78-581: Yakult ( ヤクルト , Yakuruto ) is a Japanese sweetened probiotic milk beverage fermented with the bacteria strain Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota. It is sold by Yakult Honsha , based in Tokyo . The name "Yakult" was coined from jahurto , an Esperanto word meaning " yogurt ". Yakult's ingredients are water, skimmed milk, glucose-fructose syrup , sucrose, natural flavors ( citrus ), and live Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota bacteria. The strain
156-471: A monotherapy , the likelihood of remission was 22% higher if probiotics were used in combination with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy. Whereas in people who are already in remission, it is unclear whether probiotics help to prevent future relapse, either as a monotherapy or combination therapy . Probiotics are under study for their potential to affect irritable bowel syndrome , although uncertainty remains around which type of probiotic works best, and around
234-421: A cause-and-effect relationship between consumption of probiotic products and any health benefit. There is no scientific basis for extrapolating an effect from a tested strain to an untested strain. Improved health through gut flora modulation appears to be directly related to long-term dietary changes. Claims that some lactobacilli may contribute to weight gain in some humans remain controversial. There
312-525: A health benefit is provided by the product when no scientific proof exists to demonstrate that health effect. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) have issued warning letters and imposed punishment on various manufacturers of probiotic products whose labels claim to treat a disease or condition. Food product labeling requires language approved by
390-607: A health claim that is not measurable. A group of scientific experts assembled in Canada in October 2013 to discuss the scope and appropriate use of the term "probiotic", adjusting the definition to be "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host." Live probiotic cultures are part of fermented dairy products , other fermented foods, and probiotic-fortified foods. Lactic acid bacteria (LABs), which are food fermenting bacteria, have
468-486: A panel appointed by the Netherlands Nutrition Center ( Voedingscentrum ) to evaluate a marketing request by Yakult found sufficient evidence to justify claims that drinking at least one bottle of Yakult per day might help improve bowel movements for people who tend to be constipated and might help maintain a healthy population of gut flora . In 2010, a European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) panel denied
546-436: A possible treatment for various forms of gastroenteritis . As a treatment for infectious diarrhea, probiotics are of no benefit to people who have the condition for more than two days, and there is no evidence they lessen the duration of diarrhea overall. Probiotics are commonly given to breastfeeding mothers and their young children to prevent eczema ( dermatitis ), but no good evidence shows efficacy for this purpose. There
624-469: A potentially fatal disease. Probiotic supplements typically contain between one and ten billion colony-forming units (CFUs) per dose. A higher number of CFUs does not provide additional probiotic effects, but may have unintended consequences of causing digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. Lactobacillus species have been suggested to contribute to obesity in humans, but no evidence of this relationship has been found. In 2015,
702-648: A professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris , proposed the hypothesis that the aging process results from the activity of putrefactive ( proteolytic ) microbes producing toxic substances in the large bowel . Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia , which are part of the normal gut microbiota, produce toxic substances including phenols , indols , and ammonia from the digestion of proteins . According to Metchnikoff , these compounds were responsible for what he called "intestinal autointoxication ", which would cause
780-551: A request by the company to market Yakult as defending the upper respiratory tract against pathogens (in other words, protection against diseases like the common cold ), finding the claim not supported by the evidence. In 2013, the UK Advertising Standards Authority disallowed an advertisement for Yakult in response to a complaint. It found that while there was sufficient evidence for the claim that "significant numbers of viable [Lactobacillus] survived transit to
858-430: A result. A 2015 Cochrane review concluded that a protective effect of some probiotics existed for AAD in children. The known risks of using probiotics for treating Clostridioides difficile outweighs the uncertain benefits. Probiotic treatment might reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several meta-analyses . For example, treatment with probiotic formulations including L. rhamnosus may reduce
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#1732851211853936-417: A rise in the drink's sales that coincided with a 2.8% increase in share price following the film's release on 17 August. In January 2020, professional sumo wrestler Takakeishō Takanobu appeared in a television commercial advertising Yakult 1000. Probiotic Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring
1014-432: A risk exists for the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the internal organs (bacterial translocation) as a consequence of bacteremia , which can cause adverse health consequences. Rarely, consumption of probiotics by children with lowered immune system function or who are already critically ill may result in bacteremia or fungemia (i.e., bacteria or fungi in the blood), which can lead to sepsis ,
1092-489: A strain of Escherichia coli from the feces of a soldier who was not affected by the disease. Methods of treating infectious diseases were needed at that time when antibiotics were not yet available, and Nissle used the E. coli Nissle 1917 strain in acute gastrointestinal infectious salmonellosis and shigellosis . In 1920, Rettger and Cheplin reported that Metchnikoff's "Bulgarian Bacillus", later called Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus , could not live in
1170-718: A way to store and stabilize cultures. Six substances, being sodium chloride , sorbitol , mannitol , mannose , monosodium glutamate , and betaine were tested to determine if they had any effect on the survivability of the cells after freeze-drying. Three of the six substances added had a positive effect on the growth and freeze-drying of Lactobacillus, being sodium chloride, sorbitol, and sodium glutamate. The results suggest that these substances have protective effects on Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in small concentrations, but have little effect or even some harmful effects in higher concentrations. The optimal concentrations for sorbitol, sodium chloride and sodium glutamate for
1248-512: Is non-motile and does not form spores. It is also non-pathogenic. It is regarded as aciduric or acidophilic , since it requires a low pH (around 5.4–4.6) to grow effectively. In addition, it is anaerobic . As it grows on raw dairy products, it creates and maintains the acidic environment that it needs to thrive via its production of lactic acid. In addition, it grows optimally at temperatures of 40–44 °C under anaerobic conditions. It has complex nutritional requirements which vary according to
1326-591: Is available. Kefir contains Lactobacillus acidophilus , Bifidobacterium bifidum , Streptococcus thermophilus , Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens , Lactococcus lactis , and Leuconostoc species. Buttermilk contains either Lactococcus lactis or L. bulgaricus . Other acidic bacteria, said to be probiotic, can be found in kombucha , including Gluconacetobacter xylinus , Zygosaccharomyces sp., Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter aceti , and Gluconobacter oxydans . The manipulation of
1404-588: Is considered to be symbiotic. Both species produce lactic acid , which gives yogurt its tart flavor and acts as a preservative. The resulting decrease in pH also partially coagulates the milk proteins, such as casein, resulting in yogurt's thickness. While fermenting milk, L. d. bulgaricus produces acetaldehyde , one of the main yogurt aroma components. Some strains of L. d. bulgaricus , such as L. bulgaricus GLB44 , also produce bacteriocins , which have been shown to kill undesired bacteria in vitro . The viability of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
1482-638: Is extracted from the leaves of the Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop flower) in Bulgaria. The bacterium is also grown artificially in many countries. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is commonly used alongside Streptococcus thermophilus as a starter for making yogurt . The Lb. bulgaricus 2038 strain has been used for decades for yogurt fermentation. The two species work in synergy, with L. d. bulgaricus producing amino acids from milk proteins, which are then used by S. thermophilus . This relationship
1560-448: Is extremely important in that it is necessary for it to be efficient at fermentation and to effectively keep the food products it produces from spoiling. Freeze-drying is the preferred method of preserving the viability of the cells, but not all cells survive this process. Due to its usefulness in natural fermentation processes, specifically in how it makes fermented food products out of cow's milk, it has great economic importance. Some of
1638-444: Is facilitated through the antigenicity of the milk proteins, which is the ability of the proteins to trigger an immune response in the body that can result in a number of possible allergic reactions. The study was performed by simulating digestion of unfermented milk and milk that was fermented through exposure to Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus to compare their antigenicities in order to see if fermentation had any effect on
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#17328512118531716-496: Is inconsistency in the results of different groups of 3488 children as reported in a Cochrane review. Also, it shows no significant difference regarding the adverse effects between probiotic and the other comparators. Only limited, low-quality evidence exists to indicate that probiotics are helpful for treating people with milk allergy . A 2015 review showed low-quality evidence that probiotics given directly to infants with eczema , or in infants whose mothers used probiotics during
1794-531: Is little evidence to support the use of probiotics to treat atopic dermatitis , and some risk of adverse effects . The American Academy of Dermatology stated: "The use of probiotics/prebiotics for the treatment of patients with established atopic dermatitis is not recommended due to inconsistent evidence". According to an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, probiotics supplementation reduces glucose homeostasis. This can be an effective therapy for lowering high blood sugar levels unless
1872-486: Is low-certainty evidence that probiotic supplements may increase the probability of clinical remission. People receiving probiotics were 73% more likely to experience disease remission and over 2x as likely to report improvement in symptoms compared to those receiving a placebo, with no clear difference in minor or serious adverse effects. Although there was no clear evidence of greater remission when probiotic supplements were compared with 5‐aminosalicylic acid treatment as
1950-505: Is not consistent and may lead to cell death. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus has adapted to defend against cold stress. The way most cells react to the cold is by changing the fluidity of the cellular membrane, but this particular bacterium has acquired different tactics to fight against cold stress. The first way to cope with the cold is to increase viscosity by taking in compounds such as disaccharides , polysaccharides , amino acids and antioxidants . The second strategy used
2028-452: Is performed by inducing active responses during the fermentation or post-fermentation processes. By modifying these it will change the temperature, pH and medium composition. This results in specific metabolic pathways becoming active, with the synthesis of cold shock proteins. In 2017, a study was done to see the effects of six different substances on the growth and freeze- drying of Lactobacillus . Using Lactobacillus as starter cultures for
2106-480: Is the application or ingestion of bacterial species found in the healthy vagina to cure the infection of bacteria causing bacterial vaginosis . This treatment is based on the observation that 70% of healthy females have a group of bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus that dominate the population of organisms in the vagina. Specific strains of lactobacilli inhibit the growth of bacteria causing BV by producing H 2 O 2 , lactic acid, and/or bacteriocins, and/or inhibit
2184-441: Is the main bacterium used for the production of yogurt . It also plays a crucial role in the ripening of some cheeses , as well as in other processes involving naturally fermented products. It is defined as homofermentive lactic acid bacteria due to lactic acid being the single end product of its carbohydrate digestion. It is also considered a probiotic . It is a gram-positive rod that may appear long and filamentous. It
2262-605: The European Food Safety Authority for insufficient evidence of beneficial mechanism or efficacy. An October 2001 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) defines probiotics as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Following this definition, a working group convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/WHO in May 2002 issued
2340-465: The European Food Safety Authority has rejected all petitions by commercial manufacturers for health claims on probiotic products in Europe due to insufficient evidence for a cause-and-effect mechanism for benefit, thus inconclusive proof of effectiveness. The European Commission placed a ban on putting the word "probiotic" on the packaging of products because such labeling misleads consumers to believe
2418-535: The Greeks and Romans who recommended their consumption. The fermentation of dairy foods represents one of the oldest techniques for food preservation . The original modern hypothesis of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by Russian scientist and Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff , who in 1907 suggested that it would be possible to modify the gut microbiota and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes. Metchnikoff, at that time
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2496-768: The Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food . A consensus definition of the term probiotics , based on available information and scientific evidence, was adopted after the aforementioned joint expert consultation between the FAO of the United Nations and the WHO. This effort was accompanied by local governmental and supra-governmental regulatory bodies' requirements to better characterize health claims substantiations. That first global effort
2574-572: The Ministry of Health , in collaboration with other relevant authorities, oversees and addresses violations related to probiotic products. This includes issuing warnings, imposing administrative penalties, demanding product recalls and coordinating with other agencies. The National Yogurt Association (NYA) of the United States gives a "Live & Active Cultures Seal" to refrigerated yogurt products that contain 100 million cells per gram, or frozen yogurt products that contain 10 million cells per gram at
2652-452: The gut microbiota . Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume , but may cause bacteria - host interactions and unwanted side effects in rare cases. There is some evidence that probiotics are beneficial for some conditions, such as helping to ease some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, many claimed health benefits, such as treating eczema, lack substantial scientific support. The first discovered probiotic
2730-478: The intestine with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH, and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet sour milk fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and believed his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour-milk diet for their patients. Bifidobacteria
2808-610: The last trimester of pregnancy and breastfeeding, had lower risk of eczema. It is unclear whether probiotic supplementation helps with childhood asthma , as the quality of research evidence is low. Antibiotics are a common treatment for children, with 11% to 40% of antibiotic-treated children developing diarrhea . Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. These microbial community alterations result in changes in carbohydrate metabolism , with decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and osmotic diarrhea as
2886-542: The FDA, so probiotic manufacturers have received warning letters for making disease or treatment claims. The FTC has taken punitive actions, including a US$ 21 million fine coordinated by 39 different state governments against a major probiotic manufacturer for deceptive advertising and exaggerated claims of health benefits for yogurt and probiotic dairy drink. In Vietnam , the Vietnam Food Administration (VFA) under
2964-497: The Latin prae , meaning 'before', and refers to a substance that is not digested, but rather may be fermented to promote the growth of beneficial intestinal microorganisms. As food products or dietary supplements, probiotics are under preliminary research to evaluate if they provide any effect on health. In all cases proposed as health claims to the European Food Safety Authority , the scientific evidence remains insufficient to prove
3042-483: The Russian steppes daily consume milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria and live relatively longer than other populations. Based on these data Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk seeds the intestine with harmless lactic acid bacteria increasing intestinal acidity and suppressing the growth of proteolytic bacteria. His results were questioned after a 1920 study showed that the bacterium could not survive in
3120-893: The ability to prevent food spoilage and can improve the nutritive value of the foods they inhabit. Acid fermentation (as well as salting), remains one of the most practical methods of preservation of fresh vegetables, cereal gruels, and milk-cereal mixtures due to its low cost and energy requirements. Fermented products that contain lactic acid bacteria include vegetables such as pickled vegetables , kimchi , pao cai , and sauerkraut ; sourdough bread or bread-like products made without wheat or rye flour , amino acid/peptide meat-flavored sauces and pastes produced by fermentation of cereals and legumes; fermented cereal-fish-shrimp mixtures and fermented meats; soy products such as tempeh , miso , and soy sauce ; dairy products such as yogurt , kefir , buttermilk ; and non-dairy products such as bee pollen . More precisely, sauerkraut contains
3198-517: The adherence of Gardnerella vaginalis to the vaginal epithelium, which prevents the infection from occurring in the vagina. Currently, the success of probiotic treatment has been mixed, since the use of probiotics to restore healthy populations of Lactobacillus has not been standardized. Often, standard antibiotic treatment is used at the same time that probiotics are being tested. In addition, some groups of women respond to treatment based upon ethnicity, age, number of sexual partners, pregnancy, and
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3276-411: The antigenicity of the proteins. The antigenicities were measured through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results claimed that the fermentation of cow's milk by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus reduced the antigenicity of α-LA and β-CN. However, it also increased the antigenicity of α-CN while β-LG was not impacted. The efficiency of lactic acid bacteria cryopreservation
3354-544: The bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides , Lactobacillus plantarum , Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus brevis , Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc argentinum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum , Lactobacillus coryniformis , and Weissella spp. Kimchi contains the bacteria Leuconostoc spp., Weissella spp., and Lactobacillus spp. Pao cai contains L. pentosus, L. plantarum , Leuconostoc mesenteroides , L. brevis, L. lactis , and L. fermentum . A list of many other bacteria found in several Asian fermented fruits and vegetables also
3432-527: The biggest importers of the bacterium are Japan, the United States, and the European Union. It has also been considered a contaminant of beer due to its homofermentative production of lactic acid, an off-flavor in many styles of beer. In other styles of beer, however, lactic acid bacteria can contribute to the overall appearance, aroma, taste, and/or mouthfeel, and generally produce an otherwise pleasing sourness. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
3510-663: The body becomes hypoglycemic ; caution and glucose monitoring are necessary to avoid this. Some strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may affect Helicobacter pylori infections (which may cause peptic ulcers ) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments, but no standard in medical practice or regulatory approval exists for such treatment. The only peer-reviewed treatments for H. pylori to date all include various Antibiotic Regimens. Some strains of LAB may affect pathogens by means of competitive inhibition (i.e., by competing for growth) and some evidence suggests they may improve immune function by increasing
3588-476: The dairy industry depends on the number of viable and active cells. Currently, the preferred method to preserve the bacterial cells is through freeze-drying, however this also results in some strains being killed. This is due to various complications of freeze-drying, including the formation of ice crystals, loss of membrane fluidity , and the denaturation of important macromolecules . Regardless, freeze-drying has been used for decades in microbiological research as
3666-577: The definition used today. Fuller described probiotics as a "live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance." He stressed two important claims for probiotics: the viable nature of probiotics and the capacity to help with intestinal balance. In the following decades, intestinal lactic-acid bacterial species with alleged health-beneficial properties were introduced as probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Lactobacillus casei , and Lactobacillus johnsonii . Some literature gives
3744-433: The desired effect in this environment. In 1935, certain strains of L. acidophilus were found very active when implanted in the human digestive tract. Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989, Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics that have been widely used: "A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects
3822-455: The desired protective effects were 0.15%, 0.6%, and 0.09% respectively. This was shown to increase cell viability drastically. According to Helen Nauts from Cancer Research Institute , on a monograph reviewing the effects of bacterial infections on multiple types of cancer, Ivan Bogdanov, a Bulgarian physician, allegedly produced a vaccine consisting of lactobacillus bulgaricus and used it to treat two patients with myeloma, inducing remission in
3900-644: The environment. These include carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins. First identified in 1905 by the Bulgarian doctor Stamen Grigorov by isolating what later termed Lactobacillus Bulgaricus from a Bulgarian yogurt sample, the bacteria can be found naturally in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals living in Sofia region and along the Balkan Mountain (Stara Planina) mesoregion of Balkan peninsula. One strain, Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44 ,
3978-444: The fermentation and ripening of cheese, in a timely manner through the use of qPCR. Two essays using lacZ gene targeting PCR primers resulted from this study and were deemed compatible with the two lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) species. This allowed for the direct quantification of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in cheese produced from unpasteurized cow's milk. A study in 2012 posed
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#17328512118534056-491: The global retail market value for probiotics was US$ 41 billion, including sales of probiotic supplements , fermented milk products, and yogurt, which alone accounted for 75% of total consumption. Innovation in probiotic products in 2015 was mainly from supplements, which produced US$ 4 billion and was projected to grow 37% globally by 2020. Consumption of yogurt products in China has increased by 20% per year since 2014. As of 2019 ,
4134-416: The growth of another microorganism. The term was used again to describe tissue extracts that stimulated microbial growth. The term probiotics was taken up by Parker, who defined the concept as, "Organisms and substances that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by contributing to its intestinal microbial balance." Later, the definition was greatly improved by Fuller, whose explanation was very close to
4212-593: The gut [after consumption of Yakult]", the advertisement had made claims of general health benefits without providing a specific, referenced claim, as required. Yakult was invented in 1935 in Japan by Minoru Shirota , who helped found the company Yakult Honsha for the purpose of commercializing it. Although Yakult is sold in Japan in supermarkets and convenience stores, it is also sold door to door in Japan, Asia and in Latin America in convenience stores. In February 2018, it
4290-426: The gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. Though probiotics are considered safe, some have concerns about their safety in certain cases. Some people, such as those with immunodeficiency , short bowel syndrome , central venous catheters , and cardiac valve disease , and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events. In severely ill people with inflammatory bowel disease ,
4368-409: The host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance." Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host. The term "probiotic" originally referred to microorganisms that have effects on other microorganisms. The concept of probiotics involved the notion that substances secreted by one microorganism stimulated
4446-400: The human intestine. They conducted experiments involving rats and humans volunteers, feeding them with Lactobacillus acidophilus . They observed the disappearance of the pathogenic protist Balantidium coli as well as of other gas-producing bacteria. Rettger further explored the possibilities of L. acidophilus , and reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce
4524-470: The human intestines, but the idea nevertheless started the research into actually useful probiotics. Lactobacillus bulgaricus is a constituent in VSL#3 . In 2012 it was declared India's national microbe. In bacterial taxonomy, the basionym for L. d. bulgaricus was "Thermobacterium bulgaricum" Orla-Jensen 1919 . The entity became Lactobacillus bulgaricus in 1973 with the work of Rugosa and Hansen, and
4602-646: The incidence of acute upper respiratory tract infections in adults, they were better than placebo or no treatment. Probiotics do not appear to change the risk of infection in older people. The use of oral probiotic supplements to modify the composition and behavior of the microbiome has been considered as a possible therapy for both induction and maintenance of remission in people with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A Cochrane review in 2020 did not find clear evidence of improved remission likelihood, nor lower adverse events, in people with Crohn's disease, following probiotic treatment. For ulcerative colitis, there
4680-581: The need for stricter requirements for scientific substantiation of putative benefits conferred by microorganisms claimed to be probiotic. Although some evidence claimed benefits are marketed towards using probiotic, such as reducing gastrointestinal discomfort, improving immune health , relieving constipation , or avoiding the common cold , such claims are strain-specific and cannot be extrapolated to other strains. As of 2019, numerous applications for approval of health claims by European manufacturers of probiotic dietary supplements have been rejected by
4758-594: The normal intestinal flora, produce toxic substances including phenols , ammonia and indols by digestion of proteins . These compounds are responsible for what Metchnikoff called intestinal auto-intoxication , which, according to him, was the cause of the physical changes associated with old age. It was already known at that time that fermentation with lactic acid bacteria inhibits the deterioration of milk because of its low pH . Metchnikoff's research also noted that rural populations in Southeastern Europe and
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#17328512118534836-418: The number of IgA -producing plasma cells and increasing or improving phagocytosis , as well as increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. LAB products might aid in the treatment of acute diarrhea and possibly affect rotavirus infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults, but no products are approved for such indications. There are weak evidence probiotics might lower
4914-486: The pathogens causing bacterial vaginosis. In 2013, researchers found that administration of hydrogen peroxide -producing strains, such as L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus , were able to normalize vaginal pH and rebalance the vaginal microbiota , preventing and alleviating bacterial vaginosis. As of 2017 , only limited evidence indicated any direct link between high blood pressure and gut microbiota. A 2002 meta-analysis that included five double-blind trials examining
4992-537: The physical changes associated with old age. At that time, milk fermented with lactobacillales were known to inhibit the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose . Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes, who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria, were exceptionally long-lived. Based on these observations, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed"
5070-564: The question of whether or not Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus had any effect on the antigenicity of four kinds of milk proteins, being α-lactalbumin (α-LA), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), α-casein (α-CN), and β-casein (β-CN). These proteins are the main proteins found in cow's milk and are known to have antigenic properties in humans, especially young children and infants. 2–5% of young children and infants experience cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA), which has harmful effects on their development and may even result in death. This allergy
5148-666: The risk of AAD, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy, and enhance the immune response after vaccination. The potential efficacy of probiotics to treat AAD depends on the probiotic strains and dosage. One review recommended for children L. rhamnosus or Saccharomyces boulardii at 5 to 40 billion colony-forming units/day, given the modest number needed to treat and the likelihood that adverse events are very rare. The same review stated that probiotic use should be avoided in pediatric populations at risk for adverse events , such as severely debilitated or immune-compromised children. Probiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis
5226-548: The short-term (2–8 weeks) effects of a yogurt with probiotic strains on serum cholesterol levels found little effect of 8.5 mg/dL (0.22 mmol/L) (4% decrease) in total cholesterol concentration, and a decrease of 7.7 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L) (5% decrease) in serum LDL concentration. A 2019 meta-analysis found low-quality evidence for probiotics having a small improvement in depression and anxiety . A 2020 review found probiotics might improve depression, but more studies are needed. Some probiotics are suggested as
5304-446: The size of possible effect. Several clinical studies provide evidence for the potential of probiotics to lower the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality in premature infants. One meta-analysis indicated that probiotics reduce these risks by more than 50% compared with controls but that further, large, high-quality trials were needed to inform policy and practice. Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactobacillus Bulgaricus
5382-451: The time of consumption is difficult to determine. The survival of probiotics was strongly dependent on the storage temperature and remarkable viability loss occurred in room temperature compared to refrigerated storage. Probiotics have received renewed attention in the 21st century from product manufacturers, research studies, and consumers. Their history can be traced to the first use of cheese and fermented products, which were well-known to
5460-467: The time of manufacture. In 2002, the FDA and WHO recommended that "the minimum viable numbers of each probiotic strain at the end of the shelf-life" be reported on labeling, but most companies that give a number report the viable cell count at the date of manufacture, a number that could be much higher than that which exists at consumption. Because of the variability in storage conditions and time before eating, exactly how many active culture cells remain at
5538-457: The word a full Greek etymology , but it appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition pro , meaning 'for', and the Greek adjective βιωτικός ( biōtikos ), meaning 'fit for life, lively', the latter deriving from the noun βίος ( bios ), meaning 'life'. The term contrasts etymologically with the term antibiotic , although it is not a complete antonym . The related term prebiotic comes from
5616-458: Was a certain strain of bacillus in Bulgarian yoghurt, called Lactobacillus bulgaricus . The discovery was made in 1905 by Bulgarian physician and microbiologist Stamen Grigorov . The modern-day theory is generally attributed to Russian Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff , who postulated around 1907 that yoghurt -consuming Bulgarian peasants lived longer. A growing probiotics market has led to
5694-461: Was first identified in 1905 by Stamen Grigorov , who named it Bacillus bulgaricus . Ilya Metchnikoff , a professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, researched the relationship between the longevity of Bulgarians and their consumption of yogurt. He had the idea that aging is caused by putrefactive activity, or proteolysis , by microbes that produce toxic substances in the intestine. Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia , which are part of
5772-477: Was first isolated from a breastfed infant by Henry Tissier, who also worked at the Pasteur Institute . The isolated bacterium named Bacillus bifidus communis was later renamed to the genus Bifidobacterium . Tissier found that bifidobacteria are dominant in the gut microbiota of breast-fed babies and he observed clinical benefits from treating infant diarrhea with bifidobacteria. During an outbreak of shigellosis in 1917, German professor Alfred Nissle isolated
5850-481: Was further developed in 2010; two expert groups of academic scientists and industry representatives made recommendations for the evaluation and validation of probiotic health claims. The same principles emerged from those two groups as were expressed in the "Guidelines" of FAO/WHO in 2002. This definition, though widely adopted, is not acceptable to the European Food Safety Authority because it embeds
5928-407: Was originally classified as being Lactobacillus casei . Yakult is prepared by adding glucose to skimmed milk and heating the mixture at 90 to 95 °C for about 30 minutes. After letting it cool down to 45 °C, the mixture is inoculated with the lactobacillus and incubated for 6 to 7 days at 37 to 38 °C. After fermentation, water, sugar , gums and lactic acid are added. In 2006,
6006-508: Was reclassified as a subspecies under Lactobacillus delbrueckii in 1984. In 2017, there was a study involving the development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) assay for quantifying Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus as well as Streptococcus thermophilus in cow's milk cheese. The goal of this study was to create a way to identify and quantify Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, two lactic acid producing species crucial to
6084-612: Was reported that Danone planned to sell US$ 1.9 billion of its Yakult investment, reducing its stake from 21% to 7%. The plan was followed by a decline in Yakult's share value. Danone had first bought shares in Yakult in April 2000. The sale was completed in March 2018. In September 2018, it was reported that the appearance of unlabelled Yakult bottles in the 2018 film To All the Boys I've Loved Before led to
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