Misplaced Pages

#211788

42-588: Xu Huansheng ( Chinese : 徐焕升 ; pinyin : Xú Huànshēng ; Wade–Giles : Hsu Huang-sheng ; 1906 – March 4, 1984) was a combat aviator of the Republic of China Air Force . He was from the first graduating class of the Huangpu (Whampoa) Military Academy 's aviation school. Xu Huansheng helped further develop the curriculum at the Central Army Academy Aviation Corps as it transitioned into

84-503: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

126-658: A commonly used name for the part of Wuhan urban area north of the Yangtze and Han Rivers. The name was long preserved in the name of the old Hankou Railway Station (also known as Dazhimen Station ), the original terminal of the Jinghan Railway . After the old Dazhimen station closed in 1991, the Hankou name was transferred to the new Hankou Railway Station , which opened in 1991 at a new location, farther away from central city. Railway passengers traveling to Wuhan need to purchase tickets to

168-740: A particular station: the Hankou Railway Station, the Wuchang Railway Station (near central Wuchang, on the right bank of the Yangtze), or the new Wuhan Railway Station (which opened in 2009, also on the right bank, but a long distance from the historical Wuchang). Nonetheless, Hankou is no longer the name of an administrative unit (e.g., a district ), because its area now falls mostly within Jiang'an District , Jianghan District , and Qiaokou District . That contrasts with Wuchang and Hanyang ,

210-850: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

252-541: Is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by

294-414: Is said that Xu Huansheng was featured among the "12 most notable aviators" in a 1944 issue of Life magazine , and in it he is described as the first man who led an air raid on Japan, before Doolittle . Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters

336-483: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

378-666: The Central Aviation Academy based at Jianqiao Airbase , accepting training of officers and new pilots as well as integrating experienced pilots from the various warlord air forces as conflict loomed between China and the Empire of Japan . Xu Huansheng had pursued advanced studies at the Jiangsu Medical University , aviation academics in Germany and Italy, and then serving as a medical flight officer and pilot training at

420-658: The Central Aviation Academy. He also served as a pilot for the transport of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek . Major General Tang Duo of the PLAAF and General Wang Shuming of the RoCAF were both student-interns along with Xu Huansheng in the inaugural class of military aircraft studies at the site of the Guangzhou Dashatou Aircraft Factory at the Dashatou Aerodrome in 1925, of which Hawaiian-born Sen Yet Young

462-566: The Chengdu area (part of Operation Matterhorn ). On 19 August 1945, a group of enraged Chinese civilians and soldiers massacred 26 Japanese soldiers in the Hankou reprisal massacre . The government of Vichy France relinquished the French concession in 1943, and the restored French Republic relinquished it formally in 1946. The Japanese concession came to an end with the surrender of Japan in 1945. Before

SECTION 10

#1732854762212

504-665: The Kensiu language . Hankou Hankou is the main port of Hubei Province and the single largest port in the middle reaches of Yangtze . The city's name literally means " Mouth of the Han", from its position at the confluence of the Han with the Yangtze River . The name appears in a Tang dynasty poem by Liu Zhangqing . Other historical names for the city include Xiakou ( 夏口 ), Miankou ( 沔口 ), and Lukou ( 魯口 ). Hankou, from

546-682: The Ming to late Qing , was under the administration of the local government in Hanyang , although it was already one of the four major national markets ( zh:四大名镇 ) in Ming dynasty. It was not until 1899 that Zhang Zhidong decided to separate Hankou from Hanyang. Hankou was then divided into four districts, which are Juren, Youyi, Xunli, and Dazhi ( 居仁、由義、循禮、大智 ). Some of the names can still be found in modern-day Wuhan, where there are geographical names such as Xunlimen , Jurenmen, and Dazhimen. By 1900, this boom town on

588-759: The People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

630-645: The Republic of China and replace the Qing dynasty led to the involvement of Hankou in the struggle between Hubei revolutionary forces and the Qing army, led by Yuan Shikai . Although the revolution began in Wuchang with a revolt started by members of the New Army , revolutionaries quickly captured major strategic cities and towns throughout the province, including Hankou on October 12. The Qing dynasty army recaptured Hankou later, but as

672-622: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

714-464: The 14th Bomber Squadron, numbered "1403" and 1404", flying out from Wuhan Wangjiadun Airbase (武汉王家墩空军基地), and landing at the forward-auxiliary Ningbo Lishe Airbase (宁波栎社空军基地) for refueling, before proceeding on the 885 kilometres (550 mi) flight towards southern Japan through inclement weather which cleared up as the Chinese airmen approached the coast of Kyushu , Japan . The Chinese bombers entered

756-651: The Chinese bombers were flying over Sanmenwan off the coast of Zhejiang when Imperial Japanese warships moored below started firing Anti-aircraft artillery at the Chinese B-10s, without any effect. The two bombers reaching separate refueling points: B-10 #1404 landed at Yushan Airbase (玉山空军基地) at 0848 and B-10 #1403 landed at Qingyunpu Airbase (青云谱空军基地) at 0932; both Capt. Xu and Lt. Tong and their crews returned to Wangjiadun Airbase by midday, where they were greeted with fanfare by top dignitaries including Premier Kung Hsiang-hsi and chief CCP-KMT liaison Zhou Enlai . It

798-668: The Chinese government as the First and the Second Special Area. In 1862, Russian tea merchants arrived in the British concession of Hankou. Russians in Hankou established four factories using assembly lines and machinery to produce brick tea, and became the city's richest industrialists in what would become the Russian concession. Early in 1927, the British concession was occupied in the course of

840-647: The Communist Revolution, Hankou was the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hankou , covering the province of Hubei. The dioceses in Wuchang , Hanyang and elsewhere in the province were subordinated to it. In the 1930s, the airports served in Hankow were Wuhan Wangjiadun Airport and Wuhan Nanhu. Wangjiadun served as a civil and military base until 2007 while Nanhu, on the other hand, shut down while Tianhe Airport opened in 1995. "Hankou" remains

882-547: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

SECTION 20

#1732854762212

924-717: The Third Special Area. In the 1920s and 30s, Hankou was one of the Yangtze River ports patrolled by the US Navy to maintain US interests in the area ( Yangtze Patrol .) Hankou was flooded in the 1931 China floods . Hankou was captured by the Japanese invaders in 1938 ( Battle of Wuhan ). An important logistical center, the city was heavily bombed in December 1944 by the US aircraft based in

966-521: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

1008-568: The Yangtze was referred to as "the Chicago of China" by the media back then. In 1926, Hankou was officially established as a city, where its municipal government was built in Jianghan district . In the same year, the Northern Expedition reached Hankou, and merged Hankou with adjacent Wuchang and Hanyang to make it the seat of the national capital, Wuhan. But in 1927, when Nanjing succeeded in

1050-499: The airspace over Nagasaki at 0245, 20 May 1938, without any response from Japanese defenses, reducing altitude and dropping a flare bomb to help with the payload release, and starting their "bombing" of Nagasaki before splitting up and proceeding to other civilian centers including Fukuoka , Saga , among other cities, reconnoitering Japanese commercial, military and industrial assets. The Japanese defenses in Nagasaki eventually determined

1092-620: The communists arrived in Hankou on May 16. Hankou was the destination on the escape route of groups of missionaries fleeing the Boxers in the Northern provinces around 1900. The flight of some missionaries from the T'ai-yüan massacre in Shan-si is recorded in the work A Thousand Miles of Miracle in China , by Reverend A E Glover, one of the fleeing missionaries. On 10 October 1911, a revolution to establish

1134-423: The fight to be the national capital, Wuhan was returned to its original form, with Hankou being again a city by itself. This time Hankou was established as a "Special Municipality," which resembles a direct-controlled municipality in present day. Before 1949, Hankou has shifted between being a special municipality and a provincial city. In 1949, Hankou was finally merged with Hanyang and Wuchang to become Wuhan, when

1176-469: The intrusion and blacked-out the lights in the city, nonetheless, a clear moonlight provided good illumination for the Chinese aircrews of the landscape and terrain below. The two B-10 bombers rendezvoused at 0332 and reconnoitered for another half-hour before proceeding back to mainland China. As scheduled, radio direction finding signals for Capt. Xu and Lt. Tong were starting transmission from Changsha and Hankou at 0452 and 0550 respectively, and at 0712

1218-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

1260-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

1302-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

Xu Huansheng - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-975: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

1386-665: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

1428-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

1470-631: The revolution spread throughout China, eventually the town and the province came under control of the Republic of China. Hankou used to have five foreign concessions belonging to the United Kingdom (115 acres (47 ha), est. 1862), France (60 acres (24 ha), est. 1886), Russia (60 acres (24 ha), est. 1886), Germany (100 acres (40 ha), est. 1895) and Japan (32 acres (13 ha), est. 1898). The German and Russian concessions ended in 1917 and 1920 respectively and those areas were administered by

1512-472: The revolutionary troubles that accompanied the Northern Expedition when the Chinese Kuomintang forces occupied the concession and showed no intention of withdrawing. The Chen-O'Malley Agreement of February 1927 provided for a combined British-Chinese administration of the concession and in 1929 the British concession formally came to an end. From then on it was administered by the Chinese authorities as

1554-627: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

1596-970: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

1638-509: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

1680-526: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

1722-622: Was decided that the limited strategic bombing of such targets would be of little value in the effort to stem the Imperial Japanese aggressions and war crimes, and thus it was decided that dropping massive amounts of anti-war leaflets in a humanitarian mission to "raise the conscience of the Japanese people against the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese warmongers in China" would be more effective. On 19 May 1938, Capt. Xu Huansheng and Lt. Tong Yanbo started their long-planned "strategic bombing" mission into Japan with their B-10 bombers of

Xu Huansheng - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-625: Was the founding director. In March 1938, then-Captain Xu Huansheng was leading the training at Fenghuangshan Airbase (凤凰山空军基地) for a long-range strategic bombing into the Japanese home islands, choosing the Martin B-10 bomber (a.k.a. Model 139W ) as the ideal aircraft in the Chinese Air Force inventory to take-on the transoceanic mission; specifically with the targeting of Sasebo Naval Base and Yawata (steel works). As training progressed it

#211788