Misplaced Pages

#6993

58-556: The Wyre Light was a 40-foot (12 m) tall iron screw-pile lighthouse marking the navigation channel to the town of Fleetwood , Lancashire , England. The lighthouse was designed by Alexander Mitchell , an Irish engineer who developed the screwpile concept. It was the first screwpile lighthouse ever to be lit. Although construction of the Maplin Sands Light on the northern bank of the Thames estuary had started before Wyre Light,

116-530: A 4-foot capstan worked by 30 men. To protect the structure from ice floes an ice-breaker consisting of a pier of 30 iron screwpiles 23 feet long and five inches in diameter was screwed down into the bottom and interconnected at their heads above the water reinforcing them together. Subsequently, though, the use of caisson lighthouses proved more durable in locations subject to ice. Screwpile lighthouses were relatively inexpensive, easy to construct, and comparatively quick to build. They became especially popular after

174-523: A dry season from November through April, that features little rainfall, sunny skies, and warm breezy conditions. The warm and sunny winter climate, with average highs around 75 °F (24 °C) and lows above 60 °F (16 °C), is the main tourist season in the Florida Keys. Key West is the driest city in Florida, and most of the Florida Keys can become quite dry at the height of the dry season. Some of

232-634: A focus of management activities in Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge . About 70 miles (110 km) west of Key West is Dry Tortugas National Park . The waters surrounding the Keys are part of a protected area known as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary . The climate of the Florida Keys is tropical savanna ( Köppen climate classification : Aw). Other than some areas of coastal Miami (Miami Beach),

290-493: A highway through the entire Keys. Hundreds of World War I veterans working on the roadway as part of a government relief program were housed in non-reinforced buildings in three construction camps in the Upper Keys. When the evacuation train failed to reach the camps before the storm, more than 200 veterans perished. Their deaths caused anger and charges of mismanagement that led to a Congressional investigation. The storm also ended

348-581: A legal injunction against the blockade failed in federal court in Miami , on April 23, 1982, Key West mayor Dennis Wardlow and the city council declared the independence of the city of Key West , calling it the " Conch Republic ". After one minute of secession, he (as "Prime Minister") surrendered to an officer of the Key West Naval Air Station (NAS) and requested US$ 1,000,000,000 in " foreign aid ". The stunt succeeded in generating great publicity for

406-525: A section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park , and the Keys islands from Key Largo to Dry Tortugas National Park . The Keys were originally inhabited by the Calusa and Tequesta tribes and were charted by Juan Ponce de León in 1513. De León named the islands Los Martires ("The Martyrs"), as they looked like suffering men from a distance. "Key" is derived from

464-529: A storm surge more than 17.5 feet (5.3 m) above sea level that washed over the islands. More than 400 people were killed, though some estimates place the number of deaths at more than 600. The Labor Day hurricane was one of only four hurricanes to make landfall at Category 5 strength on the U.S. coast since reliable weather records began (about 1850). The other storms were Hurricane Camille (1969), Hurricane Andrew (1992), and Hurricane Michael (2018). In 1935, new bridges were under construction to connect

522-722: A submerged oolitic deposit. The bars lithified into Miami Limestone, and with changes in sea level are presently exposed as the islands, while the channels between the bars now separate the islands. Just offshore of the Florida Keys along the edge of the Florida Straits is the Florida Reef (also known as the Florida Reef Tract), separated from the keys by the Hawk Channel . The Florida Reef extends 170 miles (270 km) from Fowey Rocks just east of Soldier Key to just south of

580-454: Is 35,862 ft (10,931 m) or 6.79 miles (10.93 km) long. The current bridge bypasses Pigeon Key , a small island that housed workers building Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway in the 1900s, that the original Seven Mile Bridge crossed. A 2.2-mile (3.5 km) section of the old bridge remains for access to the island, although it was closed to vehicular traffic on March 4, 2008. The aging structure has been deemed unsafe by

638-522: Is home to Winter Star Party , a prominent annual amateur astronomy event in the United States, and one of the Top 10 star parties in the world according to BBC Sky at Night . It is an international gathering that attracts 500+ people each year who enjoy stargazing, astrophotography and Milky Way photography. Bahia Honda State Park is a well known dark skies location among locals offering unobstructed views of

SECTION 10

#1732848032007

696-571: Is not one of the Florida Keys, but the southernmost of the barrier islands along the Atlantic coast of Florida. The main chain of Keys islands can be traveled by motor vehicles on the Overseas Highway , a 127-mile (204 km) section of U.S. 1 , which runs from Key West to Fort Kent, Maine in its entirety. The highway was built parallel to the original route of the Overseas Railway , which

754-455: The 2010 census the population was 73,090, with an average density of 532.34 per square mile (205.54/km ), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the Keys' total population. The 2014 Census population estimate was 77,136. The 2020 Census population estimate was 82,874. The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County . The county consists of

812-517: The Civil War when the Lighthouse Board adopted a policy to replace inside (bays, sounds, and rivers) light vessels with screwpile lighthouses. Most screwpile lighthouses were made with iron piles, though a few were made with wooden piles covered with metal screw sleeves (these sleeves were probably adopted because they were less expensive and easier to insert into the bottom, plus the sleeve protected

870-528: The Florida Department of Transportation . Costly repairs, estimated to be as much as $ 34 million, were expected to begin in July 2008. Monroe County was unable to secure a $ 17 million loan through the state infrastructure bank, delaying work for at least a year. On June 14, 2008, the old bridge section leading to Pigeon Key was closed to fishing as well. While still open to pedestrians—walking, biking and jogging—if

928-515: The Pharos provided a navigational guide to shipping entering the Wyre estuary . The Light's base consisted of seven wrought iron piles embedded in the sands. Each was 16 ft (4.9 m) long with cast-iron screw bases 3 ft (0.91 m) in diameter. The six corner piles formed a hexagonal platform of 50 ft (15 m) diameter. (The seventh pile served as a centre pillar.) The platform supported

986-536: The United States Border Patrol established a roadblock and inspection points on US Highway 1 , stopping all northbound traffic returning to the mainland at Florida City , to search vehicles for illegal drugs and undocumented immigrants. The Key West City Council repeatedly complained about the roadblocks, which were a major inconvenience for travellers, and hurt the Keys' important tourism industry. After various unsuccessful complaints and attempts to get

1044-669: The 1980s, when new highway bridges were built alongside. Many of the original railroad and highway bridges remain today as pedestrian fishing piers. The Florida Keys has public bus transportation. Despite this reconstruction, U.S. 1 was not widened on a large scale, and today most of the route consists of just two lanes. Due to their tropical climate, the Florida Keys attract several hundred thousand tourists annually. While some visitors arrive via Key West International Airport and Florida Keys Marathon Airport in Marathon , cruise ship or ferry from Miami , Fort Myers , or Marco Island, Florida,

1102-657: The 23-year run of the Overseas Railway; the damaged tracks were never rebuilt, and the Overseas Highway ( U.S. Highway 1 ) replaced the railroad as the main transportation route from Miami to Key West. One of the longest bridges when it was built, the Seven Mile Bridge connects Knight's Key (part of the city of Marathon in the Middle Keys) to Little Duck Key in the Lower Keys. The piling-supported concrete bridge

1160-496: The Florida Keys are the only areas in the continental United States to never report freezing temperatures since settlement. The record low in Key West is 41 °F (5 °C) (in both 1886 and 1981), and low temperatures below 48 °F (9 °C) are rare. Most of the Florida Keys fall into USDA zone 11a to 11b; Key West is zone 12a. There are two main "seasons" in the Florida Keys, a hot and wet season from June through October, and

1218-532: The Keys' plight, and the inspection station roadblock was removed. The idea of the Conch Republic has provided a new source of revenue for the Keys by way of tourist keepsake sales, and the Conch Republic has participated in later protests. The northern and central sections of the Florida Keys are the exposed portions of an ancient coral reef , the Key Largo Limestone . The northernmost island arising from

SECTION 20

#1732848032007

1276-526: The Lower Keys in 1998, before making landfall in Mississippi . In 2005, Hurricanes Katrina , Rita and Wilma affected the Keys (although none made a direct hit), causing widespread damage and flooding. The most severe hurricane to hit the area was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , a Category 5 hurricane. Tropical cyclones present special dangers and challenges to the entire Keys. Because no area of

1334-606: The Lower Keys may be uninhabitable for months. U.S. Highway 1 , the " Overseas Highway ", runs over most of the inhabited islands of the Florida Keys. The islands are listed in order from southwest to north. Mile markers are listed for keys that the Overseas Highway runs across or near: The Seven Mile Bridge (MM 40-46¾) separates the Lower Keys from the Middle Keys: (Knights, Vaca, Boot, Long Point, Crawl, and Grassy Keys, as well as most of Fat Deer Key, are incorporated in

1392-592: The Marquesas Keys. It is the third-largest barrier reef system in the world. The climate and environment of the Florida Keys are closer to that of the Caribbean than the rest of Florida, though unlike the Caribbean's volcanic islands, the Keys were built by plants and animals. The Upper Keys islands are composed of sandy-type accumulations of limestone grains produced by plants and marine organisms. The Lower Keys are

1450-552: The Miami Limestone that is the current surface bedrock of the lower Florida peninsula and the lower keys from Big Pine Key to Key West. To the west of Key West the ancient reef is covered by recent calcareous sand. While the islands of the upper and middle keys, consisting of Key Largo Limestone, form a long narrow arc, the islands of the lower keys are perpendicular to the line of that arc. This configuration arose from an ancient tidal-bar system, in which tidal channels cut through

1508-553: The Spanish word cayo , meaning small island. For many years, Key West was the largest town in Florida, and it grew prosperous on wrecking revenues. The isolated outpost was well located for trade with Cuba and the Bahamas and was on the main trade route from New Orleans . Improved navigation led to fewer shipwrecks, and Key West went into a decline in the late nineteenth century. The Keys were long accessible only by water. This changed with

1566-503: The United States was at Brandywine Shoal , Delaware Bay , an area served by a lightship since 1823 and an ordinary straightpile lighthouse which stood briefly there in 1828 but was destroyed by ice. Major Hartman Bache, a distinguished engineer of the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, began work in 1848 and completed the task in 1850, at a construction cost of $ 53,317. Alexander Mitchell served as consultant. The screwpiles were turned by

1624-637: The United States, several screw-pile lighthouses were constructed in the Chesapeake Bay due to its estuarial soft bottom. North Carolina 's sounds and river entrances also once had many screw-pile lights. The characteristic design is a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -storey hexagonal wooden building with dormers and a cupola light room. Non-screwpile (straightpile) tubular skeletal tower lighthouses were built, usually of cast-iron but also of wrought-iron piles, both onshore and offshore, typically on soft bottoms such as mud, sand, and swamp. Alexander Mitchell invented

1682-599: The ancient reef formation is Elliott Key , in Biscayne National Park . North of Elliott Key are several small transitional keys, composed of sand built up around small areas of exposed ancient reef. Further north, Key Biscayne and places north are barrier islands , built up of sand. The islands in the southwestern part of the chain, from Big Pine Key to the Marquesas Keys , are exposed areas of Miami Limestone . The Florida Keys have taken their present form as

1740-513: The area's protected waters. A ferry takes riders between Key West and Fort Myers , as well as Marco Island due north on the mainland, along the western edge of Florida Bay. Middle and Lower Florida Keys are among a few remaining South Florida dark skies locations accessible by car, thanks to their position along the Atlantic Ocean, and therefore with southern skies unobstructed by light pollution associated with urban development. Scout Key

1798-513: The bridge were closed altogether, only a ferry subsidized by FDOT and managed by the county would transport visitors to the island. After the destruction of the Keys railway by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , the railroad bridges, including the Seven Mile Bridge, were converted to automobile roadways. This roadway, U.S. Highway 1, became the Overseas Highway that runs from Key Largo south to Key West. Today this highway allows travel through

Wyre Light - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-793: The city of Marathon . The remaining portion of Fat Deer Key and most of Shelter Key are part of Key Colony Beach .): The Long Key Bridge (MM 63¼-65¼) separates the Middle Keys from the Upper Keys: (Lower Matecumbe through Plantation Keys are incorporated as Islamorada , Village of Islands. The "towns" of Key Largo , North Key Largo and Tavernier , all on the island of Key Largo, are not incorporated.): All keys north of Broad Creek are in Biscayne National Park and Miami-Dade County . The following are "true" Florida Keys (exposed ancient coral reefs): The following are "transitional keys", made of exposed ancient reef surrounded by sand: Key Biscayne

1914-525: The completion of Henry Flagler 's Overseas Railway in the early 1910s. Flagler, a major developer of Florida's Atlantic coast, extended his Florida East Coast Railway down to Key West with an ambitious series of oversea railroad trestles. Three hurricanes disrupted the project in 1906 , 1909 , and 1910 . The strongest hurricane to strike the U.S. made landfall near Islamorada in the Upper Keys on Labor Day, Monday, September 2, 1935. Winds were estimated to have gusted to 200 mph (320 km/h), raising

1972-540: The east from the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and defining one edge of Florida Bay . The southern part of Key West is 93 miles (150 km) from Cuba . The Keys are located between about 24.3 and 25.5 degrees North latitude. More than 95% of the land area lies in Monroe County , but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County , such as Totten Key . The total land area is 137.3 square miles (356 km ). At

2030-548: The house. Nonetheless, Monroe County, as reported in the Federal Register, has estimated that there are between 8,000 and 12,000 illegal enclosures inhabited by people. Because of the threat from storm surge, evacuations are routinely ordered when the National Weather Service issues a hurricane watch or warning, and are sometimes ordered for a tropical storm warning. Evacuation of the Keys depends on causeways and

2088-408: The houses on the Keys and another 65% suffered major damage. Most residents had evacuated before the storm hit the area. On September 12, parts of the Keys were still inaccessible by causeway and some areas were closed to the public. Governor Rick Scott reported devastation; most areas were without power or water. The damage was the worst in the Lower Keys, though less severe in Key West; parts of

2146-405: The islands is more than 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level (and many are only a few feet elevation), and water surrounds the islands, nearly every neighborhood is subject to flooding as well as hurricane winds. In response, many homes in the Keys are built on concrete stilts with the first floor being not legally habitable and enclosed by breakaway walls that are not strongly attached to the rest of

2204-670: The islands of the Keys. The Keys are also home to unique animal species, including the American crocodile , Key deer (protected by the National Key Deer Refuge ), and the Key Largo woodrat . The Keys are part of the northernmost range of the American crocodile, which is found throughout the Neotropics . The Key Largo Woodrat is found only in the northern part of its namesake island and is

2262-430: The lantern and a two-storey building to house the keeper. Construction began in 1839 and the lantern was lit on 6 June 1840. The building was destroyed by fire in 1948 and not replaced. After the fire, the beacon was made automatic and eventually replaced by a lighted buoy in 1979, leaving behind a derelict structure. On 25 July 2017, the lighthouse partially collapsed into the sea. Screw-pile lighthouse In

2320-547: The latter was completed in a much shorter period of time. These lights inspired other similar constructions such as the Thomas Point Shoal Light in the United States. The Wyre Light stood 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) offshore on the 'North Wharf Bank', sandbanks which mark the 'Lune Deep' and the navigation channel of the Wyre . The Wyre Light along with a pair of on shore lighthouses, the Beach Lighthouse and

2378-579: The limestone, where soil accumulates and trees root. The Florida Keys have distinctive plant and animals species, some found nowhere else in the United States, as the Keys define the northern extent of their ranges. The climate also allows many imported plants to thrive. Some exotic species which arrived as landscape plants now invade and threaten natural areas. The native flora of the Keys is diverse, including members of both temperate families, such as red maple ( Acer rubrum ), slash pine ( Pinus elliottii var. densa ) and oaks ( Quercus spp.), growing at

Wyre Light - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-470: The metal pile was augured into the bottom increasing the bearing capacity of the pile as well as its anchoring properties. Yet lighthouses built with these foundations were found to be vulnerable to ice floes. In areas such as the Florida Keys , where the bottom is soft coral rock, diskpile foundation lighthouses were built. Wrought iron piles were driven through a cast-iron or semi-steel disk which rested on

2494-408: The more exposed vegetation in the keys is scrub , stunted due to the intense sun, quick draining sandy soil, and arid winter climate. The Keys are occasionally threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes , leading to evacuations to the mainland. Hurricane Georges , after destroying much of the housing and infrastructure on many of the Caribbean islands , caused damage and extensive flooding in

2552-603: The present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. This reef formed the Key Largo Limestone that is exposed on the surface from Soldier Key (midway between Key Biscayne and Elliott Key) to the southeast portion of Big Pine Key and the Newfound Harbor Keys. The types of coral that formed Key Largo Limestone can be identified on the exposed surface of these keys. Minor fluctuations in sea level exposed parts of

2610-484: The reef, subjecting it to erosion. Acidic water, which can result from decaying vegetation, dissolves limestone. Some of the dissolved limestone redeposited as a denser cap rock , which can be seen as outcrops overlying the Key Largo and Miami limestones throughout the Keys. The limestone that eroded from the reef formed oolites in the shallow sea behind the reef, and together with the skeletal remains of bryozoans , formed

2668-416: The remnants of large coral reefs, which became fossilized and exposed when the sea level dropped. The natural habitats of the Keys are upland forests, inland wetlands and shoreline zones. Soil ranges from sand to marl to rich, decomposed leaf litter . In some places, "caprock" (the eroded surface of coral formations) covers the ground. Rain falling through leaf debris becomes acidic and dissolves holes in

2726-471: The result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages . Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels about 25 feet (7.6 m) feet above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida Platform , stretching south and then west from

2784-534: The screwpile, a major improvement over the standard straightpile construction type. With his son, he patented his wrought-iron screwpile design in England in 1833. The Walde Lighthouse in northern France (Pas-de-Calais), established in 1859, was based on Mitchell's design. Although discontinued in 1998 and shorn of its lantern, it is the only remaining screwpile lighthouse in France. The first screwpile lighthouse type built in

2842-423: The sea floor until a shoulder on the pile prevented further penetration. The disk distributes the weight of the tower more evenly over the bottom. In coral reef areas where sand is also prevalent, a cast-steel screw was fitted to the end of the pile to give it more anchoring ability. Cofferdams were used generally in shallow waters where it was not necessary to deeply penetrate the natural bottom. The cofferdam enabled

2900-423: The southern end of their ranges, and tropical families, including mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni ), gumbo limbo ( Bursera simaruba ), stoppers ( Eugenia spp.), Jamaican dogwood ( Piscidia piscipula ), and many others, which grow only in tropical climates. Several types of palms are native to the Florida Keys, including the Florida thatch palm ( Thrinax radiata ), which grows to its greatest size in Florida on

2958-516: The southernmost part of the continental United States. They begin at the southeastern coast of the Florida peninsula , about 15 miles (24 km) south of Miami and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West , the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas . The islands lie along the Florida Straits , dividing the Atlantic Ocean to

SECTION 50

#1732848032007

3016-618: The tropical islands of the Florida Keys and the viewing of exotic plants and animals found nowhere else on the US mainland and the largest coral reef chain in the United States. Following the Cuban Revolution , many Cubans emigrated to South Florida. Key West traditionally had strong links with its neighbor ninety miles south by water, and large numbers of Cubans settled there. The Keys still attract Cubans leaving their home country, and stories of "rafters" coming ashore are not uncommon. In 1982,

3074-550: The two-lane highway to the mainland. Time estimates for evacuating the entire Keys range from 12 to 24 hours. Evacuation estimates are significant in emergency planning, of course, but also because they are a factor in local and state regulations for controlling development. The building permit allocation was increased in 2005 when local governments reduced estimates for evacuation. On September 10, 2017, Hurricane Irma made landfall in Cudjoe Key. The storm destroyed an estimated 25% of

3132-461: The vast majority of tourists drive down from the mainland on U.S. 1. This influx of traffic, coupled with the two-lane nature of U.S. 1 through most of its length in the Keys, and the fact that no alternative road routes are available mean that Monroe County has the highest per capita rate of fatal automobile accidents in the state of Florida. The major industries are fishing and tourism, including ecotourism , with many visitors scuba diving in

3190-603: The water inside the dam to be pumped out and the foundation built "in the dry". Perhaps as many as 100 spider-like, cottage-type (1½-storey wooden dwelling) screwpile lighthouses were built throughout the Carolina sounds, Chesapeake Bay , Delaware Bay , along the Gulf of Mexico , at least two in Long Island Sound and one even at Maumee Bay (1855), Lake Erie , Ohio . Few survive to this day; many were replaced with caisson-type lighthouses. The tall offshore skeletal tower type

3248-400: The wood from marine-boring invertebrates). The typical screwpile lighthouse was hexagonal or octagonal in plan consisting of a central pile which was set first and then the six or eight perimeter piles were screwed in place around it. Metal screwpiles were used to form the foundation of many lighthouses built on sandy or muddy bottoms. The helicoidal or screw-like cast-iron flange at the end of

3306-564: Was built in exposed open water at major coastal sites where visibility over ten miles was required. Six offshore skeletal towers were built in Florida; three before and three after the American Civil War, as well as one in the Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana prior to the Civil War. Florida Keys The Florida Keys are a coral cay archipelago off the southern coast of Florida , forming

3364-463: Was not rebuilt following the Labor Day hurricane of 1935 . Even before the hurricane, road sections and highway bridges allowed automobile traffic to travel from Miami to Lower Matecumbe Key, where a car ferry connected with another roadway section through the Lower Keys. Following the hurricane, some of the original railway bridges were converted to carry the highway roadbeds. These bridges were used until

#6993