65-469: XLP may refer to: Electronics [ edit ] Extreme-low power , a class of sub-ultra-low power (ULP) electronics at the very forefront of current technology since ca. 2015 XLP, a variant of the audio XLR connector MIPS XLP , a 64-bit microprocessor from MIPS Technologies digEplayer XLP, a portable digital media player Medicine [ edit ] X-linked lymphoproliferative disease ,
130-404: A de facto standard for sound cards in desktop PCs during the 1990s until the early 2000s, when they were reduced to a niche product, as OEM desktop PCs came with sound boards integrated directly onto the motherboard. While desktops have long been the most common configuration for PCs, by the mid-2000s the growth shifted from desktops to laptops. Notably, while desktops were mainly produced in
195-500: A MOSFET transistor channel length of 6.3 nanometres using conventional semiconductor materials, and devices have been built that use carbon nanotubes as MOSFET gates, giving a channel length of approximately one nanometre . The density and computing power of integrated circuits are limited primarily by power-dissipation concerns. The overall power consumption of a new personal computer has been increasing at about 22% growth per year. This increase in consumption comes even though
260-401: A UPS to handle electrical disturbances like short interruptions, blackouts, and spikes; achieving an on-battery time of more than 20–30 minutes for a desktop PC requires a large and expensive UPS. A laptop with a sufficiently charged battery can continue to be used for hours in case of a power outage and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts. A desktop computer often has
325-435: A case that houses the power supply , motherboard (a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit , memory , bus , certain peripherals and other electronic components), disk storage (usually one or more hard disk drives , solid-state drives , optical disc drives , and in early models floppy disk drives ); a keyboard and mouse for input ; and a monitor , speakers , and, often,
390-446: A mainframe computer but that did not stop owners from using its built-in computational abilities as a stand-alone desktop computer. The HP 9800 series , which started out as programmable calculators in 1971 but was programmable in BASIC by 1972, used a smaller version of a minicomputer design based on ROM memory and had small one-line LED alphanumeric displays and displayed graphics with
455-437: A printer for output. The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk. Desktop computers with their cases oriented vertically are referred to as towers . As the majority of cases offered since the mid-1990s are in this form factor, the term desktop has been retronymically used to refer to modern cases offered in the traditional horizontal orientation. Prior to
520-834: A tower is a form factor of desktop computer case whose height is much greater than its width, thus having the appearance of an upstanding tower block . In computing , a pizza box enclosure is a design for desktop computers. Pizza box cases tend to be wide and flat, resembling pizza delivery boxes and thus the name. Cube Workstations have a cube case enclosure to house the motherboard , PCI-E expansion cards, GPU , CPU , DRAM DIMM slots, computer cooling equipment, chipsets , I / O ports, hard disk drives , and solid-state drives . Gaming computers are desktop computers with high performance CPU , GPU , and RAM optimized for playing video games at high resolution and frame rates . Gaming computer peripheries usually include mechanical keyboards for faster response time, and
585-525: A 2% worldwide market share in 1986. However, laptops have become increasingly popular, both for business and personal use. Around 109 million notebook PCs shipped worldwide in 2007, a growth of 33% compared to 2006. In 2008, it was estimated that 145.9 million notebooks were sold and that the number would grow in 2009 to 177.7 million. The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded desktops, with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units. The sales breakdown of
650-437: A built-in keyboard and a pointing device (such as a touchpad ) for its user and can draw on power supplied by a rechargeable battery. Laptops also commonly integrate wireless technologies like Wi-Fi , Bluetooth , and 3G , giving them a broader range of options for connecting to the internet, though this trend is changing as newer desktop computers come integrated with one or more of these technologies. A desktop computer needs
715-450: A button before seeing the time. Only in darkness, you had to press a button to light the display with a tiny light bulb, later illuminating LEDs. Most electronic watches today use 32.768 KHz quartz oscillators . As of 2013, processors specifically designed for wristwatches are the lowest-power processors manufactured today—often 4-bit , 32.768 kHz processors. When personal computers were first developed, power consumption
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#1732855711509780-537: A decline in sales, in 2018, global PC sales experienced a resurgence, driven by the business market. Desktops remain a solid fixture in the commercial and educational sectors. According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) , PC sales shot up 14.8% between 2020 and 2021 and desktop market grew faster than the laptop market in the second quarter of 2021. Total PC shipments during 2021 reached 348.8 million units, up 14.8% from 2020. This represents
845-861: A disease in hematology X-linked protoporphyria, a disease, also called erythropoietic protoporphyria Other uses [ edit ] XLP, All Hallows-on-the-Wall , London, England, UK; an urban youth charity Lepontic language (ISO 639 language code xlp ), an extinct Ancient Alpine Celtic language Xibali railway station (station code XLP ), Xibali, Huailai, Hebei. China See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "xlp" , "x-l-p" , "xl-p" , "x-lp" , or "xlp's" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with XLP All pages with titles containing XLP Zero-power device , (typically battery-less) ULP/XLP devices powered through energy harvesting Salmi (air base) (ICAO airport code XLPS ), Olonetsky, Karelia, Russia Topics referred to by
910-431: A gaming computer mouse which can track higher dots per inch movement. These desktops are connected to home entertainment systems and typically used for amusement purpose. They come with high definition display, video graphics, surround sound and TV tuner systems to complement typical PC features. Over time some traditional desktop computers have been replaced with thin clients utilizing off-site computing solutions like
975-449: A given power budget. While device shrinkage can reduce some parasitic capacitances, the number of devices on an integrated circuit chip has increased more than enough to compensate for reduced capacitance in each individual device. Some circuits – dynamic logic , for example – require a minimum clock rate in order to function properly, wasting "dynamic power" even when they do not perform useful computations. Other circuits – most prominently,
1040-533: A new one merely to keep pace with advancing technology. Notably, the successive release of new versions of Windows (Windows 95, 98, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 and so on) had been drivers for the replacement of PCs in the 1990s, but this slowed in the 2000s due to the poor reception of Windows Vista over Windows XP. IDC analyst Jay Chou suggested that Windows 8 actually hurt sales of PCs in 2012, as businesses decided to stick with Windows 7 rather than upgrade. Some suggested that Microsoft had acknowledged "implicitly ringing
1105-485: A periodic activity are often in an isolated location monitoring an activity. These systems are generally battery- or solar-powered and hence, reducing power consumption is a key design issue for these systems. By shutting down a functional but leaky block until it is used, leakage current can be reduced significantly. For some embedded systems that only function for short periods at a time, this can dramatically reduce power consumption. Two other approaches also exist to lower
1170-463: A plotter. The Wang 2200 of 1973 had a full-size cathode-ray tube (CRT) and cassette tape storage. The IBM 5100 in 1975 had a small CRT display and could be programmed in BASIC and APL . These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses. Apple II , TRS-80 and Commodore PET were first generation personal home computers launched in 1977, which were aimed at
1235-399: A second or third PC in the household that would have performed these tasks, though most families still retain a powerful PC for serious work. Among PC form factors, desktops remain a staple in the enterprise market but lost popularity among home buyers. PC makers and electronics retailers responded by investing their engineering and marketing resources towards laptops (initially netbooks in
1300-617: A server. Thin client computers may do almost all of their computing on a virtual machine in another site. Internal, hosted virtual desktops can offer users a completely consistent experience from anywhere. Workstations are advanced class of personal computers designed for a user and more powerful than a regular PC but less powerful than a server in regular computing. They are capable of high-resolution and three-dimensional interfaces, and typically used to perform scientific and engineering work. Like server computers, they are often connected with other workstations. The main form-factor for this class
1365-468: A signal must be slower than that dictated by the RC time constant of the circuit being driven. In other words, the price of reduced power consumption per unit computation is a reduced absolute speed of computation. In practice, although adiabatic circuits have been built, it has been difficult for them to reduce computation power substantially in practical circuits. Finally, there are several techniques for reducing
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#17328557115091430-414: A significant effect on battery life. The second major benefit is that with less voltage and therefore less power consumption, there will be less heat produced. Processors that run cooler can be packed into systems more tightly and will last longer. The third major benefit is that a processor running cooler on less power can be made to run faster. Lowering the voltage has been one of the key factors in allowing
1495-490: Is a Tower case, but most vendors produce compact or all-in-one low-end workstations. Most tower workstations can be converted to a rack-mount version. Oriented for small business class of servers; typically entry-level server machines, with similar to workstation/gaming PC computing powers and with some mainstream servers features, but with only basic graphic abilities; and some desktop servers can be converted to workstations. Desktops have an advantage over laptops in that
1560-453: Is a notable example of a compact desktop. A laptop without a screen can functionally be used as a compact desktop, sometimes called a "slabtop". An all-in-one (AIO) desktop computer integrates the system's internal components into the same case as the display, thus occupying a smaller footprint (with fewer cables) than desktops that incorporate a tower. The All-in-one systems are rarely labeled as desktop computers. In personal computing ,
1625-423: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Extreme-low power Low-power electronics are electronics designed to consume less electrical power than usual, often at some expense. For example, notebook processors usually consume less power than their desktop counterparts, at the expense of computer performance . The earliest attempts to reduce
1690-472: Is quite rare. Compact desktops are reduced in physical proportions compared to full-sized desktops. They are typically small-sized, inexpensive, low-power computers designed for basic tasks such as web browsing , accessing web-based applications , document processing, and audio/video playback. Hardware specifications and processing power are usually reduced and hence make them less appropriate for running complex or resource-intensive applications . A nettop
1755-481: Is still most popular on desktops (and laptops), while smartphones (and tablets) use Android or iOS . Towards the middle of the 2010s, media sources began to question the existence of the post-PC trend, at least as conventionally defined, stating that the so-called post-PC devices are just other portable forms of PCs joining traditional desktop PCs which still have their own operation areas and evolve. Although for casual use traditional desktops and laptops have seen
1820-467: Is taking place (static power consumption). In modern chips, this current generally accounts for half the power consumed by the IC. Loss from subthreshold leakage can be reduced by raising the threshold voltage and lowering the supply voltage. Both these changes slow down the circuit significantly. To address this issue, some modern low-power circuits use dual supply voltages to improve speed on critical paths of
1885-512: The Apple Macintosh has seen sales of desktop Macs staying mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009, a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010. The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable G3 to upscale G4 model and subsequent releases are considered premium all-in-ones. By contrast,
1950-464: The Pentium P5 core voltage decreased from 5V in 1993, to 2.5V in 1997. With lower voltage comes lower overall power consumption, making a system less expensive to run on any existing battery technology and able to function for longer. This is crucially important for portable or mobile systems. The emphasis on battery operation has driven many of the advances in lowering processor voltage because this has
2015-750: The RCA 1802 , but also several later chips such as the WDC 65C02 , the Intel 80C85 , the Freescale 68HC11 and some other CMOS chips – use "fully static logic" that has no minimum clock rate, but can "stop the clock" and hold their state indefinitely. When the clock is stopped, such circuits use no dynamic power but they still have a small, static power consumption caused by leakage current. As circuit dimensions shrink, subthreshold leakage current becomes more prominent. This leakage current results in power consumption, even when no switching
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2080-467: The clock rate of processors to go higher and higher. The density and speed of integrated-circuit computing elements has increased exponentially for several decades, following a trend described by Moore's Law . While it is generally accepted that this exponential improvement trend will end, it is unclear exactly how dense and fast integrated circuits will get by the time this point is reached. Working devices have been demonstrated which were fabricated with
2145-406: The 1990s had pushed gamers and enthusiasts to frequently upgrade to the latest CPUs and graphics cards ( 3dfx , ATI , and Nvidia ) for their desktops (usually a tower case) in order to run these applications, though this has slowed since the late 2000s as the growing popularity of Intel integrated graphics forced game developers to scale back. Creative Technology 's Sound Blaster series were
2210-735: The MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac, with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini (albeit without a monitor and keyboard), and the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today. The decades of development mean that most people already own desktop computers that meet their needs and have no need of buying
2275-606: The United States, laptops had long been produced by contract manufacturers based in Asia, such as Foxconn . This shift led to the closure of the many desktop assembly plants in the United States by 2010. Another trend around this time was the increasing proportion of inexpensive base-configuration desktops being sold, hurting PC manufacturers such as Dell whose build-to-order customization of desktops relied on upselling added features to buyers. Battery-powered portable computers had just
2340-420: The amount of power required by an electronic device were related to the development of the wristwatch . Electronic watches require electricity as a power source, and some mechanical movements and hybrid electromechanical movements also require electricity. Usually, the electricity is provided by a replaceable battery . The first use of electrical power in watches was as a substitute for the mainspring , to remove
2405-399: The average IT budget was spent on energy, and energy costs for IT were expected to rise to 50% by 2010. The weight and cost of power supply and cooling systems generally depends on the maximum possible power that could be used at any one time. There are two ways to prevent a system from being permanently damaged by excessive heat. Most desktop computers design power and cooling systems around
2470-442: The battery requires a trip to a watch repair shop or watch dealer. Rechargeable batteries are used in some solar-powered watches . The first digital electronic watch was a Pulsar LED prototype produced in 1970. Digital LED watches were very expensive and out of reach to the common consumer until 1975, when Texas Instruments started to mass-produce LED watches inside a plastic case. Most watches with LED displays required that
2535-402: The capacitive loads through paths that are not primarily resistive. This is the principle behind adiabatic circuits . The charge is supplied either from a variable-voltage inductive power supply or by other elements in a reversible-logic circuit. In both cases, the charge transfer must be primarily regulated by the non-resistive load. As a practical rule of thumb, this means the change rate of
2600-401: The case for laptops, though adding or replacing some parts, like the optical drive , hard disk , or adding an extra memory module is often quite simple. This means that a desktop computer configuration, usually a tower case , can be customized and upgraded to a greater extent than laptops. This customization has kept tower cases popular among gamers and enthusiasts . Another advantage of
2665-490: The circuit and lower power consumption on non-critical paths. Some circuits even use different transistors (with different threshold voltages) in different parts of the circuit, in an attempt to further reduce power consumption without significant performance loss. Another method that is used to reduce power consumption is power gating : the use of sleep transistors to disable entire blocks when not in use. Systems that are dormant for long periods of time and "wake up" to perform
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2730-419: The circuit causes a change in the voltage across these parasitic capacitances , which involves a change in the amount of stored energy. As the capacitive loads are charged and discharged through resistive devices, an amount of energy comparable to that stored in the capacitor is dissipated as heat: The effect of heat dissipation on state change is to limit the amount of computation that may be performed within
2795-470: The clock rate when the CPU die temperature gets too hot, reducing the power dissipated to a level that the cooling system can handle. Desktop computer A desktop computer , often abbreviated as desktop , is a personal computer designed for regular use at a stationary location on or near a desk (as opposed to a portable computer ) due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has
2860-413: The cloud. As more services and applications are served over the internet from off-site servers, local computing needs decrease, this drives desktop computers to be smaller, cheaper, and need less powerful hardware. More applications and in some cases entire virtual desktops are moved off-site and the desktop computer runs only an operating system or a shell application while the actual content is served from
2925-469: The consumer market – rather than businessmen or computer hobbyists. Byte magazine referred to these three as the "1977 Trinity" of personal computing. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, desktop computers became the predominant type, the most popular being the IBM PC and its clones , followed by the Apple Macintosh , with the third-placed Commodore Amiga having some success in the mid-1980s but declining by
2990-470: The contrary, generally fit into one or a few refrigerator-sized racks, or, for the few smaller ones, built into a fairly large desk, not put on top of it. It was not until the 1970s when fully programmable computers appeared that could fit entirely on top of a desk. 1970 saw the introduction of the Datapoint 2200 , a "smart" computer terminal complete with keyboard and monitor, was designed to connect with
3055-568: The desktop PC death knell" as Windows 8 offered little upgrade in desktop PC functionality over Windows 7; instead, Windows 8's innovations were mostly on the mobile side. The post-PC trend saw a decline in the sales of desktop and laptop PCs. The decline was attributed to increased power and applications of alternative computing devices, namely smartphones and tablet computers. Although most people exclusively use their smartphones and tablets for more basic tasks such as social media and casual gaming , these devices have in many instances replaced
3120-750: The desktop is that (apart from environmental concerns ) power consumption is not as critical as in laptop computers because the desktop is exclusively powered from the wall socket. Desktop computers also provide more space for cooling fans and vents to dissipate heat, allowing enthusiasts to overclock with less risk. The two large microprocessor manufacturers, Intel and AMD , have developed special CPUs for mobile computers (i.e. laptops) that consume less power and lower heat, but with lower performance levels. Laptop computers, conversely, offer portability that desktop systems (including small form factor and all-in-one desktops) cannot due to their compact size and clamshell design . The laptop's all-in-one design provides
3185-532: The device temperature and to the Boltzmann constant ), which the state switching voltage must exceed in order for the circuit to be resistant to noise. This is typically on the order of 50–100 mV, for devices rated to 100 degrees Celsius external temperature (about 4 kT , where T is the device's internal temperature in Kelvins and k is the Boltzmann constant ). The second approach is to attempt to provide charge to
3250-430: The early 1990s. Early personal computers , like the original IBM Personal Computer , were enclosed in a " desktop case ", horizontally oriented to have the display screen placed on top, thus saving space on the user's actual desk, although these cases had to be sturdy enough to support the weight of CRT displays that were widespread at the time. Over the course of the 1990s, desktop cases gradually became less common than
3315-406: The energy consumed by a single CMOS logic gate in order to change its state has fallen exponentially in accordance with Moore's law, by virtue of shrinkage. An integrated-circuit chip contains many capacitive loads, formed both intentionally (as with gate-to-channel capacitance) and unintentionally (between conductors which are near each other but not electrically connected). Changing the state of
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#17328557115093380-464: The highest level of shipments the PC market has seen since 2012. In addition, gaming desktops have seen a global revenue increase of 54% annually. For gaming the global market of gaming desktops, laptops, and monitors is expected to grow to 61.1 million shipments by the end of 2023, up from 42.1 million, with desktops growing from 15.1 million shipments to 19 million. PC gaming as a whole accounts for 28% of
3445-427: The late 2000s, and then the higher-performance Ultrabooks from 2011 onwards), which manufacturers believed had more potential to revive the PC market than desktops. In April 2017, StatCounter declared a "Milestone in technology history and end of an era" with the mobile Android operating system becoming more popular than Windows (the operating system that made desktops dominant over mainframe computers ). Windows
3510-453: The limit of practical applicability for each appears to have been reached. There are a variety of techniques for reducing the amount of battery power required for a desired wireless communication goodput . Some wireless mesh networks use "smart" low power broadcasting techniques that reduce the battery power required to transmit. This can be achieved by using power aware protocols and joint power control systems. In 2007, about 10% of
3575-544: The more-accessible tower cases that may be located on the floor under or beside a desk rather than on a desk. Not only do these tower cases have more room for expansion, they have also freed up desk space for monitors which were becoming larger every year. Desktop cases, particularly the compact form factors, remain popular for corporate computing environments and kiosks. Some computer cases can be interchangeably positioned either horizontally (desktop) or upright (mini-tower). Influential games such as Doom and Quake during
3640-665: The need for winding. The first electrically powered watch, the Hamilton Electric 500 , was released in 1957 by the Hamilton Watch Company of Lancaster, Pennsylvania . The first quartz wristwatches were manufactured in 1967, using analog hands to display the time. Watch batteries (strictly speaking cells, as a battery is composed of multiple cells) are specially designed for their purpose. They are very small and provide tiny amounts of power continuously for very long periods (several years or more). In some cases, replacing
3705-473: The number of state changes associated with a given computation. For clocked-logic circuits, the clock gating technique is used, to avoid changing the state of functional blocks that are not required for a given operation. As a more extreme alternative, the asynchronous logic approach implements circuits in such a way that a specific externally supplied clock is not required. While both of these techniques are used to different extents in integrated circuit design,
3770-430: The power overhead of state changes. One is to reduce the operating voltage of the circuit, as in a dual-voltage CPU , or to reduce the voltage change involved in a state change (making a state change only, changing node voltage by a fraction of the supply voltage— low voltage differential signaling , for example). This approach is limited by thermal noise within the circuit. There is a characteristic voltage (proportional to
3835-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title XLP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XLP&oldid=1258471419 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3900-548: The spare parts and extensions tend to be standardized, resulting in lower prices and greater availability. For example, the size and mounting of the motherboard are standardized into ATX , microATX , BTX or other form factors . Desktops have several standardized expansion slots , like conventional PCI or PCI Express , while laptops tend to have only one mini-PCI slot and one PC Card slot (or ExpressCard slot). Procedures for assembly and disassembly of desktops tend to be simple and standardized as well. This tends not to be
3965-583: The total gaming market as of 2017. This is partially due to the increasing affordability of desktop PCs. Full-sized desktops are characterized by separate display and processing components. These components are connected to each other by cables or wireless connections . They often come in a tower form factor. These computers are easy to customize and upgrade per user requirements, e.g. by expansion card . Early extended-size (significantly larger than mainstream ATX case) tower computers sometimes were labeled as " deskside computers ", but currently this naming
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#17328557115094030-452: The user press a button to see the time displayed for a few seconds because LEDs used so much power that they could not be kept operating continuously. Watches with LED displays were popular for a few years, but soon the LED displays were superseded by liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which used less battery power and were much more convenient in use, with the display always visible and no need to push
4095-410: The widespread use of microprocessors , a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small; the type of computers most commonly used were minicomputers , which, despite the name, were rather large and were "mini" only compared to the so-called " big iron ". Early computers, and later the general purpose high throughput " mainframes ", took up the space of a whole room. Minicomputers , on
4160-403: The worst-case CPU power dissipation at the maximum frequency, maximum workload, and worst-case environment. To reduce weight and cost, many laptop computers choose to use a much lighter, lower-cost cooling system designed around a much lower Thermal Design Power , that is somewhat above expected maximum frequency, typical workload, and typical environment. Typically such systems reduce (throttle)
4225-441: Was not an issue. With the development of portable computers however, the requirement to run a computer off a battery pack necessitated the search for a compromise between computing power and power consumption. Originally most processors ran both the core and I/O circuits at 5 volts, as in the Intel 8088 used by the first Compaq Portable . It was later reduced to 3.5, 3.3, and 2.5 volts to lower power consumption. For example,
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