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64-571: The City and Borough of Yakutat ( / ˈ j æ k ə t æ t / , YAK -ə-tat ; Tlingit : Yaakwdáat ; Russian : Якутат ) is a borough in the state of Alaska . Yakutat was also the name of a former city within the borough. The name in Tlingit is Yaakwdáat (meaning "the place where canoes rest"). It is derived from an Eyak name, diyaʼqudaʼt , and was influenced by the Tlingit word yaakw ("canoe, boat"). The borough covers an area about six times

128-416: A circumflex , and long low vowels are marked with a grave accent. Short low vowels are unmarked. Coastal Tlingit <áa> and <aa> are Inland <â> and <à> respectively. Coastal <éi> and <ei> are Inland <ê> and <è>, Coastal <ée> and <ee> are Inland <î> and <ì>, and Coastal <óo> and <oo> are Inland <û> and <ù>. Word onset

192-717: A subarctic climate ( Dfc ) or a subpolar oceanic climate ( Cfc ) with characteristics such as high precipitation, absence of permafrost , and temperate rainforest vegetation of the climate zone of the Pacific Coast. It rivals Ketchikan as the wettest "city" in the United States, with an annual precipitation (1991−2020 normals) of 140 inches (3.56 m), which falls on 240 days of the year, including 150 inches (4 m) of snow. Almost all of it falls from November through April and it occurs on 64 days annually. (However, with an annual precipitation of 197.8 inches (5.02 m),

256-516: A Japanese colony. According to family members, Kayamori sent letters, money, pictures, toys and once a whole salmon packed in salt. In Yakutat, children just called Kayamori Picture Man. For thirty years, he photographed celebrations, ceremonies, Tlingit culture, and the growing influences of colonialism. Kayamori had a box camera with a hood, and a darkroom in his small house near the cannery on Monti Bay. Yakutat's exposed Pacific coastline made it vulnerable and U.S. military forces began to fortify

320-666: A Tlingit war party attacked and destroyed the fort in 1805. By 1886, after the 1867 Alaska Purchase by the United States from the Russian Empire , the area's black sand beaches were being mined for gold. In 1889 the Swedish Free Mission Church opened a school and sawmill in the area. About 1903 the Stimson Lumber Company constructed a cannery, another sawmill, a store, and a railroad. Many people moved to

384-618: A Yakutat couple found boxes of Kayamori's negatives, mostly fragile 5×7 inch glass plates , in the attic of an abandoned church mission house scheduled for demolition. Yakutat residents eventually delivered the collection to the Alaska State Library in Juneau. In the late 70s, the city of Yakutat and the library shared expenses to develop two sets of prints from about seven hundred negatives, and to make copy negatives of about three hundred photographs. A group of Yakutat residents met with

448-482: A day with a high temperature under 0 °F (−18 °C) has never been recorded. Yakutat first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated Tlingit-Yakutat village. All 300 residents were listed as Tlingit. In 1890, it reported 308 residents including the populations of the native villages at Dry Bay & Lituya (Bay); 300 were listed as Native, 7 Whites and 1 Creole (Mixed Russian & Native). Yakutat formally incorporated in 1948. In 1992, it broke away from

512-568: A local cannery from 1912 to 1941, Seiki Kayamori extensively photographed Yakutat and its area; Yakutat City Hall holds a large set of prints of his work. Yakutat and Southern Railway was a rail operation in the area. It served several canneries south of Yakutat and primarily hauled fish to the harbor. Service ended in the mid-1960s. According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has an area of 9,463 square miles (24,510 km), of which 7,649 square miles (19,810 km)

576-503: A median income of $ 42,404 versus $ 26,875 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 21,330. About 11.8% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over. Tlingit language The Tlingit language ( English: / ˈ k l ɪ ŋ k ɪ t / KLING -kit ; Lingít Tlingit pronunciation: [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ] )

640-562: A modern work postdating Naish and Story's work in the 1960s. Seiki Kayamori Kayamori lived in Yakutat for some 30 years and never returned to Japan. But even before Pearl Harbor was bombed, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation suspected him and other Japanese immigrants on the West Coast of spying. Two days after the attack, awaiting his arrest, Kayamori committed suicide. No credible evidence has ever been produced to indicate that he

704-401: A three-year military term. The law also required an additional three-year term in the reserves. In 1903, Japan was on the brink of war with Russia , and reservists like Kayamori waited to be recalled up to duty. In September 1903, Kayamori turned 26 aboard the steamer Iyo Maru during the voyage from Yokohama to Seattle. He arrived with $ 87.10 and a steamer ticket for San Francisco, according to

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768-429: A town resident. Locals say Kayamori knew he would soon be arrested and interned. On December 9, he committed suicide in his home. Under cause of death, his death certificate asks "Drug?" The doctor who responded to Kayamori's death later wrote that he found evidence of an attempt to burn some documents. Locals say soldiers buried Kayamori across the bay, a site that was later paved for a naval ramp. Twenty years later,

832-463: Is murmured , essentially a rapid opening of the glottis once articulation is begun.) The tone values in two-tone dialects can be predicted in some cases from the three-tone values but not the reverse. Earlier, it was hypothesized that the three-tone dialects were older and that the two-tone dialects evolved from them. However, Jeff Leer 's discovery of the Tongass dialect in the late 1970s has shown that

896-618: Is always consonantal in Tlingit and so words never begin with a vowel. Where a vowel would theoretically have occurred, such as by prefixing or compounding, the vowel is always followed by either [ʔ] or [j] . The former is universal in single words, and both are found in word-medial position in compounds. The orthography does not reflect the [ʔ] in word-initial position, but either . or y may be seen in medial position. For example: khu- INDH . OBJ - ÿu- PERF - ÿa- ( 0 , - D , +I)- t'áa hot khu- ÿu- ÿa- t'áa INDH .OBJ- PERF- {(0, -D, +I)}- hot "the weather

960-442: Is because of the influence of English, which makes a similar distinction. For speakers who make the voiced/unvoiced distinction, the distribution is symmetrical with the unaspirated/aspirated distinction among other speakers. Maddieson , Smith, and Bessel (2001) note that all word final non-ejective stops are phonemically unaspirated. That contrasts with the orthography that typically represents them as aspirated stops: t [tʰ] for

1024-434: Is common to later hear such speakers producing those forms themselves. It is uncertain whether this assimilation is autochthonous or if it arose from contact with English, but the former is more likely from a purely articulatory perspective. Young speakers and second-language learners are increasingly making a voiced/unvoiced distinction between consonants, rather than the traditional unaspirated/aspirated distinction. That

1088-404: Is divided into roughly five major dialects, all of which are essentially mutually intelligible: The various dialects of Tlingit can be classified roughly into two-tone and three-tone systems. Tongass Tlingit, however, has no tone but a four-way register contrast between short, long, glottalized, and "fading" vowels. (In the last type, the onset of the vowel is articulated normally but the release

1152-405: Is hot" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( help ); But when the perfective prefix ÿu- is word-initial, the glottal stop appears to ensure that the word begins with a consonant. ∅- 3 . NEU . OBJ - ÿu- PERF - ÿa- ( 0 , - D , +I)- t'áa hot ∅- ÿu- ÿa- t'áa 3. NEU .OBJ- PERF- {(0, -D, +I)}- hot "it is hot" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( help ); Until

1216-455: Is land and 1,813 square miles (4,700 km) is water. The 2010 census also defines a smaller census-designated place named Yakutat, which has an area of 104.1 square miles (269.6 km), of which 100.5 square miles (260.3 km) is land and 3.6 square miles (9.3 km) is water. Yakutat's population center is located at 59°32′49″N 139°43′38″W  /  59.54694°N 139.72722°W  / 59.54694; -139.72722 , at

1280-410: Is possible but has not been verified that aspirated and unaspirated stops are collapsed into a single phoneme word-finally. Maddieson and colleagues also confirm that the ejective fricatives in Tlingit are in fact true ejectives, despite the widely-held assumption that ejective fricatives are not actually phonetically ejective but are as a sequence of fricative and glottal stop. In Tlingit, at least,

1344-653: Is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada and is a branch of the Na-Dene language family . Extensive effort is being put into revitalization programs in Southeast Alaska to revive and preserve the Tlingit language and culture. Missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church were the first to develop a written version of Tlingit by using the Cyrillic script to record and translate it when

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1408-602: Is symmetric with an aspirated consonant Cʰ , and a glottalized vowel Vʔ is symmetric with an ejective (glottalized) consonant Cʼ . That implies that the two systems have no familial relationship. Leer (1978) speculated that the maintenance of the pretonal system in Tongass Tlingit was caused by the proximity of its speakers around the Cape Fox area near the mouth of the Portland Canal to speakers of Coastal Tsimshian, just to

1472-527: The Coast Tsimshian dialect . However, Krauss and Leer (1981, p. 165) point out that the fading vowels in Coastal Tsimshian are the surface realization of underlying sequences of vowel and glottalized sonorant, VʔC . That is in contradistinction to the glottal modifications in Tongass Tlingit, which Leer argues are symmetric with the modifications of the consonantal system. Thus, a fading vowel V̤

1536-527: The Russian Empire had contact with Alaska and the coast of North America down to Sonoma County, California . After the Alaska Purchase , English-speaking missionaries from the United States developed a written version of the language with the Latin alphabet . The history of Tlingit is poorly known, mostly because there is no written record until the first contact with Europeans around the 1790s. Documentation

1600-769: The Taku River and into northern British Columbia and the Yukon around Atlin Lake ( Áa Tleen "Big Lake") and Teslin Lake ( Desleen < Tas Tleen "Big Thread") lake districts, as well as a concentration around Bennett Lake at the end of the Chilkoot Trail ( Jilkhoot ). Otherwise, Tlingit is not found in Canada . Tlingit legend tells that groups of Tlingit once inhabited the Stikine , Nass , and Skeena river valleys during their migrations from

1664-587: The 18th and 19th centuries, English, French, Spanish, and Russian explorers came to the region. The Shelikhov-Golikov Company , a precursor of the Russian-American Company , built a fort in Yakutat in 1795 to facilitate trade with the Alaska Natives in sea-otter pelts. The settlement became known as New Russia , Yakutat Colony, or Slavorossiya . After the Russians cut off access to the fisheries nearby,

1728-614: The Alaskan coast line [sic] from Yakutat to Cape Spencer." A day before the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor , Hoover wrote to the War Department's military intelligence division requesting information on a number of individuals. Under Kayamori's name the reply noted: "Reported on suspect list, Alaska." After the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, soldiers reportedly beat up the 64-year-old, 5-foot-3 (160 cm) photographer, according to

1792-548: The CDP was 41.47% White , 0.15% Black or African American , 47.06% Native American , 1.47% Asian , 0.88% Pacific Islander , and 8.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population. Of the 261 households, 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 31.4% of households were one person, and 5.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size

1856-506: The Haida linguist John Enrico presented new arguments and reopened the debate. Victor Golla writes in his 2011 California Native Languages , "John Enrico, the contemporary linguist with the deepest knowledge of Haida, continues to believe that a real, if distant, genetic relationship connects Haida to Na-Dene[.]" The Tlingit language is distributed from near the mouth of the Copper River down

1920-542: The Libby, McNeil & Libby fish cannery. Racist attitudes and active unions at the time ensured that the jobs available to Japanese immigrants on the West Coast were largely limited to agricultural, railroad, laundry and cannery work. Today, Yakutat is a large (9860 square mile), sparsely populated, consolidated city/borough. After his father's death, Kayamori's mother went to live with her grandson's family in Manchuria , then

1984-596: The Northern dialect, the dominant spoken dialect of Tlingit and the standard for written Tlingit, every vowel may take either high or low tone ; in the orthography high tone is indicated by an acute accent ( áa ) and low tone is unmarked ( aa ). The Southern and Transitional dialects have a mid tone which is unmarked and additional low tone which is marked by a grave accent ( àa ). The Inland Tlingit orthography does not use vowel digraphs. Instead, short high vowels are marked with an acute accent, long high vowels are marked with

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2048-560: The Skagway-Yakutat-Angoon Census Area to form its own borough of Yakutat. It disincorporated at its formation and became a census-designated place (CDP). At the census of 2010 , there were 662 people, 502 households, and 201 families residing in Yakutat. The racial makeup was 50.37% White , 0.12% Black or African American , 39.60% Native American , 1.24% Asian , 0.74% Pacific Islander , and 7.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.74% of

2112-468: The Tongass vowel system is adequate to predict the tonal features of both the two-tone and three-tone dialects, but none of the tonal dialects could be used to predict vocalic feature distribution in Tongass Tlingit. Thus, Tongass Tlingit is the most conservative of the various dialects of Tlingit, preserving contrasts which have been lost in the other dialects. The fading and glottalized vowels in Tongass Tlingit have also been compared with similar systems in

2176-678: The Yakutat Tlingit Tribe (YTT) received a Language Preservation Grant from the Administration for Native Americans. With this, they have reinvigorated their efforts to teach the Tlingit language to middle-aged and young people. YTT received another ANA grant in 2007 and is expanding its role in the schools. All the YTT Tlingit language revitalization work focuses on using communicative approaches to second-language teaching, such as TPR and American Sign Language (ASLA). While working at

2240-478: The area as World War II escalated. Soldiers warned Yakutat residents to prepare for an attack. In October 1940, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover sent a letter to the bureau's Juneau agent requesting the names of "persons who should be considered for custodial detention pending investigation in the event of a national emergency." The reply included the name S. Kayamori and a description: "Is reported to be an enthusiastic photographer and to have panoramic views of

2304-481: The articulation of ejective fricatives includes complete closure of the glottis before frication begins, and the larynx is raised in the same manner as with ejective stops. Characteristically, the ejective fricatives in Tlingit feature a much smaller aperture for frication than is found in ordinary fricatives. That articulation provides increased resistance to counter the continual loss of dynamic airstream pressure. Also, ejective fricatives appear to include tightening of

2368-509: The borough. The original settlers in the Yakutat area are believed to have been Eyak -speaking people from the Copper River area. Tlingit people migrated into the region and the Eyak were assimilated into the tribe before the arrival of Europeans in Alaska. Yakutat was only one of a number of Tlingit and mixed Tlingit-Eyak settlements in the region. The others have been depopulated or abandoned. In

2432-431: The city of Whittier receives significantly more annual precipitation than both Yakutat and Ketchikan, which makes it the wettest city in Alaska and the United States, and Yakutat and Ketchikan the second- and third-wettest cities in Alaska, respectively.) September and October represent, on average, the year's primary "rainy season" with an average of over 18 inches (0.46 m) of precipitation for both months. On average,

2496-503: The current site of Yakutat to be closer to work at the Stimson cannery, which operated through 1970. During World War II , the USAAF stationed a large aviation garrison near Yakutat and built a paved runway. The troops were withdrawn after the war. The runway is still in use as Yakutat Airport , which offers scheduled airline service. Fishing is the largest economic activity in Yakutat. In 2004

2560-460: The distances that separate them, both geographic and linguistic. Tlingit is currently classified as a distinct and separate branch of Na-Dene, an indigenous language family of North America . Edward Sapir (1915) argued for its inclusion in the Na-Dené family, a claim that was subsequently debated by Franz Boas (1917), P.E. Goddard (1920), and many other prominent linguists of the time. Studies in

2624-460: The glacial dam failed. If Russell Lake rises to 135 feet (41.15 m), the water will spill over a pass and flow into the Situk River . That would have a major impact on a world-class fishery. Yakutat would not be affected unless the glacier advances to the townsite, which could take a thousand years. The area's vegetation indicates that water was flowing over the pass until about 1860. Yakutat has

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2688-649: The interior. There is a small group of speakers (some 85) in Washington as well. Golla (2007) reported a decreasing population of 500 speakers in Alaska. The First Peoples' Cultural Council (2014) reported 2 speakers in Canada out of an ethnic population of 400. As of 2013, Tlingit courses are available at the University of Alaska Southeast . In April 2014, Alaska HB 216 recognized Tlingit as an official language of Alaska, lending support to language revitalization . Tlingit

2752-676: The late 1960s, Tlingit was written exclusively in phonetic transcription in the works of linguists and anthropologists except for a little-known Cyrillic alphabet used for publications by the Russian Orthodox Church . A number of amateur anthropologists doing extensive work on the Tlingit had no training in linguistics and so left numerous samples in vague and inconsistent transcriptions, the most famous being George T. Emmons . However, such noted anthropologists as Franz Boas , John R. Swanton , and Frederica de Laguna have transcribed Tlingit in various related systems that feature accuracy and consistency but sacrifice readability. Two problems ensue from

2816-506: The late 20th century by (Heinz-)Jürgen Pinnow (1962, 1968, 1970, int. al.) and Michael E. Krauss (1964, 1965, 1969, int. al.) showed a strong connection to Eyak and hence to the Athabaskan languages . Sapir initially proposed a connection between Tlingit and Haida , but the debate over Na-Dene gradually excluded Haida from the discussion. Haida is now considered an isolate , with some borrowing from its long proximity with Tlingit. In 2004,

2880-463: The laws of the state in which they are located." The area consisting of about 100 sq mi (260 km), contained the vast majority of the population of the entire city-borough. At the 2000 census , there were 680 people, 261 households, and 157 families in the CDP. The population density was 6.8 people per square mile (2.6 people/km). There were 385 housing units at an average density of 3.9 per square mile (1.5/km). The racial makeup of

2944-421: The more accurate d [t] . There is a wide variation in ordinary speech, ranging from unreleased [t̚] to a very delayed aspiration [tːʰ] . However, the underlying phoneme is certainly unaspirated /t/ since it is consistently produced when the word is suffixed. The orthography usually but not always reflects that: hít "house" is written (du) hídi "(his) house" when marked with the possessive suffix -ÿí . It

3008-482: The mouth of Yakutat Bay . It lies in an isolated location in lowlands along the Gulf of Alaska , 212 miles (341 kilometres)) northwest of Juneau . Yakutat borders the Gulf of Alaska to the west, Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska to the northwest, Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska to the southeast, Stikine Region, British Columbia to the northeast-east, and Yukon Territory to the north. The borough contains part of

3072-489: The multiplicity of transcription systems used for Tlingit. One is that there are many of them, thus requiring any reader to learn each individual system depending on what sources are used. The other is that most transcriptions made before Boas's study of Tlingit have numerous mistakes in them, particularly because of misinterpretations of the short vowels and ejective consonants. Accuracy of transcription can be increased by checking against similar words in other systems, or against

3136-534: The open coast of the Gulf of Alaska and throughout almost all of the islands of the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska . It is characterized by four or five distinct dialects, but they are mostly mutually intelligible. Almost all of the area where the Tlingit language is endemic is contained within the modern borders of Alaska . The exception is an area known as "Inland Tlingit" that extends up

3200-481: The pharyngeal muscles, which reduces the diameter of the air column and so further increases pressure. That pharyngeal constriction is not true pharyngealization, however, since the diameter is still greater than what is found in pharyngealized consonants in other languages. Tlingit has eight vowels , four vowels further distinguished formally by length . However, the length distinction is often in terms of tenseness rather than length, particularly in rapid speech. For

3264-404: The population. It is reported that 5.78% of the population spoke Tlingit at home. Of the 265 households, 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.1% of households were one person, and 4.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size

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3328-573: The protected areas of Chugach National Forest , Glacier Bay National Park , Glacier Bay Wilderness , Tongass National Forest , Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve , Wrangell-Saint Elias Wilderness , and the Russell Fjord Wilderness. A unique feature in the borough is Hubbard Glacier , North America's largest tidewater glacier. In 1986 and 2002, the glacier blocked the entrance to Russell Fjord. The resulting Russell Lake rose 83 feet (25.30 m) and 61 feet (18.59 m) until

3392-512: The ship's manifest, which lists his last residence as Tokyo and his occupation as "laborer and farmer". The ship's manifest lists his destination as the Japanese Methodist Mission on Pine Street. By 1910, Kayamori was living in a Seattle's Welcome Hotel and working as a "cleaner and passer" at a dye works, according to census records. Around 1912, he moved to Yakutat , a small Tlingit village in southeast Alaska , where he worked in

3456-425: The size of the state of Rhode Island , making it one of the nation's largest counties or county equivalents. As of the 2020 census the population was 657. As of 2010, it was Alaska's least populous borough or census area, and the ninth-least populous county nationwide. The population declined from 680 in 2000. The Borough of Yakutat was incorporated as a non-unified Home Rule Borough on September 22, 1992. Yakutat

3520-514: The south. Tlingit has a complex phonological system compared to Indo-European languages such as English or Spanish . It has an almost complete series of ejective consonants accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants. The only missing consonant in the Tlingit ejective series is [ʃʼ] . The language is also notable for having several laterals but no voiced [l] and for having no labials in most dialects, except for [m] and [p] in recent English loanwords . The consonants in

3584-486: The state librarian to identify people and places in the pictures. One set of prints currently resides at the Yakutat City Hall, the other at the state library, which lists 694 photographs. According to the library, ethnologists and historians from various universities have studied the photo collection, listed under the name Fhoki [sic] Kayamori. Kayamori family members have confirmed that the photographer's first name

3648-581: The table are given in the IPA, with the popular orthography equivalents in brackets. Marginal or historical phonemes are given in parentheses. Nasal consonants assimilating with /n/ and the velar and uvular plosives is common among Tlingit-speakers of all dialects. For example, the sequence ng ( /nk/ ) is often heard as [ŋk] and ngh ( /nq/ ) as [ɴq] . Native speakers in a teaching position may admonish learners when they produce these assimilated forms, deriding them as "not Tlingit" or "too English", but it

3712-744: The year's driest period is late April through July, though no month qualifies as a true "dry season." The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 28.6 °F (−1.9 °C) in January to 55.4 °F (13.0 °C) in July. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −24 °F (−31 °C) on December 30, 1964, up to 88 °F (31 °C) on August 15, 2004, though on average, there are typically 3.9 days of minima reaching to or below 1 °F (−17 °C) and only 5.8 days of maxima at or above 70 °F (21 °C)+ highs annually. Unlike in South Central Alaska,

3776-433: Was $ 51,875. Males had a median income of $ 41,635 versus $ 25,938 for females. The per capita income was $ 22,579. About 11.8% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over. At the census of 2000 , central Yakutat was treated as a census-designated place (CDP), even though census-designated places "are not legally incorporated under

3840-419: Was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.30. The population was spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 28.7% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 145.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 161.7 males. The median household income was in Yakutat was $ 46,786, and the median family income

3904-417: Was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.30. The age distribution was 31.0% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 123.3 males. The median household income was $ 47,054 and the median family income was $ 51,875. Males had

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3968-527: Was a spy. Today, about 700 of Kayamori's photographs are housed at the Alaska State Historical Library in Juneau. Kayamori was born in 1877 in what was then the village of Dembo, today part of Fuji City in central Japan. He was the fifth of eight children; the second of four sons. The wealthy and prominent Kayamori family owned a paper mill , farm lands and a small department store . Under Japan's conscription law, Kayamori likely served

4032-612: Was previously a city in the Skagway–Yakutat–Angoon Census Area (later renamed the Skagway–Hoonah–Angoon Census Area ). The United States Census Bureau has defined the former City of Yakutat as a census-designated place within the borough. The borough's only other significant population center is the community of Icy Bay , the site of the Icy Bay Airport which is in the west-central part of

4096-557: Was sparse and irregular until the early 20th century. The language appears to have spread northward from the Ketchikan – Saxman area towards the Chilkat region since certain conservative features are reduced gradually from south to north. The shared features between the Eyak language , found around the Copper River delta, and Tongass Tlingit , near the Portland Canal , are all the more striking for

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