ . Other languages use fricative and often trilled segments as syllabic nuclei, as in Czech and several languages in Democratic Republic of
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1152-552: The number of letters in any one alphabet , linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to assign a unique and unambiguous symbol to each attested consonant. The English alphabet has fewer consonant letters than the English language has consonant sounds, so digraphs like ⟨ch⟩ , ⟨sh⟩ , ⟨th⟩ , and ⟨ng⟩ are used to extend
1188-504: The predicate (including words with typically 'nouny' meanings such as nk̓yap 'coyote', which in the predicate essentially means 'to be a coyote') and any full word is able to appear in an argument, even those that seem "verby", such as t̓ak 'go along', which as a noun, is equivalent the noun phrase 'one that goes along'. St̓át̓imcets, as is typical of the Salishan family, has several types of reduplication (and triplication) that have
1224-576: The syllable nucleus, as the i in English boil [ˈbɔɪ̯l] . On the other, there are approximants that behave like consonants in forming onsets, but are articulated very much like vowels, as the y in English yes [ˈjɛs] . Some phonologists model these as both being the underlying vowel /i/ , so that the English word bit would phonemically be /bit/ , beet would be /bii̯t/ , and yield would be phonemically /i̯ii̯ld/ . Likewise, foot would be /fut/ , food would be /fuu̯d/ , wood would be /u̯ud/ , and wooed would be /u̯uu̯d/ . However, there
1260-643: The trill [r̩] and the lateral [l̩] as syllabic nuclei (see Words without vowels ). In languages like Nuxalk , it is difficult to know what the nucleus of a syllable is, or if all syllables even have nuclei. If the concept of 'syllable' applies in Nuxalk, there are syllabic consonants in words like /sx̩s/ ( /s̩xs̩/ ?) 'seal fat'. Miyako in Japan is similar, with /f̩ks̩/ 'to build' and /ps̩ks̩/ 'to pull'. Each spoken consonant can be distinguished by several phonetic features : All English consonants can be classified by
1296-446: The world's languages, and perhaps the primary pattern in all of them. However, the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut: there are syllabic consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world's languages. One blurry area is in segments variously called semivowels , semiconsonants , or glides . On one side, there are vowel-like segments that are not in themselves syllabic, but form diphthongs as part of
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