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20-546: The Xokleng or Aweikoma (sometimes called botocudos ) are a Native American tribe of Brazil ; their territory is located mainly in the state of Santa Catarina . They were one of the original inhabitants of Misiones Province in Argentina. They are also found on the Ibirama, Posto Velho, and Rio dos Pardos reservations. This article related to an ethnic group in Brazil

40-685: A fort at the head of Espírito Santo Bay to defend himself against the Aimorés and other tribes. The tribe's original territory was in Espírito Santo , and reached inland to the headwaters of the Rio Grande ( Belmonte ) and Doce River on the eastern slopes of the Espinhaço Mountains . The Botocudos were gradually expelled by European colonists westward beyond the Serra dos Aimorés into Minas Gerais . It

60-409: A scale can be obtained by drilling finger holes into the "bowl" of the gourd. A variation, the 'Fangufangu' nose flute of the island of Tonga is made with intact node walls at both ends of the bamboo tube, with the nostril holes on the side in front of the nodes (along with side finger holes) and a hole in the middle of the tube, acting as a vent hole, and taking the place of the open distal end. Thus

80-483: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Botocudo The Aimoré (Aymore, Aimboré) are one of several South American peoples of eastern Brazil called Botocudo in Portuguese (from botoque , a plug), in allusion to the wooden disks or tembetás worn in their lips and ears. Some called themselves Nac-nanuk or Nac-poruk , meaning "sons of the soil". The last Aimoré group to retain their language

100-708: Is made by a hard pointed stick, and gradually extended by the insertion of larger and larger disks or plugs, sometimes at last as much as 10 cm in diameter. Despite the lightness of the wood, the tembeitera weighs down the lip, which at first sticks out horizontally and at last becomes a mere ring of skin around the wood. Ear plugs are also worn, of such size as to distend the lobe down to the shoulders. Similar ear ornaments are common in South and even Central America, at least as far north as Honduras , as described by Christopher Columbus when he explored this latter country during his fourth voyage (1502). This ornament also named part of

120-533: Is made from a single bamboo section. According to Arts and Crafts of Hawai`i by Te Rangi Hiroa, old flutes in the Bishop Museum collection have a hole at the nose area for the breath, and two or three fingering holes. In the three-finger-hole specimen, one fingering hole is placed near the breath hole. Lengths range from 10–21 inches (250–530 mm). Oral tradition in various families states that numbers of fingering holes ranged from one to four, and location of

140-405: Is possible to play different harmonics through overblowing—even with the rather weak airflow from one nostril. Thus, this nose flute can play notes in a range of two and a half octaves . Finger holes in the side of the bamboo tube change the operating length, giving various scales . Players plug the other nostril to increase the force of their breath through the flute. In Southern Taiwan ,

160-553: Is the Krenak . The other peoples called Botocudo were the Xokleng and Xeta . The Brazilian chief who was presented to King Henry VIII in 1532 wore small bones hung from his cheeks and from the lower lip a semi-precious stone the size of a pea. These were the marks of great bravery. When the Portuguese adventurer Vasco Fernando Coutinho reached the east coast of Brazil in 1535, he erected

180-446: The Māori carved nguru from wood, the stem of a gourd and whale 's teeth. Nguru were often adorned with very elaborate carvings, befitting what is considered a sacred object. Although Nguru are commonly known as nose flutes, it is only the smaller instruments that can be played with the nose, more commonly Nguru are played with the mouth. The Māori "kōauau ponga ihu", a gourd nose flute,

200-779: The Paiwan people play a twin-pipes nose flute. They also play a twin-pipes mouth flute. The aangún is a nose flute made of bamboo or mangrove root. They range from 12 to 87 cm in length and typically have one to three fingerholes. The nose flutes originated in Chuuk but similar ones have been found in Pollap , Polowat , Houk , Satawal and the Nomoi Islands . Chuukese men used to play traditional love songs called engi on these flutes, but they are now considered obsolete. Historically in New Zealand ,

220-504: The Day Fire (Sun) and all evil to Night Fire (Moon). At the graves of the dead, they kept fires burning for some days to scare away evil spirits, and, during storms and eclipses , arrows were shot into the sky to drive away demons. The most conspicuous feature of the Botocudos was the tembeitera , a wooden plug or disk which is worn in the lower lip and the lobe of the ear. This disk, made of

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240-703: The Doce River. One band consisted of 8 survivors from the Naktun, Nakpie, Convugn and Miyã-Yirúgn tribes. Another band consisted of around 50 Nakrehe. Today, only a few tribes remain, almost all of them in rural villages and the indigenous territory . The last remnants of the Eastern Botocudo are the Krenak. In 2010, there were 350 Krenak living in the state of Minas Gerais . The Aimoré consisted of dozens of tribes, who spoke either dialects or closely related languages. Some of

260-659: The Peru seaboard as Costa de la Oreja , from the conspicuously distended ears of the native Chimú . Early Spanish explorers also gave the name Orejones or big-eared to several Amazon tribes. Nose flute In the North Pacific, in the Hawaiian Islands the nose flute was a common courting instrument. In Hawaiian, it is variously called hano , "nose flute", by the more specific term ʻohe hano ihu , " bamboo flute [for] nose," or ʻohe hanu ihu , "bamboo [for] nose breath". It

280-462: The especially light and carefully dried wood of the barriguda tree ( Chorisia ventricosa ), which the natives called embur , whence Augustin Saint-Hilaire suggested as the probable derivation of their name, Aimboré. It is worn only in the under-lip, now chiefly by women, but formerly by men also. The operation for preparing the lip begins often as early as the eighth year, when an initial boring

300-442: The holes varied depending on the musical taste of the player. Though primarily a courting instrument played privately and for personal enjoyment, it also could be used in conjunction with chants, song, and hula . Kumu hula (dance masters), were said to be able to either make the flute sound as though it were chanting, or to chant as they played. Kumu hula Leilehua Yuen is one of the few contemporary Hawaiian musicians to perform with

320-414: The important tribes are: The Botocudos were a nomadic hunter-gatherers peoples living in the forest. Their implements and domestic utensils were all of wood; their only weapons were reed spears and bows and arrows. Their dwellings were rough shelters of leaf and bast, seldom 4 feet (1.2 m) high. Their only musical instrument was a small bamboo nose flute . They attributed all the blessings of life to

340-599: The nose flute in this manner. In the Congo , the nose flute is played by eight ethnic groups . In the Philippines , the nose flute ( pitung ilong in Tagalog ), or the kalaleng of the northern Bontok people ( tongali among the Kalinga people ), is played with the extreme forward edge of the right or left nostril . Because the kalaleng is long and has a narrow internal diameter, it

360-492: Was also part of the nose flute tradition; note that a similarly constructed gourd nose flute, ipu ho kio kio was also used in Hawaii. The maker would form a nose hole in the neck (or stem) of the gourd, by cutting off the neck at a fairly small cross-section. This small hole is placed under the player's nostril, in order to generate the flute-tone. The kōauau ponga ihu functions as an ocarina in its acoustic principles. Several notes of

380-477: Was in the latter district that at the close of the 18th century they came into collision with the Europeans, who were attracted there by the diamond fields. At the end of the 19th century many Botocudo tribes still existed, numbering between 13,000 and 14,000 individuals. During the earlier frontier wars of 1790–1820, every effort was made to destroy them. Smallpox was deliberately spread among them; poisoned food

400-659: Was scattered in the forests; by such infamous means, the coast districts about Rio Doce and Belmonte were cleared, and one Portuguese commander boasted that he had either slain with his own hands or ordered to be butchered many hundreds of them. Paul Ehrenreich estimated their population at 5,000 in 1884. As of April 1939, only 68 Botocudo were alive in Eastern Brazil. They were divided into two groups. The first group numbered 10 people (belonging to Naknyanuk, Arana and Poyica tribes) and lived near Itambacuri . The second group were divided into two bands residing at Guido Marliere , on

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