Gushen (died 1140), also known as Wushi or Hushe , and better known by his sinicised name Wanyan Xiyin , was a Jurchen noble and civil minister who lived in the founding and early years of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234) , which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries. He was a chief adviser to Aguda (Emperor Taizu) , the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. Described by modern writers as the "Chief Shaman " of the pre-Jin Jurchen state, he became deeply interested in Han Chinese culture, and is particularly known as the creator of the first writing system for the Jurchen language .
17-1382: Wushi may refer to: Wanyan Xiyin AKA Wanyan Wushi ( 完颜兀室 or 完颜悟室 ; ?-1140), a Jurchen minister and inventor of the Jurchen large-character script Wushi language in Cameroon Wushi oil field in South China Sea Locations in China [ edit ] County [ edit ] Uqturpan County , or Wushi County ( 乌什县 ), Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang Towns written as 伍市镇 [ edit ] Wushi, Pingjiang , Pingjiang County , Hunan province Towns written as 乌石镇 [ edit ] Wushi, Anhui , in Huangshan District , Huangshan City Wushi, Leizhou , Guangdong Wushi, Shaoguan , in Qujiang District, Shaoguan , Guangdong Wushi, Guangxi , in Luchuan County Wushi, Xiangtan , Hunan Wushi, Jiangxi , in Zixi County Topics referred to by
34-578: A former Song dynasty official. The Jin dynasty started peace negotiations with the Southern Song dynasty. In 1139, the Jin and Song dynasties arrived at a treaty, with the latter agreeing to be a tributary vassal state under the former. In return, the Jin dynasty returned control of Henan and Shaanxi provinces to the Song dynasty. However, in 1140, Emperor Xizong decided to wage war against the Song dynasty so he ordered
51-542: A rebellion but was defeated and executed. Since then, the political arena was dominated by Wanyan Zonghan, Wanyan Zonggan and Wanyan Zongbi ; Emperor Xizong had little or no say in politics. After Wanyan Zongbi died in 1148, Emperor Xizong gained an opportunity to participate in politics, but his wife, Empress Daoping , started to interfere in politics and she wielded significant influence. Emperor Xizong's two sons, Wanyan Ji'an (完顏濟安) and Wanyan Daoji (完顏道濟), died in 1143 and 1144 respectively. Emperor Xizong felt depressed by
68-490: Is because he understood changing conditions like a god. From Nianhan down, nobody was able to be his equal." As the translator of this text, Herbert Franke , notes, this may be the earliest known Chinese document in which the term shaman (珊蠻) is attested; it corresponds to the Manchu saman ("shaman, sorcerer"). Wanyan Xiyin was fascinated by Chinese classics , and collected a large library when Jurchens seized and looted
85-612: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wanyan Xiyin Issues : Wanyan Xiyin's original Jurchen name is transcribed in Chinese sources as "Gushen", "Wushi" or "Hushe". He was from the Wanyan tribe, the ruling clan of the Jin dynasty , but was not in the direct imperial family line. His father was Huandu (歡都), a cousin of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) ,
102-588: The "large-character script", for use in the administration of the new Jurchen (Jin) Empire. He based it on Chinese characters and the Khitan script . Emperor Xizong of Jin Emperor Xizong of Jin (28 February 1119 – 9 January 1150), personal name Hela , sinicised name Wanyan Dan , was the third emperor of the Jurchen -led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned for about 15 years from 1135 to 1150. During his reign,
119-462: The Jin dynasty launched several military campaigns against the Han -led Southern Song dynasty in southern China. Hela was the eldest son of Shengguo (繩果; also known as Wanyan Zongjun 完顏宗峻), the eldest son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) , the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. His mother was Lady Pucha (蒲察氏), whom he posthumously honoured as "Empress Huizhao" (惠昭皇后). When Emperor Taizu died in 1123,
136-478: The Jin dynasty, such as the forms of government organisations, the scale of official ranks, salaries, and hereditary privileges, as well as the rules for assigning posthumous names to emperors and the taboo against using characters that appear in emperors' names. The instruction offered by Yuwen Xuzhong and other Han Chinese scholars must have been successful, as Wanyan Xiyin's sons were able to write Chinese poems for Hong Hao . The degree of their sinicisation
153-659: The capital of the Northern Song dynasty , Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng ), in the Jin–Song Wars . He invited several Han Chinese scholars, led by Yuwen Xuzhong (宇文虛中; a Song envoy detained by the Jurchens), to advise him and to teach his sons and grandsons. Hong Hao (洪皓) – another Song envoy similarly detained by the Jurchens – though that it was under Yuwen Xuzhong's influence that a variety of Han Chinese cultural practices entered
170-519: The founder of the Jin dynasty. Along with Nianhan (Wanyan Zonghan) , Wanyan Xiyin was one of the chief advisers to Aguda. He helped Aguda in unifying the various Jurchen tribes under the Wanyan tribe's leadership, and overthrowing the Khitan -led Liao dynasty . After Aguda's death, Wanyan Xiyin continued to serve as a civil minister in the imperial court of Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong) , Aguda's younger brother and successor. However, he fell into disgrace during
187-475: The general Wanyan Zongbi to lead Jin forces to attack and seize back Henan and Shaanxi. In 1141, Wanyan Zongbi and his army were defeated by Song forces led by Yue Fei and Han Shizhong ; the Jin dynasty agreed to negotiate for peace again with the Song dynasty. Emperor Xizong was very fond of Han culture because of the influence of his adoptive father, Wanyan Zonggan , so he reformed the political institutions and modelled them after Han Chinese ones, while at
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#1732851803659204-415: The reign of Emperor Xizong , Emperor Taizong's successor, and was eventually forced to commit suicide in 1140. According to contemporary Chinese sources, Wanyan Xiyin "was crafted and talented. It was he who personally devised laws and the script for the Jurchen, and thus shaped them into one state ( guo ; 國). The people of the state called him shan-man (珊蠻); shan-man in Jurchen refers to a shaman . This
221-502: The same generation as him, usually his brothers. However, Emperor Taizong , who succeeded his brother Emperor Taizu , made an exception when he chose Emperor Xizong (Emperor Taizu's grandson) as his heir apparent instead of choosing from among his sons. Wanyan Zongpan, the eldest son of Emperor Taizong, was very unhappy when the bojilie system was abolished because this meant that he would have no chance to become emperor. Between 1138 and 1139, Wanyan Zongpan tried to seize power and start
238-492: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Wushi . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wushi&oldid=955656791 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description
255-524: The same time encouraging talented Han Chinese to serve in his government. In 1136, Emperor Xizong ordered Wanyan Zonggan, Wanyan Zongpan (完顏宗磐) and Wanyan Zonghan to take charge of reforming the government and creating the Three Departments system . Emperor Xizong abolished the traditional bojilie (勃極烈) system that he inherited from his predecessors. The bojilie system allowed the Jurchen ruler to choose an heir apparent from among male relatives in
272-480: The throne was passed on to his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong) . Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin , who used to be Emperor Taizu's chief advisers, convinced Emperor Taizong to designate Hela as his heir apparent ( anban bojilie ; 諳班勃極烈) in 1132, so Hela became the new emperor in 1135 when Emperor Taizong died. In 1137, Emperor Xizong abolished the Qi kingdom, a vassal state of the Jin dynasty ruled by Liu Yu (劉豫),
289-451: Was high enough for one of them to become one of the first Jurchens to have a Han Chinese wife. The tombs of Wanyan Xiyin and his family members are said to be located near present-day Shulan , Jilin Province . Since 1961, they have been listed on the provincial register of the protected historical sites. On Aguda's orders, in 1119 or 1120, Wanyan Xiyin created the Jurchen script, known as
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