In philology , a lapsus ( Latin for "lapse, slip, error") is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking.
7-444: Hoplopterus albiceps (Gould, 1834) Vanellus albicep ( lapsus ) Xiphidiopterus albiceps (Gould, 1834) The white-crowned lapwing , white-headed lapwing , white-headed plover or white-crowned plover ( Vanellus albiceps ) is a medium-sized wader. It is resident throughout tropical Africa , usually near large rivers. This lapwing is unmistakable. Its wings and tail are strikingly patterned in black and white,
14-477: A lapsus represents a bungled act that hides an unconscious desire: “the phenomena can be traced back to incompletely suppressed psychical material...pushed away by consciousness”. Jacques Lacan would thoroughly endorse the Freudian interpretation of unconscious motivation in the slip, arguing that “in the lapsus it is...clear that every unsuccessful act is a successful, not to say 'well-turned', discourse”. In
21-534: The hippopotamus . Food is mainly insects and other small invertebrates. This species often feeds in small flocks when not breeding. The white-crowned lapwing is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) applies. Shorebirds by Hayman, Marchant and Prater ISBN 0-7099-2034-2 Lapsus In 1895 an investigation into verbal slips
28-447: The back is brown and the underparts white. The head is particularly striking, being mainly grey, but with a white crown and foreneck. The eyering, facial wattles and legs are yellow. Females, males and young birds are similar in plumage. It is a wader which breeds on exposed sand or shingle near rivers. 2–3 eggs are laid in a ground scrape. The nest and young are defended noisily and aggressively against all intruders, up to and including
35-440: The role of familiar associations and similarities of words and sounds in producing the lapsus. Freud objected that such factors did not cause but only " favour slips of the tongue...in the immense majority of cases my speech is not disturbed by the circumstance that the words I am using recall others with a similar sound...or that familiar associations branch off from them (emphasis copied from original)". Timpanaro later reignited
42-407: The seventies Sebastiano Timpanaro would controversially take up the question again, by offering a mechanistic explanation of all such slips, in opposition to Freud's theories. In literature, a number of different types of lapsus are named depending on context: Slips of the tongue can happen on any level: Each of these five types of error may take various forms: Meringer and Mayer highlighted
49-490: Was undertaken by a philologist and a psychologist, Rudolf Meringer and Karl Mayer , who collected many examples and divided them into separate types. Freud was to become interested in such mistakes from 1897 onwards, developing an interpretation of slips in terms of their unconscious meaning. Subsequently, followers of his like Ernest Jones developed the theme of lapsus in connection with writing, typing, and misprints. According to Freud 's early psychoanalytic theory ,
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