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48-602: YPS may refer to: Civil Protection Units (YPS), a Kurdish rebel group in Turkey IATA airport code of Port Hawkesbury Airport , in Canada Yps (comics) , a German comic Yellow prussiate of soda , or sodium ferrocyanide the Yorkshire Philosophical Society (founded 1822) Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern , a Ukrainian-American historian Topics referred to by

96-768: A defensive posture in the Kurdish-Turkish conflict (1978-present) and has become a major opponent of the Turkish army (TSK) and Turkish government and has co-operated with Kurdish opposition fighters against TSK. Multiple branches of the YPS have been formed in Kurdish districts in Turkey , usually as a result of clashes or curfews imposed by the Turkish government . Such branches are in Nusaybin, Sirnak, Sur, and Yüksekova (also known as Gever). There

144-506: A focus on women's issues than the YPS.The Civil Protection Units-Women or Civil Defense Units-Women ( Kurdish : Yekîneyên Parastina Sivîl a Jin , YPS-Jin ) is a Kurdish militia that was set up in 2016 as the female brigade of the YPS ( Yekîneyên Parastina Sivîl , YPS) militia. Jin meaning woman in Kurdish, the main purpose of the YPS-Jin is to fight for women's liberation and freedom alongside

192-588: A simple majority in the Parliament vote to override the veto. On the approval of the President, laws are published in the Official Gazette and they come into force by virtue of that publication unless a specific effective date is stipulated within the law itself. The President has also the ability to introduce pieces of legislation by issuing presidential decrees. However, laws introduced by the Parliament prevail over

240-416: A white flag showing they mean no harm and are no threat. The Turkish Government also acknowledged that they do not support or recognize gender equality and the struggles that women face during the war efforts, since many issues regarding women are put on the back burner even inside their own resistance movements due to the male dominance. The YPS-Jin fights along with the YPS, however, they just have more of

288-450: Is affected by the Turkish state , whether it be curfews, occupation, or both, to join them to defend themselves against the oppression of the Turkish government. The YPS calls on young men and women to join their ranks to defend their towns. A popular phrase that the YPS uses is "Bijî berxwedana gelê Kurd", which means "long live the resistance of the Kurdish people". The YPS believes that now

336-454: Is also a female branch of the YPS known as the YPS-Jin that was founded in 2016 one year after the initial YPS foundation, one of the causes which they fight for is gender equality. Some members of the YPS-Jin were also once victims of ISIS during the Yazidi genocide that took place in 2014 . Women who were once victims of ISIS, whether it be they were sold into the sex slave industry or their family

384-608: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Civil Protection Units It was claimed that the YPS was originally formed on 20 December 2015 by the Kurdish rebels as a version of the YPG in Northern Kurdistan ( Turkey ). A youth wing of the PKK, is the YDG-H, which in 2015 reorganized itself into what is known as the YPS of today. The YPS

432-439: Is in place to clean up the pot holes and barricades left by resistance movements, says Turkish officials, which was referred to as Martyr Gendarmerie Lieutenant Mehmet Çiftçi. After this clean up it was discovered approximately 508 militants were killed and 1,845 bombs were set off in Şırnak during the peak of the conflict. Also, 39 pits that were used to create barricades were filled and over 200 barricades were demolished. Sur

480-582: Is in the district of Diyarbakır province in Eastern Turkey. In July 2015, homes, churches, and mosques were all under threat from Turkish police making it almost impossible for those who once lived there to return. Many people speculated the reason for the conflict in this region was the Turkish State's desire to turn Sur into a tourist destination, which would begin with making it financially impossible for locals to live there. The fighting and oppression on

528-546: Is independent cells operating on their own ambition. YPS fighters are also most commonly trained by the YPG which allowed them to be more careful in planning ambushed and roadside bombings, it is also speculated that they are exposed to ISIS tactics in these changes in fighting. The YPS is the reorganized branch of the youth wing in the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). In the Şırnak 's Cizre district, many students are joining

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576-469: Is mainly composed of members of the former YDG-H , who have been operating since 2013. The YPS is currently training for conventional urban warfare against the Turkish government ; previous Kurdish rebel groups have followed predominantly guerilla tactics of warfare, however the new method of warfare seen in the Kurdish-Turkish conflict has led to speculation of civil war in Turkey. The YPS initially took

624-494: Is required to amend a law and a three-fifth majority to amend the constitution. Bills can be introduced by any member of parliament. The duties and powers of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey are to enact, amend, and repeal laws; to debate and adopt the budget bills and final accounts bills; to decide to declare war; to approve the ratification of international treaties, to decide with the majority of three-fifths of

672-501: Is the time to fight for one's freedoms and not doing so will only give power to the state. Any youth who has the call for revolution is urged to join the YPS, said one YPS commander in an interview. Source: Nusaybin is a city in Turkey on the border of Syria, the city is a stronghold in the Kurdish resistance against Turkey. In Nusaybin the Turkish Government imposed a curfew on its citizens on March 14 in an effort to combat

720-762: The Cabinet (the executive). According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system is based on a separation of powers . The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the President of Turkey (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and impartial courts (art. 9) It also states that parliamentary elections and presidential elections shall be held every five years (art. 77). The parliament accepts

768-507: The Constitution . The courts operate within the framework of civil law . The Constitutional Court checks whether laws are in accordance with the constitution. Since 2005, the legal principles as laid down in the various international human rights treaties have also been assessed. Government institutions, governing parties, and the opposition have direct access to the Court. Citizens can also plead

816-552: The Constitutional Court for the annulment of all or certain provisions of laws on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content (art. 104/7). In such a case, the decision of the Constitutional Court is final (art. 153). Legislative power is vested in a single-chamber parliament (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ) with 600 members. The members are elected for a period of five years according to

864-416: The D'Hondt method . Every citizen over the age of eighteen is eligible to be a deputy. Members of the Grand National Assembly can not hold office in state departments and other public corporate bodies and their subsidiaries. Members of parliament can sit on behalf of a political party or as an independent parliamentarian . They are also delegates for the province in which they are elected. A simple majority

912-699: The Directorate of Communications , Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency and the Presidency of Strategy and Budget . There are also state-owned enterprises such as the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation . The Constitutional Court , the Court of Cassation , the Council of State , and the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of

960-401: The Turkish army surrounded Nusaybin with tanks in an attempt to drive out resistance fighters. The fight between the YPS and Turkey did not seem to have an end in sight when it came to Nusaybin. This eventually led to the YPS withdrawing from Nusaybin in an effort to better protect the civilians inside the city limits. There were hundreds of casualties in Nusaybin, which is what eventually led

1008-457: The Grand National Assembly of Turkey to proclaim amnesty and pardon; and to exercise the powers and carry out the duties envisaged in the other articles of the Constitution. The executive power in the Turkish government is vested in the president of Turkey, where power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials. The executive branch, under Part III of the Constitution, consists of

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1056-594: The Sports Arbitration Committee and the Turkish Football Federation Arbitration Committee. All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age have the right to vote in elections and to take part in referendums. Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections in 1930. Four years later, universal suffrage was implemented in all Turkish elections. Turkey has been a multi-party democracy since 1950. A brief summary of

1104-445: The YDG-H formed into what is now the YPS. A strong push for the YPS-Jin to form was the call for feminists to take a stand. The curfews imposed on certain districts in Turkey made it very difficult for mothers and women to go out into the streets without fear of being killed. In instances, women are leaving their homes to go in search for food for their families only to be used as targets for snipers, regardless or not if they are waving

1152-543: The YDG-H. In the past, youths were afraid of the Turkish State, however, now they have joined the fight against them. The ages of the YDG-H ranged from 15 to 25 years old, making them more radicalized and less likely for an open dialogue between them and Turkey. A popular quote from a former Kurdish politician by the name of Serafettin Elci , said, "we are the last generation you are going to negotiate with. After us, you will confront an angry youth that has grown up in war.” In 2015,

1200-430: The YPS commander in Şırnak released a statement bashing Kurds who do not take part in the resistance against Turkey and do not support the YPS. Like Nusaybin, Şırnak also had a curfew placed on it and like Nusaybin, there were barricades made from road rubble. Between March 14 and November 14 of 2016 the people of Şırnak are allowed to go home only between the hours of 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. This partial curfew

1248-413: The YPS to withdraw, to avoid any possible further massacres of innocents, who they fight to protect. Source: Şırnak is a town in Turkey near the border of Iraq and Syria. In July 2015, Turkey bombed Şırnak which ended up killing PKK officials and the conflict and violence just grew from there. Many other bombings and killings of resistance fighters and Turkish police followed suit. In January 2016,

1296-646: The alleged unconstitutionality of a particular law in an ongoing lawsuit. International treaties, on ratification by the Parliament, have hierarchically the same effect as codes and statutes. However, international treaty provisions involving basic rights and freedoms prevail against domestic codes and statutes. There are also specialised courts for certain legal areas within the scope of the powers of civil courts such as cadastral courts, commercial courts, consumer courts, intellectual and industrial property courts, and labour courts. In certain disputes, some quasi-legal authorities must be used before applying to court such as

1344-543: The area from resistance fighters. In this particular area there have been instances of the YPS killing Turkish police in what they explain as an eye for an eye. On October 8, 2016, four civilians were killed in Yüksekova, this made the YPS retaliate by ambushing an armored vehicle containing four Turkish forces officials, all of which were killed by the YPS. This is not the only instance were ambushed on Turkish police have happened in Yüksekova. On September 11, 2016, YPS members in

1392-501: The bodies. In one case a young 17-year-old girl left to join the YPS, however, she never returned home. She was killed in a firefight with the Turkish Army. Since she and the others were labeled as terrorists by Turkey, Turkey did not show any sense of compassion for them. In the instance of this case, the government allowed the families to enter the districts where their children are lying dead, however, they make it nearly impossible for

1440-430: The civilians only increased from here. After a failed cease-fire in 2015, Turkish police reinstated curfews in many district across Turkey, this led people flee to Sur, since it is newly established without a curfew. This made the YPS declare Sur as an autonomous zone. Between December and March 2015, the Turkish Army sent in tanks, helicopters, and guns to take back control from resistance fighters. Turkish officials blame

1488-500: The commands in the PKK . One main difference from the PKK , is the willingness to negotiate and compromise with Turkish officials even with high casualty rates. This has shown how YPS and YPS-Jin members show that they are not afraid to die, which can be a result of growing up in conflict and becoming traumatized at a young age. Unlike the PKK, the YPS does not have a strong hierarchy when it comes to decisions, however, YPS method of discipline

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1536-533: The district of Cumhuriyet, in Yüksekova, ambushed a police checkpoint which resulted in the death of four Turkish police officers. Turkey had labeled the YPS as a terrorist organizations. As such, any time the YPS develops a stronghold in a district such as Nusaybin, Sirnak, Sur, or Gever the Turkish Army is there to push back. In many cases where YPS set up barricades, Turkey met them with equal if not more power such as tanks, automatic machine guns, and helicopters with gun mounts. In some instances even surrounding

1584-412: The electoral systems used for each type of election is as follows: The Constitution enumerates local governments as municipalities, special provincial administrations and villages. The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of devolution of powers . The regulatory and budgetary autonomy of local governments is secured in the Constitution. A governor is representing the government in

1632-401: The entire district with tanks for no one can escape, and if anyone is caught trying to they will be shot. President Erdogan has said on multiple occasions that there is no Kurdish problem, only a terrorist problem and he will not stop until he defeats every last one of them. In instances where a family's child has been killed, who was in the ranks of YPS, they are not likely permitted to see

1680-493: The families to bury their children. Turkish Government The Government of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti ) is the national government of Turkey . It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party system . The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the executive , legislative , and judicial branches) or specifically

1728-455: The fight for Kurdish freedom. In 2016, YPS-Jin became established in Yüksekova , formerly known as Gever to fight against the Turkish forces in the area. This is because the residents in the area declared autonomy from the Turkish government and the YPS-Jin established there to protect this newly found autonomy and defend against any state-sanctioned attacks in the region. The YPS-Jin protected

1776-468: The growing resistance movements in Turkey and after the curfew was lifted much of what was left of the district was unrecognizable. The YPS used barricades to block Turkish police from entering the city and many of the people walking the streets were carrying weapons. Roads were destroyed to make barricades, holes in walls between buildings were created to allow YPS members to move from place to place to be undetected and tunnels were dug. On March 13, 2016,

1824-419: The law proposals prepared by the deputies (88 art.) The president promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament (art. 89). The president may veto some of the provisions of the law and return it to the Parliament for reconsideration, but the approval of the president is not needed if the majority of the Parliament rejects the reconsideration of the law or provisions of the law (art. 89). The president can appeal to

1872-706: The president and cabinet ministers. As part of the separation of the legislative branch from the executive branch, members of the cabinet cannot be a member of the parliament during their ministry. In addition to ministries, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the National Security Council , the State Supervisory Council , the National Intelligence Organization ,

1920-527: The president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the head of state and government , as well as the military commander-in-chief . The president, according to the Constitution, must "ensure the implementation of the Constitution", and "ensure orderly and harmonious functioning of the organs of the State". The president may sign legislation passed by the Parliament into law or may veto it, preventing it from becoming law unless

1968-431: The presidential decrees with respect to the same subject in the hierarchy of norms. Furthermore, fundamental and personal rights or duties and political rights or duties cannot be regulated under presidential decrees. The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various executive ministries, to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The Cabinet of Turkey includes

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2016-714: The province and is also the figurehead and executive organ of the special provincial administration. Governors act as the chairman of the provincial executive committee. Most of the taxes are levied by the central government. However some specific taxes are levied by municipalities. Taxation system in Turkey is regulated by the Tax Procedure (TP) Law. It regulates the rights, burdens, carrying out duties along with principals of accrual. This Law consist of procedural and official provisions of all tax laws. The TP has five main sections: taxation, taxpayer duties, valuation, penalty provisions, tax cases. The budget document often begins with

2064-416: The ranks of YPS-Jin. This is in part due to the ongoing conflict with the Turkish government 's role in terrorizing the Kurdish people in the region . The YPS called upon all students, youths, and women to join the YPS and YPS-Jin in the fight against the Turkish government. The YPS calls on everyone who can join to do so and that everyone should be a part of the growing movement. YPS calls on everyone who

2112-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title YPS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YPS&oldid=1249494577 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2160-465: The signing of the declaration of autonomy in Yüksekova , saying that life will be either free or not exist at all. The YDG-H was the youth portion of the militant wing of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) mostly between 15 and 25 years old. Former members of the YDG-H are often found to be part of the YPS today since the YDG-H reorganized themselves as the YPS and share differences between

2208-498: The start of the fighting in this district on the YPS. Turkish officials cited YPS as attempting to take control of the region and referring to them as a terrorist group. The YPS set up barricades, roadblocks, checkpoints, and trenches to keep out the Turkish Government. The YPS was also armed with machine guns, RPGs, and explosives. The Turkish government responded with curfews which only led to bloody and violent conflict between

2256-563: The two groups. In March 2016, the region was considered clear by the Turkish government, the curfew was lifted, and 279 resistance fighters were killed, including the youngest who was a 13-year-old girl. Yüksekova is located in South East Turkey towards the Iran and Iraq border. Like Sur, Sirnak, and Nusaybin, Yüksekova is not very different. The Turkish Army regularly patrols areas of Yüksekova in armored vehicles and tanks in an effort to secure

2304-459: Was murdered, joined the ranks of YPS and YPS-Jin to avenge the victims of the Yazidis genocide. The YDG-H is the group that YPS was formed from. The YDG-H is the youth branch of the PKK resistance movement and was trained for urban guerrilla warfare tactics. Before the creation of YDG-H there were very little resistance forces that were actively fighting within city limits, which led to the creation of

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