XLR8R (pronounced "accelerator") is a website that covers music, culture, style, and technology. It was originally also a print magazine.
85-559: XLR8R was founded as a newsprint zine in 1993 by publisher Andrew Smith in Seattle . It has offices in San Francisco and New York City . While XLR8R 's initial focus was on electronic music, it has widened its scope to include indie rock , hip-hop , and reggae / dancehall music as well as related trends in style, art, fashion, and technology. XLR8R was published 10 times per year and distributed internationally. Special issues included
170-460: A "do-it-yourself" philosophy that disregards the traditional conventions of professional design and publishing houses, proposing an alternative, confident, and self-aware contribution. Handwritten zines, or carbon zines, are individually made, emphasizing a personal connection between creator and reader, turning imagined communities into embodied ones. Historically, zines have provided community for socially isolated individuals or groups through
255-439: A webzine though with more focus on the anti-authoritarian movement than its original title. Artcore Fanzine (established in 1986) continues to this day, recently publishing a number of 30-year anniversary issues. Mira Bellwether 's zine Fucking Trans Women , published in 2010 online and 2013 in print, proved influential in the field of transgender sexuality , receiving both scholarly and popular-culture attention. It
340-426: A Music Technology issue, a year-end "Best Of" issue, and an entire issue devoted to the music scene of a particular city ( Berlin , San Francisco , Los Angeles , Chicago , New York City , etc.). Subscribers receive Incite , a free monthly CD of tracks hand-picked by the magazine's editors. Standout features of the publication include "Audiofile," a collection of short pieces on up-and-coming musicians; "Machines,"
425-560: A Pennsylvania hospital and The Dial (1840–44) by Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson . Zines were given a pop culture revival in March 2021 with the release of the Amy Poehler -directed film Moxie , released by Netflix , about a 16-year old high school student who starts a feminist zine to empower the young women at her school. In the 1920s during the Harlem Renaissance ,
510-400: A circulation of 1,000 or fewer copies, in practice many zines are produced in editions of fewer than 100. Among the various intentions for creation and publication are developing one's identity, sharing a niche skill or art, or developing a story, as opposed to seeking profit. Zines have served as a significant medium of communication in various subcultures , and frequently draw inspiration from
595-478: A group of Black creatives in Harlem began a literary magazine "the better to express ourselves freely and independently – without interference from old heads, white or [black]." This led to the creation of a " little magazine " entitled Fire!! . Only one issue of Fire!! was released, but this inspired the creation of other "little magazines" by Black authors. Contributions by Black writers, artists, and activists to
680-458: A mailing list or sold at conventions. Many had high production values and some were sold at convention auctions for hundreds of dollars. Janus , later called Aurora , was a science fiction feminist zine created by Janice Bogstad and Jeanne Gomoll in 1975. It contained short stories, essays, and film reviews. Among its contributors were authors such as Octavia Butler , Joanna Russ , Samuel R. Delany , and Suzette Hayden Elgin . Janus/Aurora
765-591: A number of corporate sponsors. In addition individual shows are often sponsored. Tate now spends around £1 million of its general funds each year on purchasing acquisitions and their related costs. The Outset Contemporary Art Fund was established in 2003, by Tate patrons Yana Peel and Candida Gertler. In collaboration with the Frieze Art Fair , the fund buys works from the fair for the Tate's collections. Other funds for acquisitions are raised by Tate funding groups such as
850-662: A number of other punk zines have appeared, such as Dagger , Profane Existence , Punk Planet , Razorcake , Slug and Lettuce , Sobriquet and Tail Spins . The early American punk zine Search and Destroy eventually became the influential fringe-cultural magazine Re/Search . "In the post-punk era several well-written fanzines emerged that cast an almost academic look at earlier, neglected musical forms, including Mike Stax' Ugly Things , Billy Miller and Miriam Linna 's Kicks , Jake Austen's Roctober , Kim Cooper's Scram , P. Edwin Letcher's Garage & Beat , and
935-501: A pen, or an instrument, or get anything done, we are creating the revolution. We ARE the revolution." Women use this grassroots medium to discuss their personal lived experiences, and themes including body image, sexuality, gender norms, and violence to express anger, and reclaim/refigure femininity. Scholar and zinester Mimi Thi Nguyen notes that these norms unequally burdened riot grrrls of color with allowing white riot grrrls access to their personal experiences, an act which in itself
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#17329270744651020-470: A range of logos that move in and out of focus, "suggesting the dynamic nature of Tate – always changing but always recognizable" Variations include a standard logo, a blurred version, a faded version and a halftone version consisting of dots rather than smooth fading. An update on the brand, designed by North, was released in 2016. The head of the Tate (formally the National Gallery of British Art and
1105-576: A reciprocal relationship where women could also be seen as creators rather than consumers. Starting in this decade, multinational companies started appropriating and commodifying zines and DIY culture. Their faux zines created a commercialized hipster lifestyle. By late in the decade, independent zinesters were accused of "selling out" to make a profit. Zines are sold, traded or given as gifts at symposiums, publishing fairs, record and book stores and concerts, via independent media outlets, zine 'distros', mail order or through direct correspondence with
1190-536: A section devoted to technology (reviews, recording techniques of various artists, etc.); "Vis-Ed," a showcase of emerging illustrators, photographers, and designers; and "Bitter Bastard," a curmudgeonly rant on various frustrating topics within the music world. Each issue traditionally has hundreds of reviews of various albums, singles, compilations, books, and DVDs. XLR8R 's website features breaking music and culture news, high-resolution music videos and free weekly MP3 downloads and podcasts. Additionally, back issues of
1275-449: A significant effect on the functioning of the original London Tate Gallery, whose size was increasingly proving a constraint as the collection grew. It was a logical step to separate the "British" and "Modern" aspects of the collection, and they are now housed in separate buildings in London. The original gallery is now called Tate Britain and is the national gallery for British art from 1500 to
1360-458: A similar do-it-yourself publication model. In the UK Fracture and Reason To Believe were significant fanzines in the early 2000s, both ending in late 2003. Rancid News filled the gap left by these two zines for a short while. On its tenth issue Rancid News changed its name to Last Hours with 7 issues published under this title before going on hiatus. Last Hours still operates as
1445-538: A specific focus (e.g. women's studies) or those that are relevant to a local region. Libraries and institutions with notable zine collections include: The Indie Photobook Library, an independent archive in the Washington, D.C., area, is a large collection of photobooks and photo zines dating from 2008 to 2016 which the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University acquired in 2016. In California,
1530-483: A table to sell or barter their work. Over time, zinesters have added posters, stickers, buttons and patches to these events. In many libraries, schools and community centers around the world, zinesters hold meetings to create, share, and pass down the art of making zines. With the rise of the Internet in the mid-1990s, zines initially faded from public awareness possibly due to the ability of private web-pages to fulfill much
1615-562: A webzine. Richard Klemensen's Little Shoppe of Horrors , having a particular focus on " Hammer Horrors ", began in 1972 and is still publishing as of 2017. The Baltimore -based Black Oracle (1969–1978) from writer-turned- John Waters repertory member George Stover was a diminutive zine that evolved into the larger-format Cinemacabre. Stover's Black Oracle partner Bill George published his own short-lived zine The Late Show (1974–1976; with co-editor Martin Falck), and later became editor of
1700-863: Is Microcosm Publishing in Portland, Oregon . Some other longstanding operations include Great Worm Express Distribution in Toronto , CornDog Publishing in Ipswich in the UK, Café Royal Books in Southport in the UK, AK Press in Oakland, California , Missing Link Records in Melbourne . and Wasted Ink Zine Distro in Phoenix, AZ. A number of major public and academic libraries and museums carry zines and other small press publications, often with
1785-483: Is a non-professional and non-official publication produced by enthusiasts of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet and popularized within science fiction fandom , entering the Oxford English Dictionary in 1949. Popularly defined within
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#17329270744651870-626: Is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport . The name "Tate" is used also as the operating name for the corporate body, which was established by the Museums and Galleries Act 1992 as "The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery". The gallery was founded in 1897 as the National Gallery of British Art. When its role was changed to include
1955-428: Is that I can read it without translating it from the consensual, public world, which is sexist, and unconcerned with women per se, and managing to make it make sense to me and my condition." Russ observed that while science fiction fans looked down on Star Trek fans, Star Trek fans looked down on K/S writers. Kirk/Spock zines contained fanfiction , artwork, and poetry created by fans. Zines were then sent to fans on
2040-624: The Charities Act 1993 , the Tate is an exempt charity accountable directly to Government rather than the Charity Commission for financial returns etc. However, the Trustees are still expected to follow the broad responsibilities of charity trustees, and may be subject to Charity Commission oversight on these elements of their activities. Maria Balshaw has been Director of Tate since 2017, succeeding Sir Nicholas Serota (1988 to 2017). Under
2125-531: The Cinefantastique prozine spinoff Femme Fatales . In the mid-1970s, North Carolina teenager Sam Irvin published the horror/science-fiction fanzine Bizarre which included his original interviews with UK actors and filmmakers; Irvin would later become a producer-director in his own right. Japanese Fantasy Film Journal (JFFJ) (1968–1983) from Greg Shoemaker covered Toho 's Godzilla and his Asian brethren. Japanese Giants (JG) appeared in 1974 and
2210-615: The Long Beach Public Library began to be the first public library in the state to start circulating zines for three weeks at a time in 2015. In 2017 the Los Angeles Public Library started to circulate zines publicly to its patrons as well. Both projects have been credited to librarian Ziba Zehdar who has been an advocate in promoting circulating zines publicly at libraries in California. It has been suggested that
2295-566: The Lunarians . Some of the earliest examples of academic fandom were written on Star Trek zines, specifically K/S ( Kirk / Spock ) slash zines, which featured a gay relationship between the two. Author Joanna Russ wrote in her 1985 analysis of K/S zines that slash fandom at the time consisted of around 500 core fans and was 100% female. "K/S not only speaks to my condition. It is written in Female. I don't mean that literally, of course. What I mean
2380-670: The Turner Prize , the first time this has been held outside London. This was an overture to Liverpool's being the European Capital of Culture 2008. In 1993, another offshoot opened, Tate St Ives . It exhibits work by modern British artists, particularly those of the St Ives School . Additionally the Tate also manages the Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden , which opened in 1980. Neither of these two new Tates had
2465-630: The amateur press movement of the late 19th and early 20th century, which would in turn intersect with Black literary magazines during the Harlem Renaissance , and the subculture of science fiction fandom in the 1930s. The popular graphic-style associated with zines is influenced artistically and politically by the subcultures of Dada , Fluxus , Surrealism , and Situationism . Many trace zines' lineage from as far back as Thomas Paine 's exceptionally popular 1776 pamphlet Common Sense , Benjamin Franklin 's literary magazine for psychiatric patients at
2550-613: The initiative started in 2000 including Tate in Space (2002) which was nominated in the Interactive Art category for the 2003 BAFTA Interactive awards. Tate receives annual funding from the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport . It is administered by a board of trustees, who are responsible for the running of the gallery and appoint the Director (for a period of seven years). Under
2635-565: The mainstream to be prohibitive of inclusion in more traditional media. (An example of the latter is Boyd McDonald 's Straight to Hell , which reached a circulation of 20,000. ) Although there are a few eras associated with zine-making, this "wave" narrative proposes a limited view of the vast range of topics, styles and environments zines occupied. Dissidents, under-represented, and marginalized groups have published their own opinions in leaflet and pamphlet form for as long as such technology has been available. The concept of zines can be traced to
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2720-404: The punk subculture in the late 1970s, along with the increasing accessibility to copy machines, publishing software, and home printing technologies. Punk became a genre for the working class because of the economic necessity to use creative DIY methods, which were echoed in both zine and Punk music creation. Zines became vital to the popularization and spread of punk spreading to countries outside
2805-449: The 1980s, with the rise of stadium superstars, many home-grown rock fanzines emerged. At the peak of Bruce Springsteen 's megastardom following the Born in the U.S.A. album and Born in the U.S.A. Tour in the mid-1980s, there were no less than five Springsteen fanzines circulating at the same time in the UK alone, and many others elsewhere. Gary Desmond's Candy's Room , coming from Liverpool,
2890-931: The Bomp (1970), are among the most popular early rock fanzines. Crawdaddy! (1966) quickly moved from its fanzine roots to become one of the first rock music "prozines" with paid advertisers and newsstand distribution. Bomp remained a fanzine, featuring many writers who would later become prominent music journalists, including Lester Bangs , Greil Marcus , Ken Barnes, Ed Ward , Dave Marsh , Mike Saunders and R. Meltzer as well as cover art by Jay Kinney and Bill Rotsler (both veterans of science fiction and Comics fandom). Other rock fanzines of this period include denim delinquent (1971) edited by Jymn Parrett, Flash (1972) edited by Mark Shipper, Eurock Magazine (1973–1993) edited by Archie Patterson and Bam Balam written and published by Brian Hogg in East Lothian, Scotland (1974). In
2975-551: The DIY Punk subculture in tandem with the American era of third-wave feminism , and used the consciousness-raising method of organizing and communication. As feminist documents, they follow a longer legacy of feminist and women's self-publication that includes scrapbooking , periodicals and health publications, allowing women to circulate ideas that would not otherwise be published. The American publication Bikini Kill (1990) introduced
3060-506: The Director, Kerstin Mogull has been Managing Director of Tate since January 2014, succeeding Alex Beard . Various bodies have been set up to support the Tate including Tate Members for the general public, where a yearly fee gives rights such as free entry to charging exhibitions and members' rooms. There is also Tate Patrons for a higher subscription fee and the Tate Foundation. There are
3145-598: The Los Angeles Zine Fest started in 2012 with only a handful of exhibitors, now hosting over 200 exhibitors. These are considered to be some of the biggest zine fests in the United States, Other big zine fests across the globe include, San Francisco Zine Fest, Brooklyn Zine Fest, Chicago Zine Fest, Feminist Zine Fest, Amsterdam Zine Jam, and Sticky Zine Fair. At each zine fest, the zinester can be their own independent distributor and publisher simply by standing behind
3230-723: The Members, the Patrons and the American Patrons of Tate and its sub-committees, the North American Acquisitions Committee and Latin American Acquisitions Committee. The American Patrons were renamed in 2013 to reflect their expanding geographical base of support; since 1999, this support group alone has raised more than $ 100 million. In 2010, a photography acquisitions committee was launched. In 2012,
3315-487: The National Gallery of Art (the same title as the Tate Gallery had). Forty years later Sir Henry Tate who was a sugar magnate and a major collector of Victorian art, offered to fund the building of the gallery to house British Art on the condition that the State pay for the site and revenue costs. Henry Tate also donated his own collection to the gallery. It was initially a collection solely of modern British art, concentrating on
3400-616: The Ottawa hardcore scene. The Bay Area zine Cometbus was first created at Berkeley by the zinester and musician Aaron Cometbus . Gearhead Nation was a monthly punk freesheet that lasted from the early 1990s to 1997 in Dublin, Ireland. Some hardcore punk zines became available online such as the e-zine chronicling the Australian hardcore scene, RestAssured. In Italy, Mazquerade ran from 1979 to 1981 and Raw Art Fanzine ran from 1995 to 2000. In
3485-847: The Riot Grrrl Manifesto in their second issue as a way of establishing space. Zinesters Erika Reinstein and May Summer founded the Riot Grrrl Press to serve as a zine distribution network that would allow riot grrrls to "express themselves and reach large audiences without having to rely on the mainstream press". "BECAUSE we girls want to create mediums that speak to US. We are tired of boy band after boy band, boy zine after boy zine, boy punk after boy punk after boy . . . BECAUSE in every form of media I see us/myself slapped, decapitated, laughed at, trivialized, pushed, ignored, stereotyped, kicked, scorned, molested, silenced, invalidated, knifed, shot, choked, and killed ... BECAUSE every time we pick up
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3570-475: The Tate Gallery was finally separated from the National Gallery. During the 1950s and 1960s, the visual arts department of the Arts Council of Great Britain funded and organised temporary exhibitions at the Tate Gallery including, in 1966, a retrospective of Marcel Duchamp . Later, the Tate began organising its own temporary exhibition programme. In 1979 with funding from a Japanese bank a large modern extension
3655-484: The Tate established a South Asian acquisitions committee to collect contemporary and modern art from India and surrounding countries, as well as a committee for works from Russia, Eastern Europe and the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). The Tate logo was designed by international brand consultancy Wolff Olins in 2000 as part of a larger rebranding effort focused around the idea "look again, think again." The museum uses
3740-619: The Toronto suburbs. The episodes are narrated and presented in the form of zine issues that she creates, inheriting her father's storytelling passion. The show won titles from the Canadian Comedy Awards and Gemini Awards during its development. Tate Tate is an institution that houses, in a network of four art galleries, the United Kingdom 's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It
3825-520: The UK and America, such as Ireland, Indonesia, and more by 1977. Amateur, fan-created zines played an important role in spreading information about different scenes (city or regional-based subcultures) and bands (e.g. British fanzines like Mark Perry's Sniffin Glue and Shane MacGowan's Bondage ) in the pre-Internet era. They typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters, and ads for records and labels. The punk subculture in
3910-491: The UK's Shindig! and Italy's Misty Lane ." Mark Wilkins, the promotion director for 1982 onwards US punk/thrash label Mystic Records , had over 450 US fanzines and 150 foreign fanzines he promoted to regularly. He and Mystic Records owner Doug Moody edited The Mystic News Newsletter which was published quarterly and went into every promo package to fanzines. Wilkins also published the highly successful Los Angeles punk humor zine Wild Times and when he ran out of funding for
3995-605: The US an in Effect, launched in 1988 described the New York City punk scene. Among later titles, Maximum RocknRoll is a major punk zine, with over 300 issues published. As a result, in part, of the popular and commercial resurgence of punk in the late 1980s, and after, with the growing popularity of such bands as Sonic Youth , Nirvana , Fugazi , Bikini Kill , Green Day and the Offspring ,
4080-544: The US, Flipside (created by Al Kowalewski, Pooch (Patrick DiPuccio), Larry Lash (Steven Shoemaker), Tory, X-8 (Sam Diaz)) and Slash (created by Steve Samioff and Claude Bessy) were important punk zines for the Los Angeles scene, both debuting in 1977. In 1977 in Australia, Bruce Milne and Clinton Walker fused their respective punk zines Plastered Press and Suicide Alley to launch Pulp ; Milne later went on to invent
4165-921: The United Kingdom spearheaded a surge of interest in fanzines as a countercultural alternative to established print media. The first and still best known UK 'punk zine' was Sniffin' Glue , produced by Deptford punk fan Mark Perry which ran for 12 photocopied issues; the first issue produced by Perry immediately following (and in response to) the London debut of the Ramones on 4 July 1976. Other UK fanzines included Blam! , Bombsite , Burnt Offering , Chainsaw , New Crimes , Vague , Jamming , Artcore Fanzine , Love and Molotov Cocktails , To Hell With Poverty , New Youth , Peroxide , ENZK , Juniper beri-beri , No Cure , Communication Blur , Rox , Grim Humour , Spuno , Cool Notes and Fumes . By 1990, Maximum Rocknroll "had become
4250-400: The ability to express and pursue common ideas and subjects. For this reason, zines have cultural and academic value as tangible traces of marginal communities, many of which are otherwise little-documented. Zines present groups that have been dismissed with an opportunity to voice their opinion, both with other members of their own communities or with a larger audience. This has been reflected in
4335-460: The adoption of zine culture by powerful and prestigious institutions contradicts their function as declarations of agency by marginalized groups. There has been a resurgence in the alternative publication culture beginning in the 2010s, in tandem with the influx of zine libraries and as a result of the digital age, which has sparked zine festivals across the globe. The San Francisco Zine Fest started in 2001 and features up to 200+ exhibitors, while
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#17329270744654420-458: The area. All four museums share the Tate Collection. One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize to a British visual artist, which takes place at Tate Britain every other year (taking place at venues outside of London in alternate years). The original Tate was called the National Gallery of British Art, situated on Millbank , Pimlico , London at
4505-517: The art dealer and patron Joseph Duveen paid for two major expansions of the gallery building. His father had earlier paid for an extension to house the major part of the Turner Bequest, which in 1987 was transferred to a wing paid for by Sir Charles Clore . Henry Courtauld also endowed Tate with a purchase fund. By the mid 20th century, it was fulfilling a dual function of showing the history of British art as well as international modern art. In 1954,
4590-957: The author. They are also sold online on distro websites, Etsy shops, blogs, or social networking profiles and are available for download. While zines are generally self-published, there are a few independent publishers who specialize in art zines such as Nieves Books in Zurich , founded by Benjamin Sommerhalder, and Café Royal Books founded by Craig Atkinson in 2005. In recent years a number of photocopied zines have risen to prominence or professional status and have found wide bookstore and online distribution. Notable among these are Giant Robot , Dazed & Confused , Bust , Bitch , Cometbus , Doris , Brainscan , The Miscreant, and Maximum RocknRoll . Live map of zine distributors worldwide There are many catalogued and online based mail-order distros for zines. The longest running distribution operation
4675-646: The cassette zine with Fast Forward , in 1980. In the American Midwest, a zine called Touch and Go described the area's hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983. We Got Power described the LA scene from 1981 to 1984, and included show reviews and band interviews with groups including DOA , the Misfits , Black Flag , Suicidal Tendencies , and the Circle Jerks . My Rules was a photo zine that included photos of hardcore shows from across
4760-559: The creation of zine archives and related programming in such mainstream institutions as the Tate museum and the British Library . Written in a variety of formats from desktop-published text to comics , collages and stories, zines cover broad topics including fanfiction , politics, poetry, art & design, ephemera , personal journals, social theory, intersectional feminism , single-topic obsession, or sexual content far enough outside
4845-590: The current-day Tate, consisting of a network of four museums: Tate Britain , which displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day; Tate Modern , also in London, which houses the Tate's collection of British and international modern and contemporary art from 1900 to the present day; Tate Liverpool (founded in 1988), which has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale; and Tate St Ives in Cornwall (founded in 1993), which displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have connections with
4930-475: The de facto bible of the scene, presenting a "passionate yet dogmatic view" of what hardcore was supposed to be." HeartattaCk and Profane Existence took the DIY lifestyle to a religious level for emo and post-hardcore and crust punk culture. Slug and Lettuce started at the state college of PA and became an international 10,000 copy production – all for free. In Canada, the zine Standard Issue chronicles
5015-531: The earliest incarnations of the zine and influenced subsequent publications. "Zinesters" like Lisa Ben and Jim Kepner honed their talents in the science fiction fandom before tackling gay rights, creating zines such as "Vice Versa" and "ONE" that drew networking and distribution ideas from their science fiction roots. A number of leading science fiction and fantasy authors rose through the ranks of fandom, creating "pro-zines" such as Frederik Pohl and Isaac Asimov . The first science fiction fanzine, The Comet ,
5100-509: The first science fiction magazine , Amazing Stories in 1926. In January 1927, Gernsback introduced a large letter column which printed reader's addresses. allowing them to write to each other; it was out of this mailing list that fans' own science fiction fanzines began. Fans also began writing to each other not only about science fiction but about fandom itself, leading to perzines . Science fiction fanzines vary in content, from short stories to convention reports to fanfiction were one of
5185-444: The first horror fanzines created as more serious alternatives to the popular Forrest J Ackerman 1958 magazine Famous Monsters of Filmland . Garden Ghouls Gazette – a 1960s horror title under the editorship of Dave Keil, then Gary Collins—was later headed by Frederick S. Clarke and in 1967 became the respected journal Cinefantastique . It later became a prozine under journalist-screenwriter Mark A. Altman and has continued as
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#17329270744655270-685: The history of comics. Through the 1960s, and 1970s, comic fanzines followed general formats, such as the industry news and information magazine ( The Comic Reader was one example), interview, history and review-based fanzines, and the fanzines which basically represented independent comic book-format exercises. In 1936, David Kyle published The Fantasy World , possibly the first comics fanzine. Malcolm Willits and Jim Bradley started The Comic Collector's News in October 1947. In 1953, Bhob Stewart published The EC Fan Bulletin , which launched EC fandom of imitative Entertaining Comic fanzines. Among
5355-448: The hobby, but also served as a common form for the organisation of play-by-mail games . Several fans active in science fiction and comics fandom recognized a shared interest in rock music, and the rock fanzine was born. Paul Williams and Greg Shaw were two such science fiction fans turned rock zine editors. Williams' Crawdaddy! (1966) and Shaw's two California-based zines, Mojo Navigator Rock and Roll News (1966) and Who Put
5440-419: The mid-1990s, zines were also published on the Internet as e-zines . Websites such as Gurl.com and ChickClick were created out of dissatisfaction of media available to women and parodied content found in mainstream teen and women's magazines. Both Gurl.com and ChickClick had a message board and free web hosting services, where users could also create and contribute their own content, which in turn created
5525-511: The national collection of modern art as well as the national collection of British art , in 1932, it was renamed the Tate Gallery after sugar magnate Henry Tate of Tate & Lyle , who had laid the foundations for the collection. The Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in Millbank , London. In 2000, the Tate Gallery transformed itself into
5610-597: The present day, as well as some modern British art. Tate Modern , in Bankside Power Station on the south side of the Thames , opened in 2000 and now exhibits the national collection of modern art from 1900 to the present day, including some modern British art. In the late 2000s, the Tate announced a new development project to the south of the existing building. According to the museum this new development would "transform Tate Modern. An iconic new building will be added at
5695-425: The print magazine are accessible from 2003 to the present as freely downloadable PDFs. In March 2007, XLR8R launched XLR8R TV , an internet TV show hosted by Revision3 , with a new episode appearing every Tuesday. The show features musicians, artists and scenes covered in the pages of XLR8R magazine. In 2011, XLR8R ceased publication of their print magazine and became a web only publication. In 2012, XLR8R
5780-530: The same domain. Other resources include illustrated information on all works in Tate's Collection of British and Modern, Contemporary and international art, all of Tate's research publications, and articles from the magazine Tate Etc. BT was the primary sponsor of Tate Online from 2001 to 2009. Tate Online has been used as a platform for Internet art exhibits, termed Net Art , which are organised as part of Tate's Intermedia Art initiative covering new media art . 13 net art exhibitions have been shown since
5865-504: The same people). The concept of zine as an art form distinct from fanzine , and of the "zinesters" as member of their own subculture, had emerged. Zines of this era ranged from perzines of all varieties to those that covered an assortment of different and obscure topics. Genres reviewed by Factsheet Five included quirky, medley, fringe, music, punk, grrrlz, personal, science fiction, food, humour, spirituality, politics, queer, arts & letters, comix. The riot grrrl movement emerged from
5950-470: The same role of personal expression. Indeed, many zines were transformed into Webzines , such as Boing Boing or monochrom . The metadata standard for cataloging zines is xZineCorex , which maps to Dublin Core . E-zine creators were originally referred to as "adopters" because of their use of pre-made type and layouts, making the process less ambiguous. Since, social media, blogging and vlogging have adopted
6035-522: The site of the former Millbank Prison . The idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley . It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the National Gallery in 1847. A decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the South Kensington Museum (later the Victoria & Albert Museum ), known for years as
6120-453: The south of the existing gallery. It will create more spaces for displaying the collection, performance and installation art and learning, all allowing visitors to engage more deeply with art, as well as creating more social spaces for visitors to unwind and relax in the gallery." Arts philanthropist John Studzinski donated more than £6 million to the project. The extension to Tate Modern opened in 2016 as The Switch House and, in 2017,
6205-422: The wave of EC fanzines that followed, the best-known was Ron Parker 's Hoo-Hah! In 1960, Richard and Pat Lupoff launched their science fiction and comics fanzine Xero and in 1961, Jerry Bails ' Alter Ego , devoted to costumed heroes , became a focal point for superhero comics fandom. Calvin T. Beck 's Journal of Frankenstein (later Castle of Frankenstein ) and Gary Svehla's Gore Creatures were
6290-510: The works of modern—that is Victorian era—painters. It was controlled by the National Gallery until 1954. Following the death of Sir Hugh Lane in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, an oversight in his will meant that the collection of European modern art he had intended to go to Dublin controversially went to the Tate instead, which expanded its collection to include foreign art and continued to acquire contemporary art. In 1926 and 1937,
6375-532: The zine movement are often overlooked, in part "because they had such short runs and were spearheaded by a single or small group of individuals." During and after the Great Depression , editors of "pulp" science fiction magazines became increasingly frustrated with letters detailing the impossibilities of their science fiction stories. Over time they began to publish these overly-scrutinizing letters, complete with their return addresses. Hugo Gernsback published
6460-452: The zine syndicated some of the humorous material to over 100 US fanzines under the name of Mystic Mark. During the 1980s and onwards, Factsheet Five (the name came from a short story by John Brunner ), originally published by Mike Gunderloy and now defunct, catalogued and reviewed any zine or small press creation sent to it, along with their mailing addresses. In doing so, it formed a networking point for zine creators and readers (often
6545-465: Was acquired by Buzz Media . Zine A zine ( / z iː n / ZEEN ; short for magazine or fanzine ) is a small-circulation self-published work of original or appropriated texts and images, usually reproduced via a copy machine . Zines are the product of either a single person or of a very small group, and are popularly photocopied into physical prints for circulation. A fanzine ( blend of fan and magazine )
6630-576: Was described in Sexuality & Culture as "a comprehensive guide to trans women's sexuality" and The Mary Sue as "the gold standard in transfeminine sex and masturbation". In the early 2000s, zines with comics in them had a "thriving" fandom . Two popular kids shows in the late 1990s and early 2000s featured zine-making: Our Hero (2000–02) and Rocket Power (1999–2004). The main character in Our Hero , Kale Stiglic, writes about her life in
6715-476: Was nominated for the Hugo Award for "Best Fanzine" in 1978, 1979, and 1980. Janus/Aurora was the most prominent science fiction feminist zine during its run, as well as one of the only zines that dealt with such content. Comics were mentioned and discussed as early as the late 1930s in the fanzines of science fiction fandom . They often included fan artwork based on existing characters as well as discussion of
6800-593: Was opened that would also house larger income generating exhibitions. In 1987, the Clore Wing opened to house the major part of the Turner bequest and also provided a 200-seat auditorium. (The "Centenary Development", in 2001, provided improved access and public amenities) In 1988, an outpost in north west England opened as Tate Liverpool. This shows various works of modern art from the Tate collection as well as mounting its own temporary exhibitions. In 2007, Tate Liverpool hosted
6885-479: Was published for 30 years. In 1993, G-FAN was published, and reached its 100th regularly published issue in Fall 2012. FXRH ( Special effects by Ray Harryhausen ) (1971–1976) was a specialized zine co-created by future Hollywood FX artist Ernest D. Farino . Board game-focused zines, especially those focused on the board game Diplomacy , took off in the 1960s. These not only contained news and articles about
6970-577: Was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The first version of Superman (a bald-headed villain) appeared in the third issue of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster 's 1933 fanzine Science Fiction . The first media fanzine was a Star Trek fan publication called Spockanalia , published in September 1967 by members of
7055-587: Was renamed the Blavatnik Building after Anglo-Ukrainian billionaire Sir Leonard Blavatnik , who contributed a "substantial" amount of its £260m cost. The youngest person to be awarded a residency at the Tate is Travis Alabanza . Tate Digital is the name of the department responsible for Tate's website and other public-facing digital projects. Since its launch in 1998, Tate's website site has provided information on all four physical Tate galleries (Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern) under
7140-551: Was supposed to address systemic racism. BUST - "The voice of the new world order" was created by Debbie Stoller, Laurie Hanzel and Marcelle Karp in 1993 to propose an alternate to the popular mainstream magazines Cosmopolitan and Glamour . Additional zines following this path are Shocking Pink (1981–82, 1987–92), Jigsaw (1988– ), Not Your Bitch 1989–1992 (Gypsy X, ed.) Bikini Kill (1990), Girl Germs (1990), Bamboo Girl (1995– ), BITCH Magazine (1996– ), Hip Mama (1997– ), Kitten Scratches (1999) and ROCKRGRL (1995–2005). In
7225-521: Was the first in 1980. This was quickly followed by Dan French's Point Blank , Dave Percival's The Fever , Jeff Matthews' Rendezvous , and Paul Limbrick's Jackson Cage . In the US, Backstreets Magazine started in Seattle in 1980 and still continues today as a glossy publication, now in communication with Springsteen's management and official website. Crème Brûlée documented post-rock genre and experimental music (1990s). Punk zines emerged as part of
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