61-862: XVIII. Armeekorps was formed in Salzburg , Austria , on 1 April 1938, following the Anschluss of Austria into the German Reich. During the life of the XVIII. Armeekorps, they took part in the Polish campaign, Fall Weiss , and the campaign in the West 1940 ( Fall Gelb and Fall Rot ), and performed occupation duties in France. On 30 October 1940, the Corps gave up some elements to newly forming XXXXIX. Gebirgskorps, and on 1 November, they re-designated
122-476: A castrum superius (upper castle) on the Nonnberg Terrace as a gift. In return he was to evangelize the east and south-east of the country of Bavaria. Rupert reconnoitred the river for the site of his basilica and chose Juvavum. He ordained priests and annexed the manor of Piding . Rupert built a church at St. Peter on the site of today's cathedral and probably also founded the associated monastery and
183-522: A seat of the archbishop in 798. Its main sources of income were salt extraction, trade, as well as gold mining. The fortress of Hohensalzburg , one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe, dates from the 11th century. In the 17th century, Salzburg became a center of the Counter-Reformation , with monasteries and numerous Baroque churches built. Salzburg's historic center ( German : Altstadt )
244-402: A Bavarian abbey that is the founding monastery of 40 Benedictine convents in the U.S. In 1924, Erentrude's relics were examined; the examination reveled that she was short and slight in appearance. A lock of blonde hair was found, which, according to an expert, Dr. Hella Pock of Vienna , could not belong to a person of southern or central Germany. The examination also showed that Erentrude was at
305-399: A Franconian princess, was a nun at Nonnberg Abbey , the convent where Erentrude was abbess , and might have been related to her. Erentrude was the fraternal niece of Rupert of Salzburg , although hagiographer Alban Butler reports that she might have been his sister. Much of what is known about Erentrude comes from Rupert. The first biographical sketch about her was written by Caesarius,
366-453: A balance between charitable works and contemplative ways of life. Kulzer reported that the wealth of convents during this era was distributed to the poor people who came to their doors daily, so the rules of claustration never prevented the nuns who lived there to minister to the poor and needy. Caesarius "praised [Erentrude's] great love for children", which she taught to the nuns at Nonnberg, and described her careful direction of her nuns and
427-416: A chaplain at Nonnberg Abbey at the beginning of the 14th century, at the direction of the bishop at the time; his sources were the oldest nuns at the convent and the people in the area. According to writer Linda Kulzer, Caesarius "sketches a thoroughly loving and attractive image of Erentrude ... which is the foundation of what is now the common office of the saint". Erentrude received her education at
488-674: A close relationship with Colloredo. In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon ; he transferred the territory to Ferdinando III of Tuscany , former Grand Duke of Tuscany , as the Electorate of Salzburg . In 1805, Salzburg was annexed to the Austrian Empire , along with the Berchtesgaden Provostry . In 1809, the territory of Salzburg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria after Austria's defeat at Wagram . After
549-454: A convent, Nonnberg Abbey, near Salzburg in about 700, and installed her as its first abbess. Nonnberg Abbey, which was featured in the 1965 movie musical The Sound of Music , is the oldest Benedictine woman's community in what was then part of Germany. Several nuns from Worms might have come with her to Nonnberg. She taught them and the other nuns under her care "with all gentleness and wisdom". Caesarius' biographical sketch describes
610-630: A cure from leprosy , which he attributed to Erentrude's intercession. The emperor wore a gold ring with a relic of her in it; when he lost it, the leprosy returned, but when he rebuilt her monastery, he was cured "at once and for life". When the church was rededicated in 1024, Erentrude's remains were taken from the first tomb and transferred, "with great honor and reverence", into the new church's crypt. Her relics have remained there since. According to Caesarius, when Erentrude's remains were transferred, Abbot Mazzelin of St. Peter's Abbey in Salzburg attended
671-462: A hub for southbound trains through the Alps into Italy . Salzburg Airport has scheduled flights to European cities such as Frankfurt , Vienna , London , Rotterdam , Amsterdam , Brussels , Düsseldorf , and Zürich , as well as Hamburg , Edinburgh and Dublin . In addition to these, there are numerous charter flights. In the main city, there is the Salzburg trolleybus system and bus system with
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#1732851889194732-536: A silver reliquary " and placed beneath an altar in the church at Nonnberg. Until Vatican II, the transfer of her remains, which was called Translatio Erentrudis , was celebrated every 4 September. As of 1996, the church at the site celebrated its dedication on 4 September. According to Kulzer, American Benedictines can trace a connection from Nonnberg Abbey to Nonnberg's daughter house, the Abbey of St. Walberg in Eichstätt ,
793-510: A total of more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg has an S-Bahn system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11), trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes, and they are part of the ÖBB network. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world-famous Silent Night chapel in Oberndorf in about 25 minutes. In the 1960s, The Sound of Music , based on the true story of Maria von Trapp , who took up with an aristocratic family and fled
854-420: A vision of him telling her it was time for her to die, and she died three months after he did, on 30 June 718. She was buried in a grave among the rocks at Nonnberg. Kulzer reported that Erentrude's fame for healing miracles and intercession grew after she died. In the 11th century, Emperor Henry II rebuilt the church and convent at Nonnberg, which had been burned down and plundered, as a "thank offering" for
915-599: Is celebrated on 30 June. Erentrude was born at the end of the 7th century, probably in present-day Germany or Austria. The exact date and place of her birth are unknown, and little evidence about her life exists. She was from a Franconian - Merovingian royal house; one early legend states that she was born and raised in Franconia . Hagiographer Agnes Dunbar states that Erentrude lived in Worms and "was consecrated to God from her childhood". The duchess Regintrudis, wife of Thedo and
976-399: Is comparatively high, mainly in the summer months. The specific drizzle is called Schnürlregen in the local dialect. In winter and spring, pronounced foehn winds regularly occur. Salzburg's official population significantly increased in 1935 when the city absorbed adjacent municipalities . After World War II , numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space
1037-529: Is problematic. Nevertheless, some new structures have been added: the Mozarteum at the Baroque Mirabell Garden (Architecture Robert Rechenauer), the 2001 Congress House (Architecture: Freemasons), the 2011 Unipark Nonntal (Architecture: Storch Ehlers Partners), the 2001 "Makartsteg" bridge (Architecture: HALLE1), and the "Residential and Studio House" of the architects Christine and Horst Lechner in
1098-401: Is renowned for its Baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. The historic center was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The city has three universities and a large population of students. The name "Salzburg" was first recorded in the late 8th century. It is composed of two parts; the first being " Salz- " German for "salt" and
1159-473: Is the reason why there are no churches built in the Rococo style. Sigismund von Schrattenbach continued with the construction of "Sigmundstor" and the statue of holy Maria on the cathedral square. With the fall and division of the former "Fürsterzbistum Salzburg" (Archbishopric) to Upper Austria , Bavaria (Rupertigau) and Tyrol (Zillertal Matrei) began a long period of urban stagnancy. This era didn't end before
1220-636: The Celtic Alums in the Kingdom of Noricum . After the Roman invasion in 15 BC, the various settlements on the Salzburg hills were abandoned, following the construction of the Roman city in the area of the old town. The recently created Municipium Claudium Juvavum was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45 CE and has become one of the most important cities of the now Roman province of Noricum . When
1281-650: The Congress of Vienna with the Treaty of Munich (1816) , Salzburg was definitively returned to Austria, but without Rupertigau and Berchtesgaden, which remained with Bavaria . Salzburg was integrated into the Province of Salzach and Salzburgerland was ruled from Linz . In 1850, Salzburg's status was restored as the capital of the Duchy of Salzburg , a crownland of the Austrian Empire . The city became part of Austria-Hungary in 1866 as
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#17328518891941342-750: The Mönchsberg and Kapuzinerberg , which offer green relief within the city. Salzburg is approximately 150 km (93 mi) east of Munich , 281 km (175 mi) northwest of Ljubljana , Slovenia , and 300 km (186 mi) west of Vienna . Salzburg has about the same latitude as Seattle . Due to its proximity to the Austrian-German border, the greater Salzburg urban area has sometimes (unoffcially) been thought of as if it included contiguous parts of Germany: Freilassing (until 1923 known as Salzburghofen), Ainring and Piding . Public transport planning and multiple public transport lines stretch across
1403-455: The market rights and minting rights (probably also the toll law). The first part of Hohensalzburg Fortress was built in 1077. A city judge was first mentioned in a document in 1120/30. On the left bank of the Salzach an extensive spiritual district was created with the cathedral, the bishop's residence north-west of the cathedral, the cathedral monastery on its south side, St Peter's monastery and
1464-511: The monasteries and the early carcass houses dominated the medieval city for a long time. The Cathedral of Archbishop Conrad of Wittelsbach was the largest basilica north of the Alps . The choir of the Franciscan Church , construction was begun by Hans von Burghausen and completed by Stephan Krumenauer , is one of the most prestigious religious gothic constructions of southern Germany. At
1525-627: The 214th anniversary of the 95 Theses , Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion, the Emigrationspatent , directing all Protestant citizens to recant their non-Catholic beliefs. 21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia , travelling the length and breadth of Germany to their new homes in East Prussia. The rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and
1586-463: The 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells after 8:00 p.m. (local time) to celebrate the occasion. Major celebrations took place throughout the year. As of 2017 Salzburg had a GDP per capita of €46,100, which was greater than the average for Austria and most European countries. Salzburg is on the banks of the River Salzach , at
1647-569: The Benedictine nunnery on Nonnberg for his relative Erentrude . Salzburg has been the seat of a diocesan bishop since 739 CE and an archbishopric since 798 CE . The first cathedral was built under Archbishop Virgil. The Franciscan Church existed since the beginning of the 9th century at the latest. The Marienkirche dates from 1139. The first use of the German name Salzburg, meaning Salt-Castle , can be traced back to 739 CE when
1708-594: The British colonies in America. In 1772–1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo , Salzburg was a center of late Illuminism . Colloredo is known for being one of the main employers of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Colloredo often had arguments with Mozart and he dismissed him by saying, Soll er doch gehen, ich brauche ihn nicht! (He should go; I don't need him!). Mozart left Salzburg for Vienna in 1781 with his family, although his father Leopold stayed back, as he had
1769-511: The Europark Shopping Centre. (Architecture: Massimiliano Fuksas ) Salzburg has twenty-four urban districts and three extra-urban populations. Urban districts ( Stadtteile ): Extra-urban populations ( Landschaftsräume ): Salzburg is a tourist favorite, with the number of visitors outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include: Old Town Outside
1830-565: The Frauengarten (probably after a former women's convent that was dissolved in 1583). Only during the 12th century did the civil settlement begin to spread into the Getreidegasse, the Abtsgasse (Sigmund Haffner-Gasse) and along the quay. Around 1280 the first city fortifications were created. The oldest known city law document dates from the year 1287. Independence from Bavaria was secured in
1891-677: The German Anschluss , used locations in Salzburg and Salzburg State as filming location . The city briefly appears on the map when Indiana Jones travels through the city in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Salzburg is the setting for the Austrian crime series Stockinger and an Austrian-German television crime drama series Der Pass . Erentrude Erentrude (also known as Ehrentraud , Erendrudis , Erentruy , Erndrude , Arentruda , Ariotruda and Arndruda )
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1952-514: The Korps name to XVIII. Gebirgskorps, under which it participated to Operation Marita , the invasion of Greece in spring 1941. XVIII Armeekorps XVIII Gebirgskorps Salzburg Salzburg is the fourth-largest city in Austria . In 2020, it had a population of 156,852. The town is on the site of the Roman settlement of Iuvavum . Salzburg was founded as an episcopal see in 696 and became
2013-558: The Old Town Greater Salzburg area Salzburg is a center of education and home to three universities, as well as several professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools) . Salzburg Hauptbahnhof is served by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east–west trains serving Vienna , Munich , Innsbruck , and Zürich , including daily high-speed ICE services. North–south rail connections also serve popular destinations such as Venice and Prague . The city acts as
2074-407: The border. The Köppen climate classification specifies Salzburg's climate as a humid continental climate (Dfb). However, with the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm for the coldest month, Salzburg can be classified as having a four-season oceanic climate (Cfb) with significant temperature differences between seasons. Due to the location at the northern rim of the Alps, the amount of precipitation
2135-510: The capital city of the Federal State of Salzburg ( Land Salzburg ) and saw the Americans leave the area once Austria had signed a 1955 treaty re-establishing the country as a democratic and independent nation and subsequently declared its perpetual neutrality . In the 1960s, the city became the shooting location and setting of the family musical film The Sound of Music . On 27 January 2006,
2196-656: The capital of a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The nostalgia of the Romantic Era led to increased tourism. In 1892, a funicular was installed to facilitate tourism to Hohensalzburg Fortress . Following World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Salzburg, as the capital of one of the Austro-Hungarian territories, became part of the new German Austria . In 1918, it represented
2257-413: The ceremonies. He admired her and wanted a relic of her, so he secretly took "a particle of her body", a chest bone. To the astonishment of everyone present, he was immediately struck blind; when he admitted his theft, he promised to resign as abbot and live the rest of his life as a hermit on a nearby mountain. He was healed of his blindness, but kept his promise. According to legend, when he died, his body
2318-787: The city's buildings, especially those around Salzburg railway station. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the cathedral were destroyed, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, Salzburg is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. American troops entered the city on 5 May 1945 and it became the centre of the American-occupied area in Austria . Several displaced persons camps were established in Salzburg—among them Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine. After World War II, Salzburg became
2379-526: The city's independence led to an increase in wealth and prosperity, culminating in the late 16th to 18th centuries under the Prince Archbishops Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau , Markus Sittikus , and Paris Lodron . It was in the 17th century that Italian architects (and Austrians who had studied the Baroque style) rebuilt the city center as it is today along with many palaces. On 31 October 1731,
2440-614: The city. Political opponents, Jewish citizens and other minorities were subsequently arrested and deported to concentration camps. The synagogue was destroyed. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, several POW camps for prisoners from the Soviet Union and other enemy nations were arranged in the city. During the Nazi occupation, a Romani camp was built in Salzburg-Maxglan. It
2501-499: The construction of the residential well. Giovanni Gaspare Zuccalli , by order of the same archbishop, created the Erhard and the Kajetan church in the south of the town. The city's redesign was completed with buildings designed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , donated by Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst von Thun. After the era of Ernst von Thun, the city's expansion came to a halt, which
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2562-647: The convent of St. Radegund in Poitiers , where she had entered to become a nun. Rupert, after preaching and founding churches for several years in Bavaria , returned to his home town of Worms, where Erentrude was serving as an abbess, to elicit assistance in his work from "devoted men and women". According to Kulzer, Erentrude experienced conflict at Worms, which strengthened her character and increased her desire for "mystical contemplation". She left her home country to help Rupert start religious communities in Salzburg ; he built
2623-659: The end of the Gothic era Nonnberg Abbey , the Margaret Chapel in St Peter's Abbey , St George's Chapel, and the stately halls of the "Hoher Stock" in Hohensalzburg Fortress were constructed. Inspired by Vincenzo Scamozzi , Prince-Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau began to transform the medieval town to the architectural ideals of the late Renaissance . Plans for a massive cathedral by Scamozzi failed to materialize upon
2684-570: The fall of the archbishop. A second cathedral planned by Santino Solari rose as the first early Baroque church in Salzburg. It served as an example for many other churches in Southern Germany and Austria . Markus Sittikus and Paris von Lodron continued to rebuild the city with major projects such as Hellbrunn Palace , the prince archbishop's residence, the university buildings, fortifications, and many other buildings. Giovanni Antonio Daria managed by order of Prince Archbishop Guido von Thun
2745-720: The late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg , a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire . As the Reformation movement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during the German Peasants' War , and the Archbishop had to flee to the safety of the fortress. It was besieged for three months in 1525. Eventually, tensions were quelled, and
2806-494: The middle of Salzburg's old town (winner of the architecture award of Salzburg 2010 ). Other examples of contemporary architecture lie outside the old town: the Faculty of Science building (Universität Salzburg – Architecture Willhelm Holzbauer ) built on the edge of free green space, the blob architecture of Red Bull Hangar-7 (Architecture: Volkmar Burgstaller ) at Salzburg Airport, home to Dietrich Mateschitz 's Flying Bulls and
2867-547: The name was used in Willibald 's report on the organization of the Bavarian dioceses by Saint Boniface . The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the River Salzach , which were subject to a toll in the 8th century as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers. Hohensalzburg Fortress , the city's fortress was built on the site of a Roman fort in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It
2928-402: The northern boundary of the Alps . The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 1,972‑metre-high Untersberg , is less than 16 km (10 mi) from the city center. The Altstadt , or "old town", is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive Hohensalzburg Fortress . This area is flanked by two smaller hills,
2989-478: The nuns at Nonnberg served the poor, needy, and ill, striking a balance between living as cloistered nuns and engaging in charitable works. Erentrude died on 30 June 718. Her fame for healing miracles and intercession grew after her death, and many legends have arisen throughout the centuries since her death. In 2006, Erentrude's image appeared on the Austrian Nonnberg Abbey commemorative coin. Her feast day
3050-546: The old town), the "Lepi" (public baths in Leopoldskron ) (built 1964), and the original 1957 constructed congress-center of Salzburg, which was replaced by a new building in 2001. An important and famous example of the architecture of this era is the 1960 opening of the Großes Festspielhaus by Clemens Holzmeister . Adding contemporary architecture to Salzburg's old town without risking its UNESCO World Heritage status
3111-527: The period of promoterism ( Gründerzeit ) brought new life into urban development. The builder dynasty Jakob Ceconi and Carl Freiherr von Schwarz filled major positions in shaping the city in this era. Buildings of classical modernism and in particular, post-war modernism is frequently encountered in Salzburg. Examples are the Zahnwurzen house (a house in the Linzergasse ;22 in the right center of
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#17328518891943172-539: The province of Noricum collapsed in 488 at the beginning of the migration period , part of the Romano-Celtic population remained in the country. In the 6th century they came under the rule of the Baiuvarii . The Life of Saint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the city's rebirth, when around 696 CE , Bishop Rupert of Salzburg received the remains of the Roman town from Duke Theodo II of Bavaria as well as
3233-470: The residual German-speaking territories of the Austrian heartlands. This was replaced by the First Austrian Republic in 1919, after the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) . The Anschluss (the occupation and annexation of Austria, including Salzburg, into Nazi Germany ) took place on 12 March 1938, one day before a scheduled referendum on Austria's independence. German troops moved into
3294-560: The second being "-burg" from Proto-West-Germanic : *burg conveying the same meaning as Latin : oppidum , lit. 'fortified settlement, city' and not that of the New High German : Burg , lit. 'fortress'. The area of the city has been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic Age until the present. In the La Tène period it was an administrative centre of
3355-428: The work Erentrude and her nuns conducted at Nonnberg, which, as Kulzer states, went beyond the typical prayer and devotion of nuns at the time but was typical for Merovingian women who lived as cloistered nuns. Erentrude and the nuns at Nonnberg worked with the poor and the ill, which was the purpose and focus of their monastic existence, not self denial and humility characteristic of monastic life in later eras, and struck
3416-715: The young women under her care; by her example and instruction, trained them "to great piety" and "guided [them] with all gentleness and wisdom". According to Caesarius, in approximately early 718, St. Rupert, aware of his imminent death, requested that Erentrude visit him; when he told her, asking that she not tell anyone and that she would continue to pray for him, she asked that she die before him. When he rebuked her, she reminded him that she had left her home to follow him to Salzberg, so he agreed to intercede for her to join him after he died. Shortly after Rupert died in March 718, Caesarius reported that Erentrude, while interceding for him, saw
3477-409: Was a saint and abbess , born during the end of the 7th century, probably in present-day Germany or Austria. She was born into a Franconian - Merovingian royal house, and was the niece of Rupert of Salzburg . She left her home country to assist Rupert in establishing religious communities in Salzburg ; in about 700, he built a convent, Nonnberg Abbey , and installed her as its first abbess. She and
3538-575: Was an Arbeitserziehungslager (work 'education' camp), which provided slave labor to local industry. It also operated as a Zwischenlager (transit camp), holding Roma before their deportation to German camps or ghettos in German-occupied territories in eastern Europe. Salzburg was also the location of five subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp . Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Fifteen air strikes destroyed 46 percent of
3599-404: Was constructed for American soldiers of the postwar occupation and could be used for refugees when they left. Around 1950, Salzburg passed the mark of 100,000 citizens, and in 2016, it reached the mark of 150000 citizens. Salzburg is home to large German, Bosnian, Serbian, and Romanian communities. Largest groups of immigrants by 1 January 2021 : The Romanesque and Gothic churches ,
3660-401: Was greatly expanded during the following centuries. This site is not the site of the Roman castrum superius , which was located on the Nonnberg nearby. The state of Salzburg and its counties soon gained more and more influence and power within Bavaria due to the flourishing salt mining and the wide-ranging missionary activities. In 996 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor rented Archbishop Hartwig
3721-429: Was supposed to be transferred to St. Peter's for burial, but the animals used for transport, "driven by a secret power", went to Nonnberg instead, and he was buried at the church there, near Erentrude. According to Kulzer, archeological evidence later found a grave in front of the left entrance of Erentrude's crypt, which may contain Mazzelin's remains. On 4 September 1624, Erentrude's remains "were solemnly enshrined in
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