155-526: Source: German railway atlas The Central Railway ( German : Zentralbahn or Centralbahn ) was the first phase of the Württemberg railways . It was built between 1844 and 1846 by the Royal Württemberg State Railways ( Königlich Württembergischen Staats-Eisenbahnen ) and consisted of two branches, running from Stuttgart to Ludwigsburg in the north and from Stuttgart to Esslingen in
310-460: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it
465-402: A second language , and 75–100 million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90 million people, or 16% of
620-587: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become
775-628: A 200-metre-wide strip to the Neckar, where the output of the valley is again narrowed by the hills of Rosenstein (which is topped by Rosenstein Castle) and Berg. Further upstream and downstream the Neckar runs through a narrow, deep valley. Opposite the confluence of the Nesenbach with the Neckar is Cannstatt (called Bad Cannstatt since 1933). With 5,500 inhabitants, Cannstatt was much smaller than Stuttgart in 1840, but it had always been an important transport hub, as it
930-616: A connection between the two cities. In this context, Valentin Schübler advanced a proposal for lines from Stuttgart to Heilbronn and Ulm in the Wochenblatt newspaper, which was published by the Cotta publishing house of Stuttgart. Under this proposal, the northern railway would run from a station at Seewiesen (the current location of the University of Stuttgart ) to Prag, which it would pass under through
1085-413: A domestication that served goals such as reducing stagnant bogs that fostered waterborne diseases, making regions more habitable for human settlement, and reduce high frequency of floods. Not long before Tulla went to work on widening and straightening the river, heavy floods caused significant loss of life. Four diplomatic treaties were signed among German state governments and French regions dealing with
1240-556: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from
1395-607: A huge new marshalling yard was built west of Kornwestheim that relieved the marshalling yards at Stuttgart North station and in Untertürkheim of their duties. The opening of the Rankbach Railway in 1915 meant that the railway between Kornwestheim and North Station was relieved of freight transport. Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, there were fewer workers, material and financial resources available, so
1550-453: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained
1705-679: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In
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#17328553289131860-572: A prime central location—the latter prevailed and it was adopted by the Parliament in 1907. The relocation of the station to the north led to the relocation of the approach routes to Ludwigsburg and Böblingen. These were moved from the western side of the Prag settlement to its eastern side, which extended the initial section of the line and decreased its slope. An operations station was built on Rosenstein Park between
2015-475: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it
2170-659: A tunnel collapse in the Prag tunnel. Also an unforeseen delay occurred when there was a water and mud intrusion into the Rosenstein tunnel had to be fixed; this was caused by the permeable basins around the castle. The Rosenstein tunnel was completed on 4 July 1846. On 26 September, a locomotive entered the Stuttgart station for the first time and, on 15 October, operations commenced on the entire Ludwigsburg–Esslingen route. The standard gauge railway initially only had two tracks between Stuttgart and Cannstatt, but provision had been made for
2325-547: A tunnel, and via Korntal to the Glems valley. The eastern railway would run from a railway station on the Neckarstraße to the east of the palace gardens by Berg and be connected to the northern railway by a one kilometre-long tunnel under the city. This proposal was not followed up, but it already contained the idea of a tunnel under Prag, which was picked up again years later. The private railway companies were quickly dissolved when
2480-722: Is a Central German development of the early modern period , with the Alemannic name R(n) keeping the older vocalism. In Alemannic, the deletion of the ending -n in pausa is a recent development; the form Rn is largely preserved in Lucernese dialects. Rhing in Ripuarian is diphthongized, as is Rhei, Rhoi in Palatine . While Spanish has adopted the Germanic vocalism Rin- , Italian, Occitan, and Portuguese have retained
2635-688: Is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and
2790-580: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as
2945-596: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German
3100-546: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic
3255-447: Is at the location of the western half of the second station. Both streets were opened and named in 1925, after the building of the current Central Station. Parts of the central portal of the second station are now used as the entrance of a cinema. The Central Station's track field formerly extended to the corner of Heilbronnerstraße (until 1936: Bahnhofstraße) and Wolframstraße, this has been partially demolished. Nordbahnhofstrasse runs to
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#17328553289133410-472: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German
3565-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25 million speak it as
3720-572: Is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalization -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as * Rīnaz , via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín , Old High German Rīn , early Middle Dutch ( c. 1200 ) Rijn (then also spelled Ryn or Rin ). The modern German diphthong Rhein (also used in Romansh ) Rein, Rain
3875-520: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in
4030-544: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as
4185-559: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are
4340-581: Is north of the town centre. Under the Rems option, it would have had a junction with the Eastern Railway near Neckargröningen in Remseck . These plans were based on a maximum gradient of 1:200 and a maximum curve radius of 570 metres. Stuttgart, Cannstatt and Berg were possible locations for the central station on this route. Upon submission of the plans the matter at first rested, partly because Seeger had retired from
4495-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and
4650-587: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as
4805-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German
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4960-630: Is significantly shortened from its natural course due to a number of canal projects completed in the 19th and 20th century. The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometers (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010. Its course is conventionally divided as follows: The Rhine carries its name without distinctive accessories only from
5115-750: Is sometimes called Rhinesee ("Lake Rhine"). Besides the Seerhein , the Radolfzeller Aach is the main tributary of Untersee . It adds large amounts of water from the Danube system to the Untersee via the Danube Sinkhole . Reichenau Island was formed at the same time as the Seerhein, when the water level fell to its current level. Lake Untersee is part of the border between Switzerland and Germany , with Germany on
5270-510: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c. 1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period
5425-566: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish
5580-481: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers
5735-673: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to
5890-518: The Aare . The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of slightly more than 1,000 m /s (35,000 cu ft/s), and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the Dutch border. The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the Rhine basin . Between Eglisau and Basel , the vast majority of its length,
6045-627: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as
6200-639: The Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Alpine Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur . This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 meters to 396 meters. It flows through a wide glacial Alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley ( German : Rheintal ). Near Sargan a natural dam, only a few meters high, prevents it from flowing into
6355-522: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share
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6510-417: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language
6665-514: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout
6820-724: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in
6975-778: The Neckar in Mannheim and the Main across from Mainz. In Mainz, the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin. The southern half of the Upper Rhine forms the border between France ( Alsace ) and Germany (Baden-Württemberg). The northern part forms the border between the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate in the west on the one hand, and Baden-Württemberg and Hesse on
7130-500: The Obersee with the 30 cm lower Untersee . Distance markers along the Rhine measure the distance from the bridge in the old city center of Konstanz. For most of its length, the Seerhein forms the border between Germany and Switzerland. The exception is the old city center of Konstanz, on the Swiss side of the river. The Seerhein emerged in the last thousands of years, when erosion caused
7285-439: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c. 765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in
7440-439: The Rems , the Kocher and the Brenz or directly along the Fils and then crossing the Geislinger Steige , which was relevant to the route to be used in the Stuttgart area. Buhler and Seeger completed their plan by 1839. This envisaged the building of the Stuttgart station on the Neckar road, with the line running to the east of the castle gardens to Berg. Under the Fils option, the eastern railway would have branched here from
7595-412: The Rhine knee , a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from west to north. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows north as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide. The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of Strasbourg,
7750-400: The Rhine knee , the river turns north and leaves Switzerland altogether. The High Rhine is characterized by numerous dams. On the few remaining natural sections, there are still several rapids . Over its entire course from Lake Constance to the Swiss border at Basel the river descends from 395 m to 252 m. In the center of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is
7905-427: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung
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#17328553289138060-422: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit. ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this
8215-418: The Swiss-Austrian and Swiss-German borders. After that the Rhine defines much of the Franco-German border , after which it flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German Rhineland . Finally in Germany, the Rhine turns into a predominantly westerly direction and flows into the Netherlands where it eventually empties into the North Sea . It drains an area of 9,973 km . Its name derives from
8370-400: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German
8525-467: The canton of Ticino is drained by the Reno di Medel , which crosses the geomorphologic Alpine main ridge from the south. All streams in the source area are partially, sometimes completely, captured and sent to storage reservoirs for the local hydro-electric power plants. The culminating point of the Anterior Rhine's drainage basin is the Piz Russein of the Tödi massif of the Glarus Alps at 3,613 meters (11,854 ft) above sea level. It starts with
8680-426: The confluence of the Rein Anteriur/Vorderrhein and Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein next to Reichenau in Tamins . Above this point is the extensive catchment area of the headwaters of the Rhine. This area belongs almost exclusively to the Swiss canton of Grisons ( Graubünden ), ranging from Saint-Gotthard Massif in the west via one valley lying in the canton of Ticino and Sondrio ( Lombardy , Italy) in
8835-408: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from
8990-413: The 1890s provided only brief relief. Stuttgart had almost 180,000 inhabitants in 1900, ten years earlier, the figure had been 140,000. Therefore, new plans were already under way in 1901, this time involving a complete redesign of the rail facilities between Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg and Esslingen. The objective of the planning was the refurbishment of the Stuttgart railway facilities to the extent that there
9145-412: The 19th century. While it was slightly modified during the Roman occupation, it was not until the emergence of engineers such as Johann Gottfried Tulla that significant modernization efforts changed the shape of the river. Earlier work under Frederick the Great surrounded efforts to ease shipping and construct dams to serve coal transportation. Tulla is considered to have domesticated the Upper Rhine,
9300-424: The Anterior Rhine and the Rhine as a whole. The Posterior Rhine rises in the Rheinwald below the Rheinwaldhorn . The source of the river is generally considered north of Lai da Tuma/Tomasee on Rein Anteriur/Vorderrhein , although its southern tributary Rein da Medel is actually longer before its confluence with the Anterior Rhine near Disentis . The Anterior Rhine arises from numerous source streams in
9455-401: The Austrian state of Vorarlberg , and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau and St. Gallen . The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border. It is located at approximately 47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650; 9.317 . The flow of cold, grey mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near
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#17328553289139610-407: The Black Forest Railway with the Northern Railway at Stuttgart North station (then called Prag station), which could be used by traffic to and from the Black Forest Railway. A locomotive depot and a new passenger station were also built there. A residential area was built in Prag for rail workers; its street names still refer to notable figures in the history of the railways. The measures taken in
9765-428: The Celtic Rēnos . There are two German states named after the river, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate , in addition to several districts (e.g. Rhein-Sieg ). The departments of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin in Alsace (France) are also named after the river. Some adjacent towns are named after it, such as Rheinau , Rheineck , Rheinfelden (CH) and Rheinfelden (D). The International Commission for
9920-463: The Danube comprised much of the Roman Empire 's northern inland boundary , and the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway bringing trade and goods deep inland since those days. The various castles and defenses built along it attest to its prominence as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire . Among the largest and most important cities on the Rhine are Cologne , Rotterdam , Düsseldorf , Duisburg , Strasbourg , Arnhem , and Basel . The variants of
10075-614: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In
10230-414: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of
10385-417: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of
10540-399: The German states; the invention of the printing press c. 1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of
10695-623: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by
10850-420: The High Rhine forms the border between Germany and Switzerland . Only for brief distances at its extremities does the river run entirely within Switzerland; at the eastern end it separates the bulk of the canton of Schaffhausen and the German exclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein on the northern bank from cantons of Zürich and Thurgau , while at the western end it bisects the canton of Basel-Stadt . Here, at
11005-464: The Hydrology of the Rhine Basin (CHR) and EUWID contend that the river could experience a massive decrease in volume, or even dry up completely in case of drought, within the next 30 to 80 years, as a result of the climate crisis . The Rhine is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube ), at about 1,230 km (760 mi), with an average discharge of about 2,900 m /s (100,000 cu ft/s). The Rhine and
11160-646: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are
11315-845: The Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German
11470-693: The Latin Ren- . The Gaulish name Rēnos ( Proto-Celtic or pre-Celtic *Reinos ) belongs to a class of river names built from the PIE root *rei- "to move, flow, run", also found in other names such as the Reno in Italy. The grammatical gender of the Celtic name (as well as of its Greek and Latin adaptation) is masculine, and the name remains masculine in German, Dutch, French, Spanish and Italian. The Old English river name
11625-507: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c. thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c. 1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy
11780-931: The Posterior Rhine is joined by the Albula , from the east, from the Albula Pass region. The Albula draws its water mainly from the Landwasser with the Dischmabach as the largest source stream, but almost as much from the Gelgia , which comes down from the Julier Pass . Numerous larger and smaller tributary rivers bear the name of the Rhine or equivalent in various Romansh idioms, including Rein or Ragn , including: Next to Reichenau in Tamins
11935-557: The Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta . The delta is delimited in the west by the Alter Rhein and in the east by the modern canalized section of the Alpine Rhine ( Fußacher Durchstich ). Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . It includes the Austrian towns of Gaißau , Höchst and Fußach . The natural Rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments. In
12090-513: The Württemberg railways and it also served the largest metropolitan area in the country. For these reasons, it has undergone many changes and enhancements over time. The two branches began at Zentralbahnhof (central station), which was a terminal station and was located south of the current Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof (main station) on Schlossstraße. Both lines ran initially to the northeast. The northern branch, once it had gained altitude, curved to
12245-440: The applicable construction parameters, such as acceptable curve radii and gradients. The ability of the economically weak Württemberg railway network to continue to extend its operations ultimately proved to be decisive for the country. The first concrete suggestion of a railway line in the Stuttgart area was made by a commission that had been formed in 1830 on the orders of King William I . This had been commissioned to investigate
12400-593: The area around the river was made more habitable for humans on flood plains as the rate of flooding decreased sharply. On the French side, the Grand Canal d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example, the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace. The Upper Rhine has undergone significant human change since
12555-466: The beginning. Since the late 1960s, Deutsche Bundesbahn (or, now, Deutsche Bahn ) have planned the construction of new lines, which would allow high-speed passenger services to be separated from other traffic. In this context, the opening of the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway in 1991 required the deviation of the main line between Zuffenhausen and Kornwestheim, but the line to Ludwigsburg
12710-432: The building of a connection between the Rhine and Danube using canals or railways. In its interim report of 1833, it came to the conclusion that the building of railways would be appropriate and that a link between Stuttgart and Cannstatt would be useful. The following activities are related to the continuing efforts to create a nationwide network. In 1835/36 private railway companies were formed in Stuttgart and Ulm to build
12865-404: The canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee . The cut-off Old Rhine at first formed a swamp landscape. Later an artificial ditch of about two km
13020-481: The centers Basel, Strasbourg and Mannheim-Ludwigshafen. Strasbourg is the seat of the European Parliament , and so one of the three European capitals is located on the Upper Rhine. The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches were removed by construction workers and
13175-769: The changes proposed along the Rhine, one was "the Treaty for the Rectification of the Rhine flow from Neuberg to Dettenheim"(1817), which surrounded states such as Bourbon France and the Bavarian Palatinate . Loops, oxbows , branches and islands were removed along the Upper Rhine so that there would be uniformity to the river. The engineering of the Rhine was not without protest, farmers and fishermen had grave concerns about valuable fishing areas and farmland being lost. While some areas lost ground, other areas saw swamps and bogs be drained and turned into arable land. Johann Tulla had
13330-468: The city centre. After demands that the station be transferred to Cannstatt and transformed into a through station had been rejected, two approaches to the station building were available: the upgrade of facilities in the existing station or a new station 500 metres further north at Schillerstraße. For financial reasons—the Schillerstraße concept allowed for the sale of the former railway station premises in
13485-426: The completion of the new infrastructure was delayed for years. The completion of the new Stuttgart Central Station ( Hauptbahnhof ) was particularly affected. Begun in 1914, it was originally intended to go into operation in 1916–19; in fact, this happened only in stages between 1922 and 1928. In 1929, renovations were completed with the opening of the new customs building at the freight yard. The next major change in
13640-408: The construction of the first railway in Württemberg was beset with difficulties that other comparable countries were spared at the time. The required levelling work, tunnels and bridges also made the construction comparatively expensive. Around 1835 the planning of railway networks was still in its infancy and it continued to develop during its planning, so that considerable uncertainty existed regarding
13795-571: The creek Aua da Russein (lit.: "Water of the Russein"). In its lower course, the Anterior Rhine flows through a gorge named Ruinaulta (Flims Rockslide). The whole stretch of the Anterior Rhine to the Alpine Rhine confluence next to Reichenau in Tamins is accompanied by a long-distance hiking trail called Senda Sursilvana . The Posterior Rhine flows first east-northeast, then north. It flows through
13950-518: The current route. The most significant changes over the years affect, apart from the vast expansion of the facilities, the location of the main Stuttgart station, the route of the Northern Railway between Stuttgart Central Station and Stuttgart North station , the position of the Rosenstein tunnels and the Neckar Viaduct. The Central Railway was never intended as an isolated railway line, but as
14105-478: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with
14260-452: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in
14415-418: The direct through railway between the eastern and western borders, indeed access into the basin, except from the northeast was a problem, so that for a time Stuttgart could only be connected by a branch line, despite its economic importance and potential for generating traffic. The fact that the city barely extended towards the Neckar meant, at least, that a direct link to the city centre could be built. Already
14570-517: The east. The term Zentralbahn did not last long, as the two branches were soon extended to Heilbronn and Ulm , and were then known as the Nordbahn ( Northern Railway ) and the Ostbahn (Eastern Railway) or Filsbahn ( Fils Valley Railway ). The Ludwigsburg–Stuttgart–Esslingen section as a whole was still of great importance, since it continued to be the core of the network and was the busiest section of
14725-507: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of
14880-413: The first phase of the Württemberg main line network that crossed the entire country and would connect Heilbronn and Bruchsal on the one hand with Ulm and Constance on the other. However, the section in the Württemberg heartland, had considerable intrinsic importance, especially for transport to and from Stuttgart, which suggested that construction should begin there. The route was difficult because of
15035-547: The flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake Überlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake. The Rhine carries very large amounts of debris into the lake – over three million cubic meters (110,000,000 cu ft) annually. In
15190-511: The following key elements for the works: This last point laid the foundation stone for the construction of the Central Railway. The discussions led to the adoption of the Railway Act of 18 April 1843, which ordered the construction of the main lines. In addition, a railway commission was set up to ensure the implementation of the law and which would complete the planning of the construction of
15345-664: The freight operations were introduced, although the space for Stuttgart freight station had already been prepared in 1845. This was located just north of the present station between the tracks of the Northern and Eastern Railways. It was connected to the tracks only from the direction of the passenger station. In the following years the Württemberg railway network rapidly expanded. In 1850, railways reached Heilbronn and Friedrichshafen ; in 1854, there were rail connections to Württemberg's two main neighbours, Baden and Bavaria . From 1859 there were further domestic lines that branched off from
15500-438: The freight yard was built and a rail link was built between the Northern and Eastern Railway to the north of the freight yard, so that trains coming from Cannstatt could more easily reach the freight yard; this track included the 48 metre-long Galgensteig tunnel. In the 1870s the expansion of the facilities of the freight yard continued, filling the angle between Bahnhofstraße (now Heilbronnerstraße) and Wolframstraße. Around 1890,
15655-472: The geography and had to take into account both to the needs of the entire network as well as on those of Stuttgart, but a successful route was found after lengthy consideration of a variety of plans. Stuttgart city centre is located in the valley of the Nesenbach at an altitude of about 250 metres. The valley is surrounded on three sides by hills, which rise to 200 metres above Stuttgart and fall only slightly to
15810-416: The goal of shortening and straightening the Upper Rhine. Early engineering projects the Upper Rhine also had issues, with Tulla's project at one part of the river creating rapids, after the Rhine cut down from erosion to sheer rock. Engineering along the Rhine eased flooding and made transportation along the river less cumbersome. These state projects were part of the advanced and technical progress going on in
15965-476: The growth of the city to the southwest had given rise to considerations from 1930 of building an underground railway into the basin to supplement the existing lines. The construction of the rail link and the commissioning of the Stuttgart S-Bahn made these plans a reality on 1 October 1978. The S-Bahn replaced the existing suburban services and included the lines between Esslingen, Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart from
16120-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,
16275-474: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of
16430-519: The lake level to be lowered by about 10 meters. Previously, the two lakes formed a single lake, as the name still suggests. Like in the Obersee, the flow the Rhine can be traced in the Untersee. Here, too, the river water is hardly mixed with the lake water. The northern parts of the Untersee (Lake Zell and Gnadensee) remain virtually unaffected by the flow. The river traverses the southern, which, in isolation,
16585-481: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . Rhine The Rhine ( / r aɪ n / RYNE ) is one of the major European rivers . The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps . It forms the Swiss-Liechtenstein border and partly
16740-664: The later duplication of other sections, including the acquisition of land. The revised plans had a maximum gradient of 1:105 and minimum curve radius of 456 metres. The state assembly had granted 3.8 million guilders for the construction. (By comparison, the total annual budget for the financial years 1836–39 had amounted to 9.3 million guilders.) The first timetable for the opening day of the Central Railway had four pairs of trains from Stuttgart to Ludwigsburg and Esslingen, in addition another four pairs of trains ran between Stuttgart and Cannstatt. Initially, only passenger services operated (with an average of 200 passengers per train); in 1847
16895-528: The left past the former cavalry barracks (now in the station track field) and then took another curve towards the suburb of Prag. This line left the Stuttgart basin by the first Prag Tunnel , which was originally 828-metre long. It passed through Feuerbach and Zuffenhausen , where it left the valley of the Feuerbach , then through Kornwestheim and originally ended in Ludwigsburg . The eastern line ran along on
17050-482: The local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced "Isel" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel (" Donkey "). Many local fields have an official name containing this element. A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to
17205-686: The main lines, the most important for Stuttgart was the Upper Neckar Railway from 1859, the Rems Railway from 1861, the Württemberg Black Forest Railway in 1868 and the Gäu Railway (Stuttgart– Freudenstadt ) 1879. Each of these line openings extended the catchment area of Stuttgart, this and the general increase in passenger and freight traffic made sure that traffic to the Stuttgart station continued to increase. For this reason,
17360-530: The most difficult part of the route, the Prag tunnel. In the first phase the Cannstatt–Untertürkheim section was completed, where three weeks later after the first test run on 3 October 1845, the regular operations were commenced. The extensions to Obertürkheim and Esslingen were opened shortly afterwards, on 7 and 20 November. The opening of the remaining sections was delayed because the necessary tunnels were not finished. 20 workers lost their lives during
17515-402: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted
17670-444: The mouth region, it is therefore necessary to permanently remove gravel by dredging. The large sediment loads are partly due to the extensive land improvements upstream. Three countries border the Obersee, namely Switzerland in the south, Austria in the southeast and the German states of Bavaria in the northeast and Baden-Württemberg in the north and northwest. The Seerhein is only 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) long. It connects
17825-731: The name of the Rhine (Latin Rhenus; French Rhin, Italian Reno, Romansh Rain or Rein, Dutch Rijn, Alemannic Ry, Ripuarian Rhing) in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos , which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Latin Rhenus , and as Greek Ῥῆνος ( Rhēnos ). The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin
17980-411: The new tracks to the north and the line to Cannstatt. In 1908–10, the second double-track Prag Tunnel tube was built while the Rosenstein tunnel and the following bridge was completely rebuilt in 1914. There were also extensive expansion projects at the other stations along the route. The quadruplication of tracks in the Untertürkheim area meant that the Neckar had to be straightened. Between 1912 and 1919,
18135-630: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from
18290-488: The north along the path formerly used by the Northern Railway past the cavalry barracks. Until the reorganisation of lines at the beginning of the 20th century, the railway ran to the west of the modern Nordbahnhofstraße. The circular boundary of Prag cemetery in the north marks the former course of the railway to the North Station and the former branch of the Gäu Railway . The Inner North Station used to be on this track on
18445-611: The north bank and Switzerland on the south, except both sides are Swiss in Stein am Rhein , where the High Rhine flows out of the lake. The High Rhine ( Hochrhein ) begins in Stein am Rhein at the western end of the Untersee. Now flowing generally westwards, it passes over the Rhine Falls ( Rheinfall ) below Schaffhausen before being joined – near Koblenz in the canton of Aargau – by its major tributary,
18600-537: The north side of the cemetery. Only with the rebuilding the tracks were to the east was the station moved to the current location of the North Station. The (walled-up) portal of the original Rosenstein tunnel is still visible on the side of the Neckar at Rosenstein; it is below the walkway that leads up from the pedestrian bridge over the Neckar River to the castle. German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] )
18755-423: The northern railway. The eastern railway, as initially proposed by Buhler, would have continued on the left (southwest) bank of the Neckar towards Plochingen. Seeger planned the northern railway to cross the Neckar between Berg and Cannstatt. After Cannstatt it would then have switched back to the left (west) bank of the Neckar and turned left before Hoheneck to reach Ludwigsburg at the lower gate ( Unteren Tor ), that
18910-638: The northwest side of the palace garden ( Schlossgarten ) to the Neckar valley. The line ran under Rosenstein Park through the Rosenstein Tunnel , which is located directly under the Rosenstein Castle . Then the line crossed the Neckar over the Rosenstein Bridge , reaching Cannstatt . Running on the right (northern) bank of the Neckar it ran to Esslingen via Untertürkheim , Obertürkheim and Mettingen. This route no longer matches in all details
19065-512: The northwest, where there is a low pass called the Pragsattel ("Prag saddle", 306 m). In the northeast, the valley opens up to the Neckar, which lies about 3.5 km from the Stuttgart centre. The geographical location of Stuttgart is often called a Talkessel (basin). The population of Stuttgart had doubled to 40,000 between 1800 and 1840 and it was the largest city and the economic centre of Württemberg. The city, however, had spread primarily to
19220-417: The old station, and a connection to Ludwigsburg through a tunnel under Prag. The novelty of this proposal was that the line from this station would go to Cannstatt to the west of the palace gardens. Moreover, this line went around the Rosenstein hill, crossed the Neckar and ran on the right (northeastern) bank of the Neckar to Esslingen. This suggestion also raised official interest, especially since King William
19375-506: The open Sztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the Aare . The Alpine Rhine begins in the westernmost part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden , and later forms the border between Switzerland to the west and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the east. As an effect of human work, it empties into Lake Constance on Austrian territory and not on the border that follows its old natural river bed called Alter Rhein ( lit. ' Old Rhine ' ). The mouth of
19530-403: The operation carried out was the electrification of the suburban lines between Esslingen, Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg on 15 May 1933. As early as 1 June of that year long-distance services were electrified to Ulm; electrification to Bruchsal was delayed until 1950. Numerous air raids during World War II placed heavy burdens of operations on the track. On 22 November 1942, Stuttgart Central Station
19685-580: The original cost estimates proved to have been too optimistic, but stimulated further government planning. In 1836, the Interior Ministry instructed Baron Carl von Seeger (Technical Council of the Interior) and the Ulm District architect, Georg von Buhler to plan routes for the main lines. This was to clarify, among other things, whether the Eastern Railway, that is the connection to Ulm, should be built along
19840-534: The other hand, in the east and north. A curiosity of this border line is that the parts of the city of Mainz on the right bank of the Rhine were given to Hesse by the occupying forces in 1945. The Upper Rhine was a significant cultural landscape in Central Europe already in antiquity and during the Middle Ages . Today, the Upper Rhine area hosts many important manufacturing and service industries, particularly in
19995-514: The plans on 12 July 1844, Etzel made just two changes: first, it should not bypass the Rosenstein, but pass under it by a tunnel directly below the castle, this would allow Cannstatt station be placed closer to the town. Secondly, the station would not be at Seewiesen, but instead it would be established within the existing buildings in the so-called Schloßstraßenquadrat (castle streets square) (current perimeter: Bolzstraße, Friedrichstraße, Kronenstraße and Königstraße), thus enabling shorter routes to
20150-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation
20305-534: The public. Among the many writings that were written by private individuals on the project, that of Johannes Mährlen, professor of the Polytechnic University in Stuttgart is notable. He made topographic surveys to compare different options in 1843 at his own expense. He found was most appropriate proposal was one that included elements from Schübler's proposal of 1836: a railway station on the Seewiesen, north of
20460-510: The remaining portions of the Central Railway were duplicated between 1858 and 1861. In the 1860s, the State Railways carried its first major renovation of the Stuttgart rail network: Stuttgart station was replaced by a new building in 1867/68 and expanded from four to eight tracks and its subgrade was slightly raised, causing the slope of the Cannstatt line to be increased to 1:100. In addition,
20615-433: The service. Until 1842, there was little activity in the matter. The Austrian expert Negrelli, who was commissioned by the government, positively assessed the current plans, but realised at the same time that because of the progress of railway technology it was now possible to operate on steeper gradients and less costly infrastructure was needed. During 1842/43 the government as well as a parliamentary commission then laid down
20770-649: The south to the Flüela Pass in the east. The Rhine is one of four major rivers taking their source in the Gotthard region, along with the Ticino (drainage basin of the Po ), Rhône and Reuss (Rhine basin). The Witenwasserenstock is the triple watershed between the Rhine, Rhône and Po. Traditionally, Lake Toma near the Oberalp Pass in the Gotthard region is seen as the source of
20925-417: The southwest (i.e. inside the basin) where the valley was relatively wide, in the north, there was discontinuous development only as far as Schillerstraße (which is now the location of Stuttgart Central Station) and along the Neckar road ( Neckarstraße , part of which is now called Konrad Adenauer-Strasse ). The palace gardens also prevented the growth of the city to the north; these ran from today's old town in
21080-541: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,
21235-406: The station facilities in Stuttgart were overloaded again. To remedy the situation, through freight traffic was moved out of the city. This involved the building of the freight bypass railway between Untertürkheim and Kornwestheim and marshalling yards at both ends. This required the railway tracks at Untertürkheim to be moved closer to the Neckar. Another marshalling yard was built at the junction of
21390-450: The station. Both proposals were not without controversy because existing houses would have to be demolished and it was feared that the Rosenstein tunnel would threaten the castle. The cramped location of the station, which left little room for expansion, was also criticized. Etzel gained approval for his ideas with a positive opinion from the Austrian engineer Ludwig Klein and the support of King William. On 26 June 1844, construction began on
21545-412: The surface and at first does not mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech , the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau . The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee . A small fraction of
21700-496: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in
21855-551: The three valleys named Rheinwald , Schams and Domleschg - Heinzenberg . The valleys are separated by the Rofla Gorge and Viamala Gorge. Its sources are located in the Adula Alps ( Rheinwaldhorn , Rheinquellhorn , and Güferhorn ). The Avers Rhine joins from the south. One of its headwaters, the Reno di Lei (stowed in the Lago di Lei ), is partially located in Italy. Near Sils
22010-507: The tracks and carry out the construction. An engineer, Carl Etzel , who had already shown his abilities in railway construction, was called in to apply the experience that had gained with the construction of railways in France. Furthermore, the English engineering professor Charles Vignoles was appointed as a consultant to make a further review of the current plans as comments made by Negrelli on possible improvements raised doubts about their accuracy. The plans also met with great interest from
22165-400: The upper Surselva and flows in an easterly direction. One source is Lai da Tuma (2,345 m (7,694 ft)) with the Rein da Tuma , which is usually indicated as source of the Rhine, flowing through it. Into it flow tributaries from the south, some longer, some equal in length, such as the Rein da Medel , the Rein da Maighels , and the Rein da Curnera . The Cadlimo Valley in
22320-438: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during
22475-415: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching
22630-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of
22785-422: Was a complete re-development of rail infrastructure in the Stuttgart basin. It was assumed that the city would grow to have a population of 300,000. For this purpose the lines to Esslingen and Cannstatt would be upgraded to four tracks to separate local and long-distance traffic from each other. Furthermore, a decentralised structure was sought, that is the handling of freight would be taken over by stations outside
22940-409: Was also badly hit. As a result, operations had to be reorganised temporarily. On 21 April 1945, German troops blew up the Neckar bridge to Rosenstein Tunnel, causing traffic between Stuttgart and Cannstatt to come to a complete standstill. Operations were restored only on 13 June 1946; the reconstruction of the main station lasted until 1960. The relocation of the Central Station to the north along with
23095-407: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially
23250-417: Was dug. It was made navigable to the Swiss town of Rheineck . Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein ("Lake Rhine"). The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Specifically, its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg ,
23405-427: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which
23560-404: Was not completely relieved of long-distance traffic. Other new works are planned as part of the Stuttgart 21 project. The location of the old Central Station south of the current station can be seen in two long, straight roads in the central city. Stephanstraße is at the location of the first station in Stuttgart and at the eastern half of the second station on the same site, Lautenschlagerstraße
23715-435: Was on an ancient trade route from the Rhine valley to the Danube (near Ulm) and the Neckar River was navigable downstream from here. Before the invention of modern transport, Stuttgart was rarely described as having a poor location for transport purposes, which was not a principle of urban settlement normally taken into account at the time. Once the railway had been invented, its location meant that Stuttgart could not be on
23870-421: Was opposed to a railway station on the Neckar road, near the royal facilities. This proposal also gave more direct access to Ludwigsburg and allowed further development on the Neckar road. When Etzel and Vignoles began their work, they found Buhler designs unsuitable. Etzel began to prepare new plans based on Mährlen's proposals and Vignoles recommended that they be accepted for execution. Pending final approval of
24025-415: Was variously inflected as masculine or feminine; and its Old Icelandic adoption was inflected as feminine. The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" ( Rheinkilometer ), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the 0 km datum at Old Rhine Bridge in the city of Konstanz , at the western end of Lake Constance , to the Hook of Holland at 1,036.20 km. The river
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